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New Visions Global History Regents Exam Question Bank for

Unit 10.3 Section 1 (NYS 10.5)Table of Contents:

Unit 10.3 Section 2 (NYS 10.5)o 10.5a International competition, fueled by nationalism, imperialism,

and militarism along with shifts in the balance of power and alliances, led to world wars.

Causes of WWI Causes of WWII 10.4a European industrialized states and Japan sought to play a

dominant role in the world and to control natural resources for political, economic, and cultural reasons.

o 10.5b Technological developments increased the extent of damage and casualties in both World War I and World War II.

WWI Warfare Effects of WWI WWII Warfare

o 10.5c The devastation of the world wars and use of total war led people to explore ways to prevent future world wars.

o 10.5d Nationalism and ideology played a significant role in shaping the period between the world wars.

Russian Revolution: Lenin and Stalin Fascism in Germany and Italy

o 10.5e Human atrocities and mass murders occurred in this time period. Armenian Genocide Ukrainian Holodomor Holocaust Nanking Massacre

Unit 10.3 Section 2 (NYS 10.6)o 10.6a The Cold War originated from tensions near the end of World

War II as plans for peace were made and implemented. The Cold War was characterized by competition for power and ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union.

o 10.6b The Cold War was a period of confrontations and attempts at peaceful coexistence.

o 10.6c The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the communist bloc in Europe had a global impact.

Back to the NV Global History Regents Exam Question Bank Main Table of Contents

10.5a International competition, fueled by nationalism, imperialism, and militarism along with shifts in the balance of power and alliances, led to world wars.

World War I Causes1. Which event sparked the outbreak of World War I?

(1) attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan(2) Germany's invasion of Poland(3) Bolshevik coup d'état in Russia(4) assassination of the Austrian Archduke

2. The immediate cause of World War I was the(1) assassination of Archduke Ferdinand(2) Japanese alliance with Germany(3) treaty agreement at Versailles(4) German invasion of Poland

3. Which event is considered the immediate cause of World War I?(1) signing of the Treaty of Versailles(2) invasion of Poland by Germany(3) assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand(4) use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany

4. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the immediate cause of(1) the Franco-Prussian War(2) the Russo-Japanese War(3) World War I(4) World War II

5. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente contributed to the start of World War I by

(1) failing to include Germany and France as members(2) threatening countries in the Western Hemisphere(3) allowing Japanese aggression in Korea(4) increasing tensions between European countries

6. Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the telegram below and on your knowledge of social studies.

6. Which war is most closely associated with the telegramNicholas II sent to Wilhelm II?

(1) the Franco-Prussian War(2) the Russo-Japanese War(3) World War I(4) World War II

7. Which conclusion is best supported by this telegram?(1) Russia started to mobilize for war against Serbia.(2) Nicholas II condemned the efforts of Wilhelm II.(3) Russia supported the use of extreme measures.(4) Nicholas II hoped diplomacy would prevent war.

9. Which region was described as “the powder keg of Europe” prior to World War I?(1) Iberian Peninsula(2) British Isles(3) Balkan Peninsula (4) Scandinavia

11. What was a major cause of World War I?(1) rebellions in colonial lands in Africa and Asia(2) expansion of communism into western Europe(3) militarism in the nations of Europe

(4) inability of the League of Nations to keep the peace

12. "Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Form Triple Alliance""Serbian Nationalism Grows in Balkans""Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated in Bosnia"

The events in these headlines contributed most directly to the(1) beginning of World War I(2) outbreak of the Cold War(3) development of communist rule in Europe(4) strengthening of European monarchies

13. What was the immediate cause of World War I in Europe?(1) start of the civil war in Russia(2) sinking of the British liner, Lusitania(3) assassination of the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire(4) attack on Poland by the German army

14. Which title would best complete this partial outline?I. ___________________________

A. Formation of secret alliancesB. Conflict over colonies in AfricaC. Military buildup of European armies and naviesD. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

(1) Scramble for Africa(2) Causes of World War I(3) Results of World War II(4) Reasons for the United Nations

Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

15. The cartoon illustrates the tension that led to which war?(1) Franco-Prussian War (2) World War I(3) World War II (4) Cold War

16. Base your answer to the following question on the table below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which statement is best supported by the data contained in the table?(1) Austria-Hungary could not afford a large military expenditure in 1880.(2) France spent the greatest amount of money on defense in 1900.(3) Germany rapidly increased its military spending after 1890.(4) Great Britain attempted to prepare for a long ground war.

17. Growing nationalism and militarism in Europe and the creation of secret alliances were

(1) reasons for the rise of democracy(2) causes of World War I(3) requirements for economic development(4) reasons for the collapse of communism

18. ". . . we shall fight for the things which have always been nearest our hearts, — for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal domination of rights by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. . . ."

