Forensic ScienceFall 2018, Final Exam Review Guide

1. Forensic science is the application of science to:

a. Crime-scene reconstruction.

b. Civil laws.c. Criminal laws.d. Both civil and criminal

laws.

2. The fictional character of Sherlock Holmes was created by:

a. Dalton.b. Doyle.c. Darwin.d. Denton.

3. Who is known as the “father of forensic toxicology”?

a. Orfilab. Locardc. Osbornd. Lattes

4. Who developed the system known as anthropometry?

a. Goddardb. Grossc. Bertillond. Galton

5. Who undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints as a method of personal identification?

a. Grossb. Lattesc. Locardd. Galton

6. Who devised a technique for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain, which he applied to criminal investigations?

a. Lattesb. Grossc. Locardd. Bertillon

7. Who established the comparison microscope as the indispensable tool of the modern firearms examiner?

a. Goddardb. Lattesc. Grossd. Galton

8. Who wrote the first treatise describing the application of science to the field of criminal investigation?

a. Locardb. Osbornc. Grossd. Galton

9. Who established the first workable crime laboratory?

a. Osbornb. Locardc. Bertillond. Galton

10. What is the oldest forensic laboratory in the United States?

a. New York City Police Departmentb. Federal Bureau of

Investigationc. Secret Serviced. Los Angeles Police

Department

11. Which entity maintains the largest crime laboratory in the world?

a. Scotland Yardb. Royal Canadian Mounted

Policec. Federal Bureau of

Investigationd. Los Angeles Police

Department

12. Which of the following would not be included in the work of the biology unit of a crime lab?

a. Blood typingb. Comparison of hairsc. DNA profilingd. Fingerprint analysis

13. Which unit is responsible for examining body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons?

a. Toxicology unitb. Physical science unitc. Biology unitd. Trace evidence unit

14. Which of the following makes a false statement? An expert witness must be able to demonstrate:

a. Education in his/her area of expertise.b. A formal degree in

forensic science.c. Significant experience in a

relevant field.d. Working knowledge of the

subject matter.

15. Who is the final evaluator of forensic evidence?

a. Policeb. Juryc. Accusedd. Media

16. Bite marks would be least likely to be found in cases involving:

a. Sexual abuseb. Murderc. Arsond. Assault

17. Forensic odontology refers to the study of which of the following?

a. Teethb. Drugsc. Bonesd. Rocks

18. Which of the following services does not normally lie within the expertise of the forensic scientist?

a. Drug identificationb. Wood comparisonsc. Document examinationd. Polygraph examination

19. The dramatization of forensic science on television has led to a phenomenon known as what?

a. NCIS effectb. NYPD effectc. CSI effectd. LAPD effect

20. What area of forensic science examines the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings?

a. Forensic psychologyb. Forensic sociologyc. Forensic pathologyd. Forensic psychiatry

21. What area of forensic science is concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and causes and origins of fires or explosions?

a. Forensic engineeringb. Forensic psychiatryc. Forensic anthropologyd. Forensic odontology

22. Approximately how many crime labs are currently operating in the United States (including federal, state, county, and municipal labs)?a. 250b. 400c. 150d. 200

23. After providing medical assistance for the injured and arresting any suspects on the scene, the first officer should immediately:

a. Search the scene.b. Secure the scene.c. Photograph the scene.d. Make a rough sketch of

the scene.

23. The conditions at a crime scene can be compromised by all of the following actions except:

a. Taking photographs at the crime scene.

b. Eating food at the crime scene.

c. Turning on a faucet on the crime scene.

d. Smoking at the crime scene.

