Chapter 5: Skeletal System Name (written in ink)

1. Figure 5-13 is a diagram of the articulated skeleton. Identify bones by writing the correct labels at the leader lines. Select two different colors to identify bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.

⃝ Axial skeleton ⃝ Appendicular skeleton

Heel bone seen on posterior view, p. 146.

2. Describe the four functions of bone:

1) 3)

2) 4)

3. Figure A is a midlevel, cross-sectional view of the diaphysis of the femur. Label the membrane that lines the cavity and the membrane that covers the outside surface.

Figure B depicts a longitudinal section of the femur. Color the regions.

4. Complete the following statements concerning bone formation and destruction.

A. Atrophy D. Growth hormone G. Osteoclasts I. Parathyroid hormone

B. Calcitonin E. Osteoblasts H. Osteocytes J. Stress and/or tension

C. Osteoarthritis F. Osteoporosis

⃝⃝ Diaphysis ⃝ Area where red marrow is found (hematopoiesis)

⃝⃝ Epiphyseal plate ⃝ Area where yellow marrow is found (fat storage)

1.

Compact bone

B

____________________ 1. Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood is . This causes (1) hormone to be released from bones.

____________________ 2. Bone cells that break down bone and release calcium to the blood are called (7) .

____________________ 3. Disuse such as that caused by paralysis or severe lack of exercise results in the wasting away of muscle and bone, called (3) .

____________________ 4. Increased deposits of bone occur at sites of (4) .

____________________ 5. Immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells are referred to as (5).

____________________ 6. High levels of calcium in the blood, called causes the release of (6) which causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones.

____________________ 7. Mature bone cells, called (2) , maintain bone in a viable state.

____________________ 8. Longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate in a child is stimulated by (8) . (continued next page)

____________________ 9. Atrophy and thinning of bone due to hormonal changes or inactivity, generally in the elderly is (9) . This condition often results in compression fractures.

____________________ 10. Age-related erosion of articular cartilages and formation of painful bony spurs in weight-bearing joints is

Axial Skeleton5. Using key choices, identify the bones indicated by the following descriptions. Enter the appropriate term or

letter in the answer blanks. Key Choices

A. Ethmoid bone

B. Frontal bone

C. Hyoid bone

D. Lacrimal bone

E. Mandible

F. Maxillae

G. Nasal bones

H. Occipital bone

I. Palatine bone

J. Parietal bone

K. Sphenoid bone

L. Temporal bone

M. Zygomatic bone

______________________1. Forehead bone

______________________2. Cheekbone

______________________3. Lower jaw bone

______________________4. Bridge of nose

______________________5. Posterior part of hard palate part of this bone

______________________6. Lateral and superior cranium

______________________7. Most posterior part of cranium

______________________8. Single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

______________________9. Tiny bone, surrounding tear duct

______________________10. Anterior part of hard palate (palatine process)

______________________11. Mastoid process is part of this bone

______________________12. Cribriform plate is part of this bone

______________________13. Bone with mental foramen and alveolar margins

______________________14. Styloid process is part of this bone

______________________15. Four bones that contain paranasal sinuses

______________________16.

______________________17.

______________________18.

______________________19. The condyles of this bone articulate with the atlas vertebra

______________________20. Middle ear found in this bone

______________________21. Foramen magnum is a hole in this bone

______________________22. Does not articulate with any other bone.

6. Select different colors for the bones listed below and color the coding circles and corresponding bones in the figures. Complete the figures by labeling the bone markings indicated by leader lines.

If the bone is visible on the other diagrams, COLOR IT ON ALL THREE DIAGRAMS.

⃝⃝ Frontal ⃝ Temporal ⃝ Nasal

⃝⃝ Parietal ⃝ Maxilla ⃝ Lacrimal ⃝ Palatine

⃝⃝ Occipital ⃝ Mandible ⃝ Zygomatic ⃝ Occipital condyles

7. An anterior view of the skull, showing the positions of the sinuses, is provided in Figure 5-4. First select different colors for each of the sinuses and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure. Then briefly answer the following questions concerning the sinuses.