— President Woodrow Wilson

This statement by President Wilson is directly advocating the idea of(1) disarmament(2) national self-determination(3) territorial readjustments(4) balance of power

19. The Balkans were referred to as the "Powder Keg of Europe" in the period before World War I because of their

(1) manufacturing ability(2) stockpiles of weapons(3) nationalistic rivalries(4) economic strength

Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.

20. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were established in the decades just(1) before the Congress of Vienna (2) before World War 1(3) after the Treaty of Versailles (4) after the formation of the United Nations

21. Which statement best expresses the main idea of the chart?(1) Many nations favor triangular foreign policy relationships.(2) Throughout the 20th century, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia have been allies.(3) Foreign affairs are often based on a balance of power.(4) Alliances are stronger than ententes.

22. "Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated!""Germany Declares War on Russia and France!''"Peace Treaty Signed at Versailles!"

Which event is referred to in these headlines?(1) Franco-Prussian War(2) Crimean War(3) World War I

(4) Cold War

23. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which is an accurate statement based on the information in the graph?(1) In 1914, Austria-Hungary attempted to end the arms race in Europe.(2) In 1914, the five major European powers spent more on military programs than on any other program.(3) In 1914, Russia was the most militaristic of all the European nations.(4) In 1914, Germany spent more money on its military than did any other European nation.

24. Which statement best describes Europe, just before World War I?(1) The formation of opposing alliance systems increased international distrust.(2) European leaders resorted to a policy of appeasement to solve international disputes.(3) The Communist nations promoted violent revolution throughout Western Europe.(4) The isolationist policies of England and France prevented their entry into the hostilities.

25. During the period from 1900 to 1914, European political leaders believed that peace could best be maintained by

(1) policies of isolation(2) international organizations(3) systems of alliances(4) policies of appeasement

26. A major cause of World War I was(1) a decline in the policy of imperialism(2) the existence of opposing alliances(3) an increase in acts of aggression by England(4) the spread of communism throughout Europe

27. Why was the Balkan region referred to as the "Powder Keg of Europe" prior to World War I?

(1) The aggression of the Ottoman Empire was disrupting the balance of power.(2) Yugoslavia was invading its neighboring countries.(3) Nationalistic and imperialistic rivalries were increasing.(4) The area was the leading supplier of military equipment to the rest of the world.

CAUSES OF WWII: Treaty of Versailles, Great Depression, Appeasement, and German, Italian and Japanese Aggression

54. Which event occurred first and led to the other three?(1) rise of fascism in Europe(2) Bolshevik Revolution(3) World War I(4) signing of the Treaty of Versailles

Base your answers to questions 57 and 58 on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

57. Which global event caused the overall reduction of unemployment between 1914 and 1918?

(1) the Great Depression(2) completion of the Panama Canal(3) World War I(4) World War II

58. According to the graph, in what year was the difference between British and German unemployment levels the greatest?

(1) 1914 (2) 1915(3) 1919 (4) 1920

161. Which agreement was labeled by the Nazis as unfair to Germany?(1) Treaty of Versailles(2) Soviet Nonaggression Pact(3) Munich Pact(4) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

162. One major reason the League of Nations failed was that it(1) was not included in the Versailles Treaty(2) was controlled by communist Russia(3) frightened many nations with its large military force(4) lacked the support of many of the major world powers during crises

163. Which development occurred in Germany as a result of the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles?

(1) Soviet occupation(2) political instability(3) overseas expansion(4) economic prosperity

164. Which term is defined as payment for damages?(1) mandate (2) armistice(3) reparation (4) militarism

165. One way in which the Treaty of Nanking and the Treaty of Versailles are similar is that in both treaties the provisions called for

(1) monarchs to be returned to their rightful places(2) reparations to be paid by defeated countries(3) existing borders to be maintained(4) peacekeeping organizations to be established

166. In Europe during the 1930s, economic instability led to the(1) rise of fascist dictatorships(2) development of nuclear arms(3) abandonment of colonial territories

(4) establishment of the League of Nations

Base your answers to questions 168 and 169 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

168. This 1919 cartoon suggests that Germany may come under the influence of(1) moderates (2) conservatives(3) radicals (4) isolationists

169. This cartoonist is referring to the way Germany was affected in 1919 by(1) the Congress of Vienna(2) its defeat of Napoleon

(3) the Treaty of Versailles(4) its defeat in World War II

170. Which statement about the worldwide Depression of the 1930s is a fact rather than an opinion?

(1) Political leaders should have prevented the Depression.(2) Germany was hurt more by the Treaty of Versailles than by the Depression.(3) The economic upheaval of the Depression had major political effects.(4) World War I was the only reason for the Depression.