24. What is the initial survey of the crime scene that is carried out by the lead investigator called?

a. Spiral searchb. Initial surveyc. Walk-throughd. Crime-scene search

25. Which of the following may give clues about the timing of an incident?

a. Presence or absence of a televisionb. Position of the day’s

newspaper inside or outside the house

c. Position of the victim’s vehicle

d. Whether a door is locked or unlocked

26. Officers should attempt to locate tool marks at the point of entry during the investigation of what type of crime?

a. Homicideb. Burglaryc. Hit and rund. Assault

27. Police barricades and the strategic positioning of guards are

used prohibit access to the crime scene by whom?a. Civilians onlyb. Civilians and media personnelc. All law enforcement personneld. All unauthorized personnel

28. Crime-scene photography must produce examination-quality photographs, which are photographs that can be easily interpreted by whom?

a. The judgeb. Investigators at the crime laboratoryc. Everyone involved in the

cased. The jury

29. If the crime scene includes a dead body, the photographer should:

a. Determine time of death.b. Attempt to identify the

victim.c. Document all personnel at

the scene.d. Depict injuries and

weapons at the scene.

30. A rough sketch does not need to include which one of the following?

a. Compass heading designating northb. Date, location, and timec. Sketch of the suspectd. Location of all recovered

physical evidence

31. Which one of the following is a correct evidence-collection procedure?

a. Items recovered from scene of a murder should be sent along with the body to the medical examiner.b. All items collected from

the same grid area should be packaged together.

c. Every item should be secured individually in a plastic bag to prevent

contamination.d. Bloodstained garments

should be packaged separately in paper bags.

32. What should a victim’s fingernail scrapings be packaged in?

a. A druggist fold (envelope)b. A sealable plastic bagc. Sealed airtight containerd. Both b and c

33. A properly maintained chain of custody is not the responsibility of which one of the following?

a. Crime-scene processorb. Evidence clerkc. Forensic techniciand. Trial judge

34. The collection of standard/reference samples at the crime scene is important because they:

a. Are obtained only from suspects in cases of violent assault.b. Permit comparisons to be

made with the evidence.c. Serve as a source of extra

test material if required in the crime lab.

d. Prove the continuity of possession.

35. At an arson scene, the collection of a substrate control would require the arson investigator to do what?

a. Collect a sample from the center of a potential accelerant stainb. Collect samples of surface material from areas far away

from the fire’s origin

c. Collect a piece of the surface material near the fire’s origin that he or she believes was not exposed to the accelerantd. Collect a sample of the

vapors at the fire origin

36. When biological samples of unknown origin are discovered at a crime scene, what should investigators do?

a. Assume no pathogens are present and treat the samples accordinglyb. Allow only trained

hazardous material teams to handle the evidence

c. Package the samples in plastic bags

d. Assume pathogens are present and treat the samples accordingly

37. Warrantless searches are permitted under law in all of the following situations except which?

a. The existence of emergency circumstancesb. The consent of the parties involvedc. The injury or death of a

police officer or law enforcement employee

d. The need to prevent the immediate loss of evidence

38. Which of the following is not a concern of the evidence collector?

a. Maintaining the chain of custodyb. Utilizing the proper

packaging material for evidencec. Labeling evidenced. Determining the natural

variations that exist in physical evidence

39. The relative evidential value of laboratory test results is almost always dependent on what?

a. Importance of the caseb. Quantity of evidence

submittedc. Way the evidence was

collected and presented for examination

d. Crime laboratory’s caseload

40. Physical evidence at a hit-and-run scene could include which of the following?

a. Fiber and tissueb. Glass fragmentsc. Fabric impressionsd. All of the above

41. A dry bloodstain can be collected from an object that cannot be transported to the crime lab by doing what?

a. Scraping the stain off the surfaceb. Cutting out the area of the

object bearing the stainc. Transferring the stain to a moistened swabd. All of the above

42. The successful outcome of a criminal investigation is almost always directly related to what?

a. The manner in which the evidence is collected and preservedb. The number of people employed in the crime labc. The volume of the physical evidence collectedd. Whether the crime is considered high profile

42. The removal of any evidence from a person or from the scene of a crime must be done in conformity with the privileges of which amendment to the Constitution?

a. Sixthb. Fourthc. Fifthd. First

43. The police are not required to obtain a search warrant in which of the following situations?

a. They are unable to locate a judge to issue a warrant.b. They are certain their suspect is guilty.c. They are in the process of a legal arrest.d. They are investigating the murder of a fellow officer.