1. What are sinuses?

2. What purpose do they serve in the skull?

3. Why are they so susceptible to infection?

⃝⃝ Sphenoid sinus ⃝ Ethmoid sinuses

⃝⃝ Frontal sinus ⃝ Maxillary sinus

Figure 5-4

Vertebral Column8. The figure below is a lateral view of the vertebral column. Identify each numbered region in the numbered

answer blanks and then record the specific vertebrae abbreviations. Also identify the modified vertebrae indicated by numbers 6 and 7. Color each vertebral region. Identify the basic parts of the vertebra below.

Intervertebral disk

9. The only bone that does not articulate with any other bone (but attaches to the tongue) is the:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

O O O O O O O

Bony Thorax = sternum + ribs + thoracic vertebrae

10. Complete the following statements by inserting your responses in the answer blanks.

____________________________ 1. Ribs 1 through 7 are called

____________________________ 2. Ribs 8 through 12 are called

____________________________ 3. Ribs 11 and 12 are also called

____________________________ 4. All ribs articulate posteriorly with the

____________________________ 5. Most ribs connect anteriorly, either directly or indirectly, to the

11. Figure 5-7 is an anterior view of the bony thorax. Select different colors to identify the structures below and color the coding circles and corresponding structures. Then label the additional structures of the sternum indicated by leader lines.

⃝⃝ All true ribs (#1-7)

⃝⃝ Costal cartilages

⃝⃝ All false ribs (#8-

12)

⃝⃝ Sternum

APPENDICULAR SKELETON12. Identify the bones below. Select different colors for each structure listed below and use them to color

the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the diagram. Then, label the angles.

⃝⃝ Spine ⃝ Glenoid cavity ⃝ Acromion process

Name of this bone:

13. Identify the arm bones and color and label the bone markings.

⃝⃝ Head (three) ⃝ Deltoid tuberosity ⃝ Styloid process (two)

⃝⃝ Neck of humerus ⃝ Olecranon process ⃝ Radial tuberosity

Superior border

Lateral border

Medial border

Name of this bone:

14. Below are diagrams of the hand and foot. Select different colors for the following structures, and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the diagram.

⃝⃝Carpals ⃝ Metacarpals ⃝ Phalanges ⃝ Tarsals ⃝ Metatarsals

⃝ Talus

⃝ Calcaneus

15. Using key choices, identify the bone names or markings according to the descriptions that follow. Insert the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks

Key Choices

A. Acromion E. Head I. Styloid process M. Scapula

B. Ulna F. Deltoid tuberosity J. Olecranon process N. Sternum

C. Carpals G. Glenoid cavity (fossa) K. Phalanges O. Metacarpals

D. Clavicle H. Humerus L. Radial tuberosity P. Radius

Q. Pectoral girdle

_____________ 1. Raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches

_____________ 2. Upper arm bone

_____________ 3. Two bones composing the shoulder (pectoral) girdle

_____________ 4. Rounded knob atop the neck of the humerus

_____________ 5. Two forearm bones

_____________ 6. Point where scapula and clavicle connect

_____________ 7. Shoulder girdle bone that has no attachment to the axial skeleton

_____________ 8. Shoulder girdle bone that articulates anteriorly with the sternum

_____________ 9. Socket in the scapula for the arm bone

_____________ 10. Commonly called the shoulder blade

_____________ 11. Commonly called the collarbone

_____________ 12. Lateral bone of the forearm in anatomical position

_____________ 13. Medial bone of the forearm in anatomical position

_____________ 14. Posterior projection at the proximal end of the ulna, commonly called the funny bone

_____________ 15. Commonly called the breast bone

_____________ 16. Forearm bone involved in formation of elbow joint

_____________ 17. Two bones that articulate with the clavicle

_____________ 18. Formed from articulation of the scapula and clavicle

_____________ 19. Bones of the wrist

_____________ 20. Bones of the fingers

_____________ 21. Heads of these bones form the knuckles

_____________ 22. Pointed projections at the distal ends of both the radius and the ulna

16. Color and label. Also, label the dashed lines showing the dimensions of the true pelvis and that showing the diameter of the false pelvis.