171. One goal of the League of Nations was to(1) promote peaceful relations worldwide(2) stimulate the economy of Europe(3) bring World War I to an end(4) encourage a strong alliance system

173. Base your answer to the following question on the map below.

Which time period in German history is most accurately represented in this map?(1) between World War I and World War II(2) just after the Berlin Conference(3) immediately after the Congress of Vienna(4) during unification under Bismarck

174. Many historians believe that the harsh terms found in the Treaty of Versailles helped lead to

(1) Italy’s unification(2) Turkey’s modernization(3) revolutions in Russia(4) World War II

177. The Treaty of Versailles angered many Germans after World War I because the treaty

(1) divided Germany into Communist and non-Communist zones(2) made Germany restore its emperor(3) required all German-speaking Europeans to return to Germany(4) forced Germany to pay large war reparations

178. Which set of events is in the correct chronological order?(1) Renaissance Middle Ages Roman Empire(2) Treaty of Versailles World War II Korean War(3) Reformation Crusades European exploration of the Americas(4) Bolshevik Revolution French Revolution American Revolution

179. The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany for its role in World War I by(1) forcing Germany to accept blame for the war and to pay reparations(2) dividing Germany into four occupied zones(3) supporting economic sanctions by the United Nations(4) taking away German territory in the Balkans and Spain

180. The Treaty of Versailles contributed to the economic collapse of Germany after World War I by

(1) mandating economic reforms in Germany(2) requiring that Germany pay for war damages(3) placing a quota on goods exported from Germany(4) devaluing German currency

181. Which newspaper headline illustrates a policy of appeasement?(1) "Dien Bien Phu Falls; French to Leave Vietnam"(2) "Chamberlain Agrees to German Demands: Sudetenland to Germany"(3) "Marshall Plan Proposes Economic Aid Program for Europe"(4) "Soviet Troops and Tanks Crush Hungarian Revolt"

184. The harsh terms included in the treaties ending World War I have been used to explain the

(1) Fascist Revolution in Spain(2) Bolshevik Revolution in Russia(3) rise of Nazism in Germany(4) Armenian massacre in Turkey

Base your answers to questions 185 and 186 on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.“The Allied . . . governments . . . affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility . . . for causing

all the loss and damage to which the Allied . . . governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed on them by the aggression of Germany. . . .”

185. What was a result of the provisions of this document?(1) Allied governments helped rebuild the German economy.(2) Resentments about these provisions contributed to the growth of Nazism in Germany.(3) The ideas in these provisions served as the basis for the European Union.(4) The provisions became a blueprint for lasting peace in Germany.

186. This passage is taken from which historical document?(1) United Nations Charter(2) Treaty of Portsmouth(3) Atlantic Charter(4) Treaty of Versailles

189. Which situation was a major result of World War I (1914 - 1918)?(1) The League of Nations was able to maintain peace in Europe for a half-century.(2) European nations quickly became self-sufficient and regained economic prosperity.(3) The Soviet Union and the United States cooperated economically and militarily.(4) The Treaty of Versailles contained provisions that contributed to the political and economic problems of Europe.

190. Which idea was included in the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles to show the intent of the Allies to punish the Central Powers for their role in World War I?

(1) All nations shall maintain open covenants of peace.(2) Freedom of the seas will be maintained.(3) Germany will accept full responsibility for causing the war.(4) Territorial settlements shall be made along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.

191. The harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I helped lay the foundation for the

(1) rise of Fascism in Germany(2) uprisings during the French Revolution(3) division of Korea along the 38th parallel(4) Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

193. • Congress of Vienna redraws map of Europe.• Triple Entente is formed to combat the TripleAlliance.• Treaty of Versailles calls for the creation of the League of Nations.These events are similar in that each reflects

(1) the aggressiveness of dictators(2) an effort to establish a balance of power

(3) the rivalry between France, Germany, and Greece(4) the concept of mercantilism

202. "Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia" (1935)"Germany Takes the Rhineland Back" (1936)"Germany and Russia Divide Poland" (1939)These headlines might be used to illustrate the weakness of the

(1) United Nations(2) Congress of Vienna(3) Warsaw Pact(4) League of Nations

203. The term appeasement is best defined as(1) an attempt to avoid conflict by meeting the demands of an aggressor(2) a period of peace and prosperity, resulting in cultural achievement(3) a declaration of war between two or more nations(4) an agreement removing economic barriers between nations

205. The policy of appeasement helped cause World War II because this policy(1) reduced the armaments of major European powers(2) gave too much power to the United Nations(3) increased sea trade between England and the United States(4) allowed the aggressive actions of Germany to go unchecked

210. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies."It took the Big Four just five hours and twenty five minutes here in Munich today to dispel the clouds of war and come to an agreement over the partition of Czechoslovakia. There is to be no European war, after all. There is to be peace, and the price of that peace is, roughly, the ceding by Czechoslovakia of the Sudeten territory to Herr Hitler's Germany. The GermanFührer gets what he wanted, only he has to wait a little longer for it. Not much longer though — only ten days. . . ."