44. Physical evidence can be used to exonerate or exclude a person from suspicion if:a. It is collected in accordance with the Fourth Amendment.

b. The standard reference sample (i.e., control) from the person does not share characteristics with evidence at the crime scene.

c. It does not have a well-documented chain of custody.d. Evidence taken from suspect is obtained voluntarily.

45. The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) became fully operational in what year?a. 1998b. 1991c. 1978d. 1999

46. Evidence with class characteristics can do which of the following?

a. Exonerate an innocent suspect

b. Link a person to a crime with a high degree of certainty

c. Always be fitted together in the manner of a jigsaw puzzle

d. Have no evidential value

47. If the laboratory can piece together broken glass from a window or headlight, then the evidence has _____ characteristics.a. Identificationb. Comparativec. Individuald. Class

48. During a comparison analysis, a suspect specimen and a control specimen are subjected to the same tests and examinations for the ultimate purpose of determining what?a. Whether or not they have a common originb. If they are identical in chemical compositionc. If the same person handled themd. If they are alike in molecular structure

49. Which of the following is the computerized database used to store DNA information?a. AFISb. CODISc. HIBIMd. PDQ

50. Palynology is the study of what?a. Fishb. Insectsc. Birdsd. Spores

51.Who ultimately determines the

significance of physical evidence during a trial?

a. The judgeb. Expert witnessc. The Supreme Courtd. The jury

52. Which of the following is the source of CODIS that contains DNA profiles from unsolved crime-scene evidence?a. Offender indexb. National indexc. Forensic indexd. DNA index

53. What type of trace evidence was used in the trial of Wayne Williams?a. Hairb. Soilc. Fibersd. Paint

54. What can be used in making an identification of a deceased individual?

a. Fingerprintingb. Dental examinationc. Facial reconstructiond. All of the above

55. The death of an individual due to chronic alcoholism is ruled what?

a. Naturalb. Accidentalc. Suicided. Undetermined

56. What is the cause of the largest percentage of accidental deaths?

a. Drug overdosesb. Drowningc. Fired. Transportation accidents

57. What is the best place to take a blood sample from in order to avoid contamination?

a. Inferior vena cavab. Superior vena cavac. Heartd. Femoral vein

58. A body that displays a cherry-red discoloration might lead a pathologist to suspect what type of poisoning?

a. Cyanic acidb. Arsenicc. Pesticided. Carbon monoxide

59. Where are defense wounds most typically seen?

a. Handsb. Facec. Shinsd. Back

60. Death at a fire scene is most often attributed to inhalation of what?

a. Carbon dioxideb. Carbon monoxidec. Nitrogend. Hydrogen

61. Beginning an hour after death, the body will lose heat at approximately what rate?

a. 0–0.5°F per hourb. 0.5–1°F per hourc. 1–1.5°F per hourd. 1.5–2°F per hour

62. A pathologist would expect rigor mortis to disappear after how long?

a. 12 hoursb. 24 hoursc. 36 hoursd. 48 hours

63. Time of death can be approximated by analyzing the vitreous humor for the levels of what?

a. Potassiumb. Calciumc. Sodiumd. Magnesium

64. Which of the following should be performed first at a death scene?

a. Secure the sceneb. Take photographsc. Sketch the scened. Collect evidence

65. What does hemoglobin transport in the blood?

a. Hydrogenb. Carbon dioxidec. Carbon monoxided. Oxygen

66. What is commonly fractured in strangulation cases?

a. Hyoid boneb. Thyroid cartilagec. Thymus cartilaged. Nothing

67. What part of the victim’s body often is covered in bags in order to prevent loss of trace evidence?

a. Handsb. Feetc. Headd. No part

68. Death intentionally caused by another person is typically ruled to be what?

a. Accidentb. Suicidec. Homicided. Natural

69. Homicide, suicide, accident, natural, and undetermined are all categories of what?

a. Manner of deathb. Cause of deathc. Mechanism of deathd. Method of death

70. Evidence of tampering with the position of a body after death can be obtained by evaluating what?

a. Rigor mortisb. Algor mortisc. Livor mortisd. Both b and c

71. What does the term rigor mortis refer to?

a. Temperature of deathb. Stiffness of deathc. Color of deathd. Time of death

72. A corpse was discovered in an apartment last November. It was that of a 50-year-old male who died of a heart attack. At the time of discovery, the body temperature was determined to be 89°F. What is the most probable postmortem interval?a. 1 hourb. 2 hoursc. 7 hoursd. 4 hours

