LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT –MEDLEY 1

CATTLE:1.Loose housing system:

CHICKEN:1. Important strains of Chicken:Broiler: Broiler are young chicken of either sex, which are reared primarily formeat purposes and marketed at an age of 6-8 weeksGrower: The management of birds during 9-20 weeks or to the point of laying isreferred to as grower period.Layer: The birds during 21-72 weeks of age for the purpose of laying eggs (egg production).Commercial Broiler strainsEg. Cobb, Hubbard, Lohman, Anak 2000, Avian -34, Starbra, Sam rat etc.,Commercial Layer StrainsEg.BV-300, Bowans, Hyline, H & N nick, Dekalb Lohman etc.Important strains developed by Project Directorate on Poultry

Vanaraja: A dual-purpose variety developed exclusively for free range poultry farming in rural and tribal areas.

Gramapriya :A layer type variety developed for free range farming in rural and tribal areas. Krishibro: A multi coloured broiler developed for small scale intensive farming in rural areas. Layers: ILM-90, ILR-90 and ILI-80 Broilers: B-77, IBL-80, IBB-83 and IBI-90

Commercially available meat-type chicken in India (Developed by Govt .of India & ICAR institutes)

GOAT:1.Utility:

Medicinal values of goat milk- Goat milk is finer than cow milk i.e. the fats and proteins are present in a finer state andare more easily digestible, especially by children and invalids. Goat milk has lesserallergic problems than other species of livestock. Goat milk is used as a ayurvedic medicine for personas ailing with asthma, cough,diabetes etc. Goat milk has higher buffering qualities and this enhances its value for patients sufferingfrom peptic ulcers, liver dysfunction, jaundice, biliary disorders and other digestiveproblems. Goat milk has higher phosphate content, which is beneficial for vegetarian communities. Goat milk has a higher content of B-complex vitamins. Goat milk has nine minerals more in number than any other milk used for humanconsumption.Goat manureManure are the excreta of the animals and bedding materials of the animals. Goat manure is greatfor fertilizing to the fields. An average goat produces over a ton of manure every year, and thefeces are in pellet form, which makes them easy to handle. Goat manure is a good source of NPKpossibly other minerals as well. Goat manure helps maintain the soil fertility. Goat urine isequally rich in both nitrogen and potash, and is more valuable than that of any other animal. Goatmanure fetches ready cash to the owner. He usually leaves the goat to graze on stubbles in the

field and is paid by the farmer for his field being thereby manured. It is said that one hectare of land receives a sufficient dressing of manure if 4800 goats are folded there for a night. Goatmanure is 2.5 times richer in nitrogen and phosphoric acid than cow manure.Utility of goat pashminaPashmina can also be defined as the undercoat fiber derived from Cashmere goats with a diameter of 30 microns or less. Pashmina has derived its name from the Persian word meaningsoft gold or the king of fibers . It is well known for its fineness, warmth, softness, desirable and aesthetic value. It is most luxurious fiber which is much softer than superfine merino wool of the same diameter with the result it commands much higher price. It has occupied a unique position among the fibers of animal origin because of its warmth, lightness, handle and its better ability to absorb dyes and moisture. On equal weigh basis, it is having 3 times more insulating capacity as that of wool . The term Pashmina is also known as Cashmere, kashmir, pashm, tiflit, tiftik, tivit, tibit. In India, Pashmina is obtained from Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Lahul and Spitti valley of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Kashi, Chamoli and Pithargarh districts of Uttranchal. The Pashmina obtained from Jammu and Kashmir is known as Changthangi Pashmina whereas that obtained from H.P and Uttranchal is known as Chegu pashmina. Harvesting of Pashmina:Pashmina fibers can be collected during spring moulting season when animals naturally shedtheir winter coat. On the basis of weather conditions and region, the goats start moulting over a period from Feb to late May. In India combing is the major way of harvesting Pashmina. Sincecombing and manual separation is labour intensive so combing is sometimes replaced by shearing. Shearing followed by mechanical dehairing has become a common practice in Australia and New Zealand but in Iran the process of shearing was combined with laborious manual dehairing . In India combing/shearing followed by laborious manual dehairing was a common practice but has now changed to combing/ shearing followed by machine dehairing on the modified cotton cards.  US standards set an average fibre diameter for cashmere of no more than 19 microns, and top quality fibre is just 14. Goat mohairIt is produced by Angora goat and similar to the wool in chemical composition, but differ inmohair fibre are smoother surface and non-insulating used for summer cloth. It is more lusterthan wool and also 2 to 2.5 times stronger than wool. Mohair is also known as Diamond fibre.Mohair is warm in winter as it has excellent insulating properties, while remaining cool insummer due to its moisture wicking properties. It is durable, naturally elastic, flame resistant andcrease resistant. Mohair is used in scarves, winter hats, suits, sweaters, coats, socks and home furnishing. Mohairfiber is also found in carpets, wall fabrics, craft yarns, and many other fabrics, and may be usedas a substitute for fur. Mohair is a very soft yarn when compared with other natural and synthetic

SHEEP:1.Utility:Sheep woolWool production begins with several basic concepts. Along with the fiber diameter, fiber length,and the amount of vegetable matter and any other foreign material in the fleece affect wool utlity. Fiber diameter varies by breeds of sheep and is used to determine the purpose of the wool. Fibre diameter ranges from 16 microns in superfine merinowool (similar to cashmere) to more than 40 microns in coarse hairy wools.Wool made up of smaller diameter fibers or fine wool is used for clothing while wool made up of larger diameter fibers or coarse wool is used for carpets and rugs.