Source: William Shirer, recording of CBS radio report from Prague, September 29, 1938

The policy that France, Britain, and Italy chose to follow at this meeting is known as(1) appeasement (2) self-determination(3) liberation (4) pacification

211. Which situation is an example of totalitarianism in Germany in the 1930s?(1) frequent meetings of the German Reichstag(2) decline of the German economy(3) strict government control of the press(4) negotiation of a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union

Base your answers to questions 212 and 213 on on the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Speaker A: “What was actually happening on the battlefield was all secret then, but I thought that the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would be of crucial importance to backward races.”Speaker B: “We Nazis must hold to our aim in foreign policy, namely to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled. . . .”Speaker C: “The Munich Pact saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon.”Speaker D: “We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets. . . . We shall never surrender.”

212. The clearest example of the policy of appeasement is in the statement made by Speaker

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

213. The common theme in the statements of Speakers B and D is(1) colonialism (2) containment(3) nationalism (4) reparations

215. In Europe during the 1930s, several national leaders, in order to preserve peace at any cost, agreed to the demands of an aggressor. This policy is referred to as

(1) militarism (2) nonalignment(3) reparation (4) appeasement

217. During the 1930s, a joint act of appeasement by the British and French was(1) signing a treaty with Germany to outlaw nuclear weapons(2) giving Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland to Germany(3) entering into defensive alliance with the United States(4) supporting independence for German colonies in Africa


220. What happened during the 1930s after the "baby" finished the "bottle"?(1) He went to sleep peacefully. (2) He asked to have different "nursemaids."(3) He made more demands. (4) He played nicely with other "children."

221. Which policy did the "nursemaids" use to keep the "baby" quiet?(1) militarism (2) isolationism (3) imperialism (4) appeasement

224. Which policy shows that appeasement does not always prevent war?(1) British policy toward Germany in Munich during the 1930s(2) French policy in Indochina in the 1950s(3) United States policy toward Cuba in the early 1960s(4) Iraqi policy toward Iran in the 1980s

239. • Japan resigns from the League of Nations, 1933• Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis formed, 1936• Japan invades China, 1937• United States places embargo on scrap iron, steel, and oil exports to Japan, 1941

Which event occurred immediately after this series of developments?(1) Manchuria became a Japanese protectorate.(2) Pearl Harbor was attacked.(3) The Japanese fleet was destroyed.(4) The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.

240. The main reason Japan invaded Southeast Asia during World War II was to(1) recruit more men for its army(2) acquire supplies of oil and rubber(3) satisfy the Japanese people’s need for spices(4) prevent the United States from entering the war

241. The Japanese, the Germans, and the Italians pursued a policy of expansionism before World War II to gain

(1) natural resources(2) warm-water ports(3) manufacturing plants(4) freedom of the seas

242. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Based on the information provided by the diagram, which statement is a valid conclusion about the 1930s?

(1) The United States led international peace-keeping efforts.(2) Aggression led to the start of World War II.(3) The actions of Italy, Germany, and Japan united Europe.(4) Economic and social upheaval led to the rise of democracy in Asia.

267. Which event caused the policy of appeasement to be viewed as a failure?(1) creation of the League of Nations (1919)(2) forced famine in Ukraine (1932)(3) invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939)(4) atomic bombing of Hiroshima (1945)

272. Which of these World War II events happened first?(1) Battle of Britain(2) D-Day invasion(3) invasion of Poland(4) dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima

273. Base your answer to question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The leaders in this 1936 cartoon are depicted as "spineless" because they(1) signed the Treaty of Versailles(2) wanted to avoid global conflict at any cost(3) depended on economic measures to stop aggression(4) recognized the communist government in the Soviet Union

276. Base your answer to the following question on the excerpt below and on your knowledge of social studies.. . . No one in this country [Great Britain] who examines carefully the terms under which Hitler'stroops begin their march into Czecho-Slovakia to-day can feel other than unhappy. Certainly the Czechs will hardly appreciate Mr. Chamberlain's phrase that it is "peace with honour.". . .

— "Return from Munich," Guardian, October 1, 1938The author of this excerpt is reacting to Prime Minister Chamberlain's policy of

(1) self-determination (2) ethnic segregation(3) containment (4) appeasement

277. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Based on the information provided by this map, how did adopting the policy of appeasement at the Munich Conference in September 1938 change Europe?

(1) The Rhineland was occupied by France.(2) The Sudetenland was given to Germany.

(3) Germany transferred control of Memel to Lithuania.(4) Austria became an independent state.