73. The rate of cooling of a dead body is not influenced by which of the following?

a. Weather conditionsb. Locationc. Size of bodyd. Gender of victim

74. According to forensic entomologists, which “witness” is the first to arrive at the crime scene?

a. Carrion beetleb. Mitec. Spiderd. Blowfly

75. What part of a decedent’s body resists rapid decomposition and is used by forensic anthropologists to provide information about the decedent?a. Teethb. Bonesc. Soft tissue

d. Cartilage

76. What might a forensic anthropologist create to help with the identification of the victim?a. Autopsy chartb. Dental profilec. Fingerprint chartd. Facial reconstruction

77. The stage of fusion of various bones within a skeleton can be examined to learn what about the decedent?

a. Sexb. Racec. Occupationd. Age

78. Investigators must test the falsifiability of all plausible theories against what?a. Physical and testimonial evidenceb. Determined probabilitiesc. Previous case studiesd. His or her own instincts

79. What can re-enactments of crime-scene events provide insight into?a. The physical plausibility of a reconstruction theoryb. The inconsistency of direct physical evidencec. The age and physical fitness of those involved in the actual crimed. All of the above

80. An event timeline will define each event that may have occurred at a crime scene:a. Along with the mathematic probability of each event.b. In various probable orders within a known or estimated time frame.c. Accompanied by the exact time at which it occurred.

81. The physical evidence that can be used to aid in a crime-scene reconstruction includes which of the following?a. Blood spattersb. Gunshot residuesc. Glass fragmentsd. All of the above

82. The pointed end of a bloodstain always faces:a. Opposite its direction of travel.b. Toward the direction from which the force came.c. In its direction of travel.d. Toward the position of the blood source.

83. What characteristic will a blood droplet deposited at an angle of impact of about 90 degrees (i.e., directly vertical to the surface) exhibit?a. Acute elongationb. A tail showing the directionalityc. Elliptical in shaped. Approximately circular in shape

84. What is the most common type of bloodstain pattern found at a crime scene?a. Cast-off spatterb. Void spatterc. Impact spatterd. Arterial spray

85. The velocity classification of an impact spatter pattern:a. Cannot illuminate the specific events that produced pattern.b. Can determine the kind of action that produced the pattern.c. Is never used for descriptive purposes.d. Can only be determined by a trained bloodstain pattern analyst.

86. The intersection of straight lines through the long axis of several individual bloodstains in an

impact spatter pattern illustrates the pattern’s what?a. Area of originb. Void patternc. Area of convergenced. Velocity classification

87. At the crime scene, the string method is used to find out what about the impact spatter pattern?a. Area of originb. Void patternc. Area of convergenced. Velocity classification

88. What conclusion can be made if a murder victim’s blood is found inside the muzzle of a firearm?a. No conclusion can be madeb. The firearm is the murder weaponc. The firearm was present during injury to the victimd. The owner of the firearm is the perpetrator

89. Which weapon would create cast-off patterns consisting of small droplets in a linear pattern?a. Baseball batb. Knifec. Wooden plankd. All of the above

90. When an object with blood on it touches one that does not have blood on it, this produces what?

a. Flowb. Indistinguishable patternc. Contact patternd. Trail pattern

91. Which of the following may show movements of objects or bodies while the pattern was still forming or after the blood has dried.a. Flow patternb. Cast-off patternc. Bloodstain tail

d. Trail pattern

92. The approximate drying time of a pool of blood can be used to estimate timing of events at a crime scene and varies according to what?a. Clotting ability of the bloodb. Clood type of the bloodc. Environmental conditions at the scened. Method of deposition