⃝⃝ Ilium ⃝ Pubic symphysis ⃝ Pubis

⃝⃝ Sacrum ⃝ Acetabulum ⃝ Ischium

17. List four ways in which the female pelvis differs from the male pelvis and insert your answers in the answer blanks.

1.

2.

3.

4.

18. The large nerve that must be avoided when giving injections into the buttock muscles is the

19. Compare the pectoral and pelvic girdles by choosing descriptive terms from the key choices. Insert the appropriate key letters in the letters in the answer blanks.

Key Choices

A. Flexibility D. Shallow socket for limb attachment

B. Massive E. Deep, secure socket for limb attachment

C. Lightweight F. Weight-bearing

Pectoral: , , Pelvic: , ,

20. The bones of the thigh and the leg are shown in Figure 5-12. Identify each and put your answers in the blanks labeled A, B, and C. Select different colors for the bones markings listed below and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding areas on the diagram. Complete the illustration by inserting the terms indicating bone markings at the ends of the appropriate leader lines in the figure.

⃝⃝ Head of femur ⃝ Neck of femur ⃝ Medial malleolus

⃝⃝ Medial condyle (2) ⃝ Tibial tuberosity ⃝ Lateral malleolus

⃝⃝ Lateral condyle (2) ⃝ Anterior crest of tibia

A

21. Using key choices, identify the bone names and markings, descriptions that follow.

A. Acetabulum I. Ilium Q. Patella

B. Calcaneus J. Tibial tuberosity R. Pubic symphysis

C. Femur K. Ischium S. Pubis

D. Fibula L. Lateral malleolus T. Sacroiliac joint

E. Anterior crest M. Lateral condyle U. Talus

F. Greater sciatic notch N. Medial malleolus V. Tarsals

G. Medial condyle O. Metatarsals W. Tibia

H. Iliac crest P. Pelvic girdle

___________ 1. Fuse to form the coxal bone (three bones that comprise the hip bone)

___________ 2. Formed by articulation of the hip bones and sacrum

___________ 3. Point where the coxal bones join anteriorly

___________ 4. Upper ridge of iliac bones

___________ 5. Deep socket in the hip bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

___________ 6. Point where axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle

___________ 7. Longest bone in body, articulates with the coxal bone (hip)

___________ 8. Lateral bone of the lower leg

___________ 9. Medial bone of the lower leg

___________ 10.Three bones forming the knee joint

___________ 11.Point where the patellar ligament attaches to the tibia

___________ 12. Kneecap

___________ 13. Shinbone

___________ 14.Distal process on medial tibial surface

___________ 15.Distal process of the fibula, forming the outer “ankle”

___________ 16.Heel bone (large bone due to weight bearing)

___________ 17.Bones of the ankle

___________ 18.Bones forming the instep of the foot

___________ 19.The ridge extending down the front of the tibia, commonly called the shin.

___________ 20.This feature if the ischium allows blood vessels and the sciatic nerve to pass from the posterior pelvis into the thigh

___________ 21.Tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia

BONE FRACTURES22. Using the key choices, identify the fracture types shown in Figure 5-14 and the fracture types and

treatments described below. Enter the appropriate key letter or term in each answer blank.

A. Closed reduction D. Depressed fracture G. Simple fracture

B. Compression fracture E. Greenstick fracture H. Spiral fracture

C. Compound fracture F. Open reduction I. Pathologic fracture

________ 1. Bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

________ 2. Nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone

________ 3. A break common in children; bone splinters, but break is incomplete

________ 4. A fracture in which the bone is crushed; common in the vertebral column

________ 5. A fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin surface

________ 6. Surgical realignment of broken bone ends

________ 7. A result of twisting forces

________ 8. A fracture in which the bone is pushed inward; common in the skull

________ 9. Spontaneous fracture caused by disease

23. Explain why healing of a partially torn ligament is slow.

Figure 5-14

24. Fill in the blanks to outline the stages in the healing of a bone fracture:

1) ______________________________

2a) _______________________________

2b) _______________________________

3) _______________________________

JOINTS25. Color the coding circles and the following areas of a typical synovial

(diarthrotic) joint. Then, complete the statements below.