280. The 1930s depression in Germany contributed to the rise of the Nazi Party because

(1) economic hardships increased political instability(2) five-year plans of the communists failed(3) the Reichstag nationalized private property(4) the Weimar Republic imposed totalitarianism

281. Before September 1939, the European response to Hitler’s actions included(1) following a policy of appeasement(2) blockading the coast of Germany(3) forcing Germany to sign the Versailles Treaty(4) creating alliances under the United Nations Charter

282. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The main idea of this 1941 cartoon is that Japan, Italy, and Germany(1) had formed an alliance for peace

(2) were determined to defeat communism(3) had supported a peaceful international solution(4) were committed to aggression

283. One reason Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 was successful is that Poland

(1) lacked natural barriers(2) was located along the North Sea(3) lacked natural resources(4) was close to the Balkans

284. When some European leaders agreed to Hitler’s demands concerning Czechoslovakia in 1938, they were supporting a policy of

(1) détente (2) balance of power(3) collective security (4) appeasement

287. One reason for the outbreak of World War II was the (1) ineffectiveness of the League of Nations(2) growing tension between the United States and the Soviet Union(3) conflict between the Hapsburg and the Romanov families(4) refusal of the German government to sign the Treaty of Versailles

288. Which event is most closely associated with the start of World War II in Europe?

(1) invasion of Poland by Nazi forces(2) signing of the Munich Agreement(3) building of the Berlin Wall(4) assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

290. One reason that Britain and France agreed to appease Hitler at the Munich Conference was to

(1) prevent the start of another world war(2) stop the Nazis from invading the Soviet Union(3) obey an order from the League of Nations(4) obtain advanced German military weapons in exchange

291. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and Hitler’s rebuilding of the German military in 1935 demonstrate the

(1) success of defensive alliances(2) fear of communist expansion(3) support for the Treaty of Versailles(4) failure of the League of Nations


Which British foreign policy regarding Germany does this cartoon suggest?(1) appeasement (2) imperialism (3) nationalism (4) containment

297. "The belief that security can be won by throwing a small state to the wolves is a fatal mistake."

–Winston ChurchillWhich foreign policy is criticized by this quotation?

(1) containment (2) détente(3) glasnost (4) appeasement


What is the main idea of this cartoon?(1) Armed strength is the best defense against aggression.(2) War is necessary to maintain a balance of power.(3) Freedom of the seas should be maintained, whatever the cost.(4) Appeasement will save Europe from war.


327. Which policy is being questioned in this cartoon?(1) nonalignment (2) detente (3) militarism (4) isolationism

328. Which war is most closely associated with this cartoon?(1) Boer War (2) Russo-Japanese War(3) World War II (4) Cold War

10.4a European industrialized states and Japan sought to play a dominant role in the world and to control natural resources for political, economic, and cultural reasons.Which geographic factor had the most influence on the development of Inca society and Japanese society?

(1) frequent monsoons (2) large deserts (3) mountainous topography (4) tropical climate

Which statement regarding the impact of geography on Japan is most accurate? (1) Large plains served as invasion routes for conquerors. (2) Arid deserts and mountains caused isolation from Asia. (3) Lack of natural resources led to a policy of imperialism. (4) Close proximity to Africa encouraged extensive trade with Egypt.

A primary reason for Japan’s involvement in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War was to

(1) acquire natural resources in Manchuria and Korea (2) control trade and markets in Southeast Asia (3) end Japan’s policy of isolationism (4) remove foreign invaders from Japanese soil

The annexation of Korea and Japan’s invasion of Manchuria were attempts by Japan to

(1) spread Shinto beliefs (2) protect human rights (3) acquire natural resources (4) establish theocratic governments

Which geographic characteristic of Japan most influenced its decision to engage in imperialism in the early to mid-20th century?

(1) mountainous terrain (2) lack of natural resources (3) abundance of rivers (4) island location

One way in which the rule of Peter the Great in Russia and the rule of Emperor Meiji in Japan are similar is that both leaders

(1) emancipated serfs (2) granted equality to women (3) encouraged modernization (4) ruled according to a constitution

A major reason for Japan’s foreign policy in Asia during the early 20th century was to

(1) promote democracy (2) spread Shinto beliefs (3) obtain natural resources (4) reduce military expenses

• Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895 • Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 • Annexation of Korea 1910 These events in the history of Japan reflect its

(1) resistance to trade (2) abundance of natural resources (3) vulnerability to attack by neighbors (4) emergence as an imperialistic country

What is one reason for Japan’s involvement in the first Sino-Japanese War and the annexation of Korea?

(1) pursuit of imperialistic goals (2) reaction to foreign invasions (3) institution of five-year plans (4) need for a warm-water port

Japan’s policy of expansion in the early 20th century was motivated by (1) a lack of natural resources (2) a plan to end unequal treaties (3) the need to increase cultural diffusion (4) the desire to spread communism

Japan began an aggressive policy of imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because Japan

(1) needed raw materials for its factories (2) hoped to spread Shinto (3) sought Western technology (4) wanted revenge for the Opium Wars

During the late 19th century, Japan’s lack of natural resources was one reason for implementing a policy of

(1) collectivization (2) free trade (3) socialism (4) imperialism

Base your answer to question 35 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Growth of the Japanese Empire, 1931–41

Source: Historical Maps on File, Revised Edition, Volume II, Facts on File (adapte(4) from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2013.