93. A trail pattern leading away from the victim at a stabbing scene was most likely created by what?a. A victim’s arterial woundb. Blood dripping from the murder weaponc. Postmortem movement of the victimd. Blood expelled from a respiratory injury

94. Proper location and documentation of bloodstain patterns at the crime scene is the responsibility of whom?a. Bloodstain analysis specialistb. Lead investigatorc. Criminalists and specialistsd. All crime-scene personnel

95. What type of impact spatter would create a pattern consisting of large, separate drops with diameters of 5 millimeters?a. Low-velocity spatterb. Medium-velocity spatterc. High-velocity spatterd. Both a and b

96. The presence of a cast-off pattern shows that how many blows were delivered?a. More than 1b. More than 2c. More than 5

d. The cast-off pattern cannot indicated how many blows were delivered.

97. Generally, bloodstain diameter _____ as height increases.

a. Decreasesb. Remains unchangedc. Increasesd. Increases lengthwise,

decreases widthwise

98. The position of the victim or suspect when the stain-producing event took place is illustrated by what aspect of a bloodstain pattern in three-dimensional space?

a. Voidb. Area of convergencec. Directionalityd. Area of origin

99. What type of transfer pattern is produced when the object makes contact with the surface and then is removed without any other movement.

a. Voidb. Contactc. Simpled. Flow

100. An investigator can estimate the minimum number of blows inflicted on a victim by locating and counting the matching patterns of what type of spatter?

a. Impactb. Arterial sprayc. Voidd. Cast-off

101. A bloodstain that impacts a surface at a low angle will have a(n) _____ tail than one that impacts at a higher angle.a. Longerb. Shorterc. Widerd. Narrower

102. In general, as both the force and velocity of impact increase, what happens to the diameter of the resulting blood droplets?a. Increasesb. Stays the samec. Decreasesd. The diameter is unaffected by force and velocity.

103. Droplets of _____ are very small. They may not travel far and could be overlooked.a. High-velocity spatterb. Transfer patternsc. Medium-velocity spatterd. Low-velocity spatter

104. What is the percentage of evidence evaluated in the crime lab that is drug related?a. 25 percentb. 75 percentc. 60 percentd. 35 percent

105. The pattern and intensity of dependency on a drug does not depend on which of the following?a. Cost of the drugb. Individual’s rate of metabolismc. Dose and route of administrationd. Frequency of administration

106. Which physical symptom is part of abstinence syndrome?a. Body chillsb. Stomach cramps and vomitingc. Convulsionsd. All of the above

107. The use of which drug will not lead to physical dependence?a. Barbituratesb. Heroinc. Cocained. Alcohol

108. What can be said about most

narcotics?a. Physically addictiveb. Obtained from opiumc. Depressant to the central nervous systemd. All of the above

109. Which is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States today?a. Marijuanab. Heroinc. Cocained. Alcohol

110. Which drug is often incorrectly classified as a narcotic?a. Heroinb. Morphinec. Marijuanad. Codeine

111. Which part of cannabis contains the least amount of THC?a. Seedsb. Flowerc. Leafd. Resin

112. What is the most potent form of marijuana?a. Hashishb. Loose vegetationc. Sinsemillad. Liquid hashish

113. Marijuana has potential use in which medical application?a. Lessening of nausea caused by anticancer drugsb. Muscle relaxantc. Reduction of excessive eye pressure in glaucomad. All of the above

114. The administration of which drug eliminates an addict’s desire for heroin?a. Methadone

b. Morphinec. OxyContind. Codeine

115. Which is not an effect of marijuana use?a. Dryness of the mouthb. Increased heart ratec. Reddening of the eyesd. Decrease in appetite for sweets

116. Which hallucinogen can be synthesized by a simple chemical process and is often manufactured in clandestine laboratories?a. Marijuanab. Mescalinec. Phencyclidine (PCP)d. LSD

117. Which is the most widely used and abused drug?a. Alcoholb. Cocainec. Heroind. Marijuana

118. A low dose of alcohol will not inhibit which of the following?a. Confidenceb. Concentration

c. Judgmentd. Memory

119. Which barbiturate is absorbed more slowly than the others?a. Phenobarbitalb. Secobarbitalc. Pentobarbitald. Amobarbital

120. Barbiturates have what effect?a. Induce sleepb. Create a feeling of well-beingc. Promote relaxationd. All of the above

121. Which is true of the use of

mild antianxiety drugs?a. They impair high-thinking faculties.b. They induce sleep.c. They do not produce dependency.d. They reduce tension.