⃝⃝ Articular cartilage of bone ends

⃝⃝ Fibrous capsule

⃝⃝ Synovial membrane

⃝⃝ Joint cavity

________________1. The lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces is (l) .

________________2. The resilient substance that keeps bone ends from crushing when compressed is (2) .

________________3. (3) which reinforce the fibrous capsule help to prevent dislocation of the joint.

26. Identify the structural classification of each articulation below. If it is a synovial joint, determine the type.

Key Choices: A. Fibrous joint B. Cartilaginous joint C. Synovial joint

Types of Synovial Joints: 1. Plane 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylar 5. Saddle 6. Ball-and-Socket

____________ 1. Atlantoaxial (C1/C2) joint

____________ 2. Sutures

____________ 3. Intercarpal joint

____________ 4. Pubic symphysis

____________ 5. Metacarpophalangeal joint

____________ 6. Elbow joint (humeroulnar)

____________ 7. Hip joint (acetabulofemoral)

____________ 8. Proximal radioulnar joint

____________ 9. Carpometacarpal thumb joint

____________ 10. Interphalangeal joint

____________ 11. Distal tibiofibular joint

____________ 12. Shoulder joint (glenohumeral)

____________ 13. Intervertebral joint

____________ 14. Knee joint (femur/tibia)

____________ 15. Temporomandibular joint

____________ 16. Sacroiliac joint

Ch 5 At The Clinic

ANSWER ON ANOTHER PIECE OF PAPER. Answer in complete sentences.

1. Antonio is hit in the face with a football during practice. An x-ray reveals multiple fractures of the bones around the orbit. Name six facial/cranial bones that form the orbit (eye socket). (p. 149-150)

2. Mrs. Bruso, a woman in her 80s, is brought to the clinic with a fractured hip. X-rays reveal compression fractures of her lower vertebral column and extremely low bone density in her vertebrae, pelvic bones, and femurs. a. What is her condition? (p. 175-177)b. What causes this condition?c. What type of fracture would this be since it was caused by disease and not an injury?

3. Jack, a young man, is treated at the clinic for an accident in which he hit his forehead. When he returns for a checkup, he complains he can’t smell anything. An x-ray of his head reveals a fracture. a. Which skull bone was fractured? (p. 149)b. What specific part of the bone was fractured to cause damage to his olfactory (smell) nerves? (also see p. 299)

4. An overweight 55-year-old man complains of agonizing pain in his great toe. The man tells his physician that his father used to have the same problem. (p. 173)a. The physician tells the man he has a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints of the toe. What is the name

of his condition?b. What three things will his doctor tell him to do prevent future attacks?

5. The pediatrician at the clinic explains to parents of a newborn that their son’s oral cavity and nasal cavity do not have a bone separating them, making it difficult for him to suck on the bottle. (p. 150) (see also p. 435, 501-502)a. Which bones have failed to fuse to form the hard palate?b. What is the specific name of this condition?

6. After having a severe cold accompanied by nasal congestion, Helen complained that she had a frontal headache and the right side of her face under her eye ached. (p. 150-151)a. Which two paranasal sinuses probably became infected by the bacteria or virus causing the congestion? b. What is the term for a sinus infection?

7. At work, a box fell from a shelf onto Bertha’s acromial region. In the emergency room, the physician determined that the head of her humerus had moved out of its normal position in the joint cavity down into the axilla. a. What has Bertha experienced in her shoulder area? (p. 170)b. What should be done by the physician to correct this problem?

8. After a football game, an x -ray of the Toby’s injured arm revealed a break curving around and down the shaft. a. What kind of fracture, common with sports injuries, might this indicate? (p. 144-145)b. The broken bone does not penetrate the skin so what procedure will the physician perform to coax the bone

ends back into their normal position?

9. A patient complains of jaw pain in front of her ears and crackling noises when she opens her mouth wide. She states that she grinds her teeth at night. What joint is causing this pain? (Packet #6)

10. After receiving a penicillin injection in the gluteal region, a woman complains of pain and numbness radiating down her leg on the same side she received the injection. a. What large nerve that passes from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh was probably affected by the

injection? (p. 162)b. What condition results from damage to this nerve of the sacral plexus? (p. 262)