Based on the information provided by this map, how did the growth of the Japanese Empire affect China?

(1) China acquired Japanese military technology. (2) China invaded French Indochina. (3) China was forced to adopt Korean culture. (4) China lost control of many of its eastern seaports.

Base your answers to questions 28 and 29 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Source: Henry Brun et al., Reviewing Global History and Geography, AMSCO (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2006.

What was a basic cause of the political changes shown on this map? (1) Russia and Japan formed an alliance. (2) Korea defeated Japan in the Sino-Japanese War. (3) The Japanese people wanted to spread the beliefs of Shinto. (4) Japan needed raw materials for industrialization.

What was one effect of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)? (1) Japan emerged as a major world power. (2) Korea gained its independence. (3) Czar Nicholas II gained power in Russia. (4) Russia formed a military alliance with Japan.

Document 8

Source: Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis and Anthony Esler, World History Connections to Today: The Modern Era, Prentice-Hall (adapte(4) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2003.

Based on the information provided by this map, state one reason Japan would want to acquire Korea and Manchuria.

Which event is associated with the changes shown on this map? (1) Opium War (2) Meiji Restoration (3) Chinese Nationalist Revolution (4) rise of the Soviet Union

229. Japan expanded her empire in the 1930s and 1940s to include parts of(1) eastern Europe and the Middle East(2) China and Southeast Asia(3) Turkey and the Soviet Union(4) Australia and India

230. Which geographic characteristic of Japan most influenced its decision to engage in imperialism in the early to mid-20th century?

(1) mountainous terrain(2) lack of natural resources(3) abundance of rivers(4) island location

231. A major reason for Japan's foreign policy in Asia during the early 20th century was to

(1) promote democracy(2) spread Shinto beliefs(3) obtain natural resources(4) reduce military expenses

232. Base your answer to question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Based on the information provided by this map, how did the growth of the Japanese Empire affect China?

(1) China acquired Japanese military technology.(2) China invaded French Indochina.(3) China was forced to adopt Korean culture.(4) China lost control of many of its eastern seaports.

233. Japan began an aggressive policy of imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because Japan

(1) needed raw materials for its factories(2) hoped to spread Shinto(3) sought Western technology(4) wanted revenge for the Opium Wars

234. "Japan Presses Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Policy on Southeast Asia""Tokyo Is Firebombed""Atom Bomb Dropped on Nagasaki"Which period of Japanese history is associated with these headlines?

(1) Tokugawa shogunate

(2) Meiji Restoration(3) reign of Emperor Hirohito(4) Japan's economic miracle

235. Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and Germany's attack on Poland in 1939 led directly to

(1) the beginning of World War II in Asia and Europe(2) a meeting at Yalta between the United States and the Soviet Union(3) a conference at Munich for European leaders(4) the withdrawal of Britain and France from European affair

236. Japans invasion of Manchuria, Italy's attack on Ethiopia, and Germany's blitzkrieg in Poland are examples of

(1) military aggression (2) appeasement(3) containment (4) the domino theory


What is the best title for this map?(1) Dominance of Manchukuo(2) Japanese Imperial Expansion(3) East Asian Trade Routes(4) Natural Resources of China and Japan

238. One reason the Japanese followed a policy of expansionism before World War II was to gain

(1) warm-water ports(2) control of Tibet(3) additional natural resources(4) control of the Suez Canal

244. • Japan annexes Korea (1910)

• Japan attacks Manchuria (1931)• Japan invades French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) (1940)

Based on these events, the most valid conclusion about Japan’s foreign policy is that Japan

(1) needed raw materials(2) based its aggression on the concept of isolation(3) was only interested in spreading its religion(4) readily accepted Western culture and values

245. Which was a major justification used by Japan for empire building in the 1930's and 1940's?

(1) revenging attacks by aggressive neighbors(2) promoting immigration of foreigners(3) spreading the Buddhist religion(4) obtaining food and raw materials

246. During the 1930's, Japan's foreign policy was based on the strategy of(1) territorial expansion(2) economic isolation(3) rapid consumer growth(4) democratic alliances

248. After World War I, Japan attempted to solve some of its economic problems byestablishing extensive trade with the Soviet Union(2) expanding its influence in Asia(3) practicing the principles of Marxism(4) refusing to rely on Western technology

249. In the 1930's, the Japanese Government followed a policy of imperialism primarily to

(1) acquire new sources of raw materials(2) spread Zen Buddhism throughout Asia(3) sell more consumer goods to European nations(4) spread the ideas of bushido

250. Japanese imperialism increased in Southeast Asia during the first half of the 20th century as a result of Japan's

(1) decision to join the League of Nations(2) desire to spread Shinto(3) attempts to impose capitalism in the region(4) efforts to become a political and economic power


Based on this cartoon, which statement reflects the result of this decision?(1) Japanese rule benefited many people in Asia.(2) Japan lost control of East Asia.(3) Imperialism can have unintended consequences.(4) Technological progress requires international cooperation.