122. The sniffing of volatile solvents can cause which of the following effects?a. Drowsiness and stuporb. Slurred speech and double visionc. Feelings of exhilaration and euphoriad. All of the above

123. Methamphetamine is in what category of drugs?a. Depressantb. Hallucinogenc. Stimulantd. Tranquilizer

124. Cocaine is in what category of drugs?a. Stimulantb. Opiatec. Depressantd. Hallucinogen

125. By what method is cocaine most often taken?a. Snortingb. Smokingc. Injectiond. Swallowing/ingestion

126. The most difficult drug addiction to overcome is to what drug?a. Nicotineb. Alcoholc. Crack cocained. Heroin

127. What is true about the “club drug” Rohypnol?a. It is enhanced when combined with alcohol.

b. It results in loss of memory of what happened in the hours after ingestion.c. It is odorless, colorless, and tasteless.d. All of the above

128. MDMA (Ecstasy) does not cause which of the following?a. Increased heart rate and blood pressureb. Increased inhibitionc. Confusion, anxiety, and paranoiad. Hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects

129. What is not true of anabolic steroids?a. They can greatly enhance strength and general athletic performance.b. They can cause unpredictable effects on mood and personality.c. They can produce infertility and diminished sex drive in males.d. They can cause masculinizing effects in females.

130. The Controlled Substances Act established five schedules of classification for substances based on what characteristics?a. Medical valueb. Potential for physical dependencec. Potential for psychological dependenced. All of the above

131. “Designer” drugs are:a. High-end products of the major pharmaceutical companies.b. Often abused by the wealthy.c. Very often used in the fashion industry.d. Chemically related to controlled substances.

132. If the Marquis Reagent turns purple after being applied to drug

evidence, what drug is being tested?a. Heroinb. Cocainec. Methadoned. Either a or b

133. The Dillie-Koppanyi reagent is useful in screening for what type of drug?a. Amphetaminesb. Barbituratesc. Marijuanad. Opiates

134. Duquenois-Levine solutions were used on a sample and the chloroform layer turned purple. This suggests that the tested substance is what?a. Marijuanab. Cocainec. Valiumd. Heroin

135. If the Van Urk reagent is used to test a sample and it turns bluish-purple, what drug does this indicate the presence of?a. LSDb. MDMAc. GHBd. PCP

136. Scott Test solutions can indicate the presence of what drug?a. Marijuanab. Cocainec. Codeined. Librium

137. Which type of test would logically be used first by the drug analyst?a. Gas chromatographyb. Microcrystallinec. TLCd. Color138. Which color of the visible

spectrum has the highest frequency and the shortest wavelength?a. Redb. Greenc. Violetd. Yellow

139. Marijuana is considered to be in what category of drug?

a. Depressantb. Stimulantc. Narcoticd. Hallucinogen

140. Drugs deemed to have the highest potential for abuse but that also have a current medical use are listed in which schedule of the Controlled Substances Act?a. Ib. IIc. IIId. IV

141. There is a significant likelihood that continued use of which drug will result in a high degree of psychological dependence?

a. Cocaineb. Heroinc. Marijuanad. All of the above

142. Regular use of which of the following substances may lead to physical dependency?a. LSDb. Marijuanac. Aspirind. Ethyl alcohol

143. Which of the following is not a stimulant?a. Caffeineb. Amphetaminec. Cocained. Ethyl alcohol

144. Heroin is a chemical derivative of what?a. Morphineb. Barbituric acidc. Codeined. Methadone

145. Which of the following is synthetically produced and is not present in a natural form?a. Cocaineb. Amphetaminec. Morphined. Opium

146. Which of the following is not a depressant?a. Libriumb. Valiumc. Methaqualoned. All of the above are depressants

147. Which of the following statements is false?a. Hashish is a concentrated preparation of marijuana.b. The active ingredient of marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol.c. Prior to 1970, marijuana was classified as a narcotic drug.d. Marijuana is synthesized from the Cannabis sinsemilla plant.