Pelt breedsKarakul is the most important sheep breed used for production of high quality pelts and is spreadin many countries e.g. in Russia, Afghanistan, Namibia, South Africa, Iran, and Rumania . Othersheep breeds used for pelt production are Gotland, Icelandic sheep, Grey Shiraz and Zandi.These sheep are bred primarily for lamb pelts used for garments. At birth and for a few daysthere after, the lamb pelts have characters that make them suitable for use as furs. Karakul isoften spoken of as a “fur-bearing sheep”. This property of the lamb pelts and the hardiness of thesheep are the two most useful features. The majority of karakul lamb pelts are produced inBokhara (USSR), Afghanistan, Southwest Africa, Iran and Iraq. The best pelts come fromBokhara, where the sheep is a fat-tailed, coarse carpet wool type of breed. Karakul is very welladapted to the extreme climatic conditions and sparse vegetation resources. The lamb pelts areproduced through the slaughter of lambs within 24-48 hrs of birth or through killing of unbornlambs removed by slaughter/abortion of mothers at around 130-140 days of pregnancy.CATTLE:2.Replacement heifer in dairy farm:If the replacement heifer is reared in the farm, then the cost of getting a down calver( The cows during last 6-8 weeks of pregnancy, called “down calvers” ) will be less. For every heifer required to join the dairy herd each year , it will be necessary to have at any given time a succession of followers consisting one “heifer-in-calf” backed up by younger animals coming forward to calve in subsequent years i.e. one heifer (1 to 2 years old) and one heifer (under one year age).Thus for each down calver, it is necessary to have 1.2 livestock units of young stock..Usually in organized farm 20-25% replacement is suggested. Under intensive management of dairy farming ,high price of land as well it may be considered uneconomic to rear replacement in the farm , using conventional methods. The following four alternatives may be of great importance.1.Buying all replacement(practiced in dairy located in per-urban area)-The pedigree

of newly purchased replacement is not known and such animal may bring new diseases in the farm if not properly quarantined. Cost of replacement may be high. 2.Taking measures for reducing cost of replacement such as lowering weaning age, feed cost, lowering rearing time of age at first calving etc. 3. To get replacement reared away from the farm on contract basis.- This enables the breeder to follow a planned breeding programme of livestock improvement since his/her own calves will eventually return to the herd. Farmer sells the female calves after weaning and proper identification .The rearer keeps the calf ,manage the heifer till it ‘s late pregnancy and again sell the heifer-in –calf (pregnant heifer) to same farmer one month before calving .After birth , the rearer will get the calf 4. Government can facilitate heifer rearing program giving subsidized inputs, veterinary aid, bank loan etc.-A farmer having healthy crossbred calves of about 3-4 months age can be given bank loan for concentrate feed (about 1000 kg is required upto the 28 months of age (up to 1st calving) .Other recurring expenditure such as cost of fodder, medicines, vaccines ,insurance will be borne by the farmer. When the farmer desires to sell the pregnant heifer the loan outstanding will be collected in lump sum.Poultry:2.Limitation of hybrid chicken for rural poultry:All replacement day-old chicks must be purchased. Hatchery chicks require artificial brooding and special starting feed. Hybrids require higher quality balanced feed for optimum meat and egg production. Hybrids require more careful veterinary hygiene and disease management. Egg-laying hybrid hens require supplementary artificial light (a steadily increasing day length up to 17 hours of total light per day) for optimum (profitable) egg production. The broilers also require artificial light upto 23 hours . The meat and eggs from intensively raised hybrid stock are considered by many traditional consumers to have less flavour, and the meat to have too soft a texture. Consumers will thus often pay a higher price for village-produced poultry meat and eggs. Thus for rural family poultry keepers, it is more appropriate to maintain and improve local birds to meet this demand.Poultry:3. Common diseases of poultry:

Sheep:2. Weakness of sheep farming sector in India:i.Unorganised structure of sector. ii. Lack of marketing infrastructure facilities for Value addition such as meat processing, warehousing, Cold storage, refrigerated vehicles iii. Absence of Public Private Partnership. iv. Lack of demand driven interventions v. Poor technical training of sheep growers/farmers. vi. Low income/ productivity/production efficiency vii. Lack of manpower in the traditional system viii. Absence of sufficient System of financial support ix. Absence of National Breeding Policy x. Various agroclimatic conditions of the country. Livestock:1. Importance of Animal Identification System for Traceability There is a growing worldwide trend for countries to implement whole-of-life traceability systems for livestock due to the following reasons. 1. Massive increase in demand for food of animal origin 2. Longer and more complex transport and value chains 3. Intensification of production systems and development of industrial private sector 4. Reduction of public investment, transfer of certain services to private sector and awareness of shared responsibility 5. Awareness of consumers about food safety, quality, animal welfare and the environment 6. To increase the revenue through exports. The system improves food safety, acts as a market export assurance program which improves India's access to foreign export markets, and assists with disease control, tracing and management. Farmers must register their property with their local jurisdictional government if they hold one or more heads of livestock. As far as trade barriers of Indian Exports are concerned, traceability of livestock is a problem especially, to meet the requirements of trading partners (such as the European Union) of Developed countries. So, National Livestock Identification System (NLIS) is need of the hour as the government is intending to increase the exports of livestock products.Do You Know?

1. Dewattling :The hair covered(or piece of flesh) appendages found in neck of goat is known as wattle. They are subject to injury and infection and frequent chewing by kids .In order to remove this ,just simply cut at the base with the help of disinfected scissors.

Assignment: READ,READ and WRITE

1.Write a brief note on following operation.

2.Identify following goat breeds :