In the 1930's, Japan decided that one way to solve its economic problems was by expanding its territory.252. The imperialist policies followed by Japan after World War I were based on a desire to

(1) convert people to Shinto(2) acquire markets for its oil industry(3) compete with Chinese trade policies(4) obtain natural resources for manufacturing

10.5b Technological developments increased the extent of damage and casualties in both World War I and World War II.

WORLD WAR I WARFARE10. "Bombardment, barrage, curtain-fire, mines, gas, tanks, machine-guns, hand-grenades — words, words, but they hold the horror of the world.”

— Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front

This quotation best describes the effects of the(1) technological developments used during World War I(2) formation of alliances in World War II(3) tension between the superpowers during the Cold War(4) protests against reforms during the Indian independence movement

50. One action that many governments took during World War I was to(1) encourage political dissent and freedom of the press(2) regulate their economic systems to increase production(3) prevent women from seeking employment in factories(4) raise tariffs to encourage trade

60. The technology developed during World War I resulted in(1) smaller nations becoming part of larger empires after the war(2) a smaller number of refugees during the war(3) increased military casualties in battles fought during the war(4) a slowdown in transportation improvements after the war

51. Base your answer to the following question on the excerpt below and on your knowledge of social studies.

This excerpt is taken from a poem written about World War I."If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field. That is for ever England.There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, A body of England's, breathing English air, Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home. . . ."— Rupert Brooke, "The Soldier"

Which idea is expressed in this excerpt from Brooke'spoem?

(1) pacifism (2) neutrality(3) nationalism (4) anarchy

46. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.... A weary, exhausted, nerve-racked group of men it was indeed that, about noon November 1, assembled in a gully north of Sommerance [France] to rest and dig in for the night. The artillery was still firing furiously, but the enemy's barrage [bombardment] had ceased very suddenly about 10:00 a.m. and now only occasional shells from long-range rifles would explode in thevicinity. The weather was gloomy and the moist air chilled one to the bones. Yet it was with that meticulous [methodical] care that is characteristic of worn-out men, that we prepared our foxholes, carrying boards and iron sheeting from abandoned machine-gunners' dugouts in order to make our "houses" as comfortable as possible, even though only for one night....

Source: William L. Langer, Gas and Flame in World War I, Knopf/Borzoi

Which means of warfare is described in this passage?(1) guerilla (2) nuclear(3) biological (4) trench

28. During World War I, developments in military technology led to(1) an early victory by the Allied powers(2) the establishment of industrial capitalism(3) the use of poisonous gas and submarine attacks(4) an increase in ethnic tension in western Europe

30. Base your answer to the following question on the poster below and on your knowledge of social studies.

This World War I poster is an example of(1) diversity (2) dissent(3) toleration (4) propaganda

31. Base your answer to question on the poster below and on your knowledge of social studies.

As shown in this poster, which problem concerned the Brazilian government during World War I?

(1) loss of cultural heritage(2) threat of spying(3) increases in immigration(4) maintaining freedom of assembly

38. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.Observation of a Soldier in World War I

Private Archie Surfleet, February 8th, 1918 – We have been in camp near the wood at Écurie for some days now and a more miserable existence it would be hard to imagine. There is nothing but unrest and uncertainty and everyone here is absolutely fed up to the teeth.

- Malcolm Brown, Tommy Goes to War

Which hypothesis can best be supported by this passage?(1) Allied forces were on the verge of winning the war.(2) Technology had created a military stalemate.(3) Revolution in Russia hastened the end of the war.

(4) Conditions contributed to low troop morale

36. Base your answer to the following question on the posters below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which concept is represented in these World War I recruiting posters?(1) justice (2) diversity (3) nationalism (4) humanism

55. Which statement explains the decline in unemployment rates in Britain between 1914 and 1918?

(1) World War I generated jobs at home in England and in the military.(2) Many new jobs were available in Britain’s African colonies.(3) Assembly-line production of consumer goods required more workers.(4) The British were buying huge amounts of war materials from the United States.

66. Base your answer to the following question on the notice below and on your knowledge of social studies.

An immediate effect of this notice was to intensify concerns about(1) the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations(2) military intervention by Russia in Eastern Europe(3) the need for nuclear disarmament(4) freedom of the seas during World War I

WORLD WAR II WARFARE261. Which statement is most accurate concerning the effect of geography on the history of Poland?