148. Which of the following is considered to be a hallucinogen?a. PCPb. Mescalinec. Psilocybind. All of the above

149. The antianxiety drugs Valium and Librium are classified in which schedule of the Controlled Substances Act?a. Ib. IIc. IIId. IV

150. Which of the following are considered to be “club drugs”?a. Ketamineb. MDMAc. Rohypnold. All of the above

151. What reagent is used for the field test of heroin?a. Marquisb. Duquenois-Levinec. Scott reagentd. Van Urk

152. What is the most common diluent of heroin?a. Mannitolb. Quininec. Procained. Starch

153. When a police officer performs a field test on a white powder, the reagent turns a purple color. What drug is most likely present?a. Cocaineb. Heroinc. LSDd. Methadone

154. Physical dependence develops only when the drug user does what?

a. Takes large doses of a drug.

b. Takes one drug to the exclusion of all others.

c. Uses a drug on a regular schedule.

d. Has used a drug for at least six months.

155. Paint as physical evidence is most frequently encountered in what type of crime?a. Burglaryb. Hit-and-runc. Car theft

d. Both a and b

156. What is the main ingredient in ordinary glass?a. Lime (CaO)b. Soda (NaCO)c. Sandd. Metal oxides

157. Which of the following is true of Pyrex glass?a. It is put through an annealing process.b. It has been tempered.c. It is made with the addition of boron oxide.d. It is laminated.

158. Where is tempered glass used?a. Windshields in automobiles manufactured in the United Statesb. Crystal stemwarec. The side and rear windows of automobiles manufactured in the United Statesd. Both b and c

159. Flotation is a method used by scientists to determine what about a particle of glass?a. Densityb. Refractive indexc. Massd. Weight

160. When a bullet penetrates a pane of glass, it leaves a crater-shaped hole that:a. Is wider on the exit side.b. Is wider on the entrance side.

c. Forms randomly, so the direction of impact cannot be determined from its appearance.d. a and c

161. Which is a true statement about the fracturing of glass?a. Radial cracks appear first,

starting on the side opposite the destructive force.b. Radial cracks form afterward, starting on the same side as the destructive force.c. Concentric fractures form first, starting on the side opposite the destructive force.d. Concentric fractures form first, starting on the same side as the destructive

A B

162. In the diagram above, what is the correct sequence of the two impacts?a. A firstb. B firstc. a and b simultaneouslyd. Sequence impossible to determine

163. A piece of glass is immersed in a liquid. It proceeds to float on the liquid’s surface. This shows that the density of the glass is _____ the density of the liquid.a. More than

b. Less thanc. Equal tod. Not comparable

164. What are the two most important physical properties of glass for forensic comparisons?a. Color and densityb. Weight and densityc. Refractive index and densityd. Refractive index and weight

165. What is indicated by the larger opening of a crater-shaped hole in glass made by the penetration of a projectile?a. The exit side of the glassb. The entrance side of the glassc. That a bullet made the openingd. That the projectile was traveling at a low velocity

166. The fracture pattern of a piece of glass usually exhibits what kind(s) of lines?a. Radial linesb. Concentric linesc. Radial and concentric linesd. Directional lines

167. If broken glass cannot be physically pieced together, then what characteristics of the control and question glass should be compared?a. Color and densityb. Weight and densityc. Refractive index and densityd. Refractive index and weight

168. Stress marks on the edge of a radial crack near the point of impact are:a. Perpendicular to the side on which the force was applied.b. Parallel to the side on which the force was applied.c. Parallel to the side opposite the side on which the force was -applied.

d. Perpendicular to the side of the glass facing outdoors.