(1) Natural barriers have isolated and protected Poland.(2) The northern European Plain has made Poland vulnerable to invasion.(3) Mountains have restricted the diffusion of Polish culture.(4) The absence of seaports has limited Polish economic growth

266. Which geographic factor enabled the German blitzkrieg to succeed?(1) swift running rivers(2) mountain ranges(3) relatively flat terrain(4) tropical climate

269. Base your answer to this question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The World War II military action shown on this map was significant because it(1) took the pressure off the war in the Pacific(2) led directly to the war crimes trials in Nuremberg(3) caused Germanv to resort to unrestricted submarine warfare(4) forced Germany to fight the Allies on eastern and western fronts

270. Which geographic factor was most significant in helping the Soviet Union withstand German attacks in World War II?

(1) The Ural Mountains served as a barrier to advancing German armies.(2) Distance and harsh winters disrupted German supply lines.(3) Extensive food-producing areas kept the Soviet armies well fed.(4) Numerous ports along the Arctic Sea allowed for the refueling of Soviet transport ships.


This World War II cartoon is showing the relationship between climate and the(1) inability of Nazi forces to defeat the Soviet Union(2) success of Allied troops after D-day(3) efforts by Allied troops to control Berlin(4) casualties suffered by the Soviet Union

286. Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in Napoleon's defeat in 1812 and Hitler's defeat at Stalingrad in 1944?

(1) Siberian tundra (2) Caspian Sea(3) arid land (4) harsh climate

289. Which action taken by both Hitler and Napoleon is considered by historians to be a strategic military error?

(1) invading Russia with limited supply lines(2) introducing combined ground and naval assaults(3) invading Great Britain by land(4) using conquered peoples as slave laborers

292. During World War II, which geographic features contributed most to the Soviet Union’s defense against the German invasion?

(1) deposits of many natural resources(2) size and climate(3) Atlantic ports and rivers(4) mountainous territory and desert areas

325. Which headline is most closely associated with the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

(1) "Japan Signs Treaty of Kanagawa"(2) "Nuclear Bombs Dropped on Japan"(3) "Japan Invades Korea"(4) "Japan Hosts Discussion on Greenhouse Gases"

326. Which conflict is most closely associated with events in Nanjing, Dunkirk, and Hiroshima?

(1) Russian Revolution(2) Cultural Revolution(3) World War II(4) Korean War

336. During World War II, which event occurred last?(1) German invasion of Poland(2) Russian defense of Stalingrad(3) United States bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki(4) Japanese invasion of Manchuria

330. ... "You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war."

This paragraph from a 1945 Allied leaflet warned the(1) Czechs of a German invasion(2) Americans in Hawaii of a Japanese attack(3) Koreans of a Russian invasion(4) Japanese civilians of a United States attack

333. ". . . Seventy thousand people were killed instantly, and many more would die — 60,000 by November and another 70,000 by 1950. Most of them would be victims of a new method of killing — radiation. . . ."

- Ronald Takai

The situation described in this passage was the direct result of which World War II event?

(1) blitz of London(2) attack on Pearl Harbor(3) D-Day invasion of Normandy(4) bombing of Hiroshima

335. During World War II, the Allied invasion of France on D-Day (June 6, 1944) was significant because it

(1) demonstrated the power of the atomic bomb(2) resulted in a successful German revolt against Hitler and the Nazi Party(3) led to the immediate surrender of German and Italian forces(4) forced Germans to fight a two-front war

10.5c The devastation of the world wars and use of total war led people to explore ways to prevent future world wars.

351. ". . . the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim . . . land, sea, and air forces . . . will never be maintained."

Which event is directly responsible for the inclusion of this statement in Japan's current Constitution?

(1) Japan's defeat in World War II(2) Japan's involvement in the Persian Gulf War(3) United Nations sanctions against Japan(4) Japan's emergence as an economic superpower

"Under the weight of winter snow The pine tree's branches bendBut do not break."

—Emperor Hirohito

352. In this poem, what message was the Japanese Emperor trying to communicate to his people at the end of 1945?

(1) As a victorious nation, Japan must treat those it conquered with kindness.(2) As a result of its defeat, Japan must adopt Confucian ideals.(3) Since Japan had been the strongest nation in Asia, the nation would try to defeat its enemies again.(4) Although Japan had been defeated in war, the economy and the nation would recover.

353. Since the end of World War II, military rearmament inJapan has been limited by

(1) specific restrictions in Japan's constitution(2) Japan's refusal to sign a nuclear nonproliferation treaty(3) the United Nations refusal to sell weapons to the Japanese(4) a scarcity of technology and resources in Japan

349. A reason the Japanese government accepted a new constitution after World War II was that

(1) the new constitution was very similar to the previous one(2) the new constitution was imposed by the United States military government(3) Japan's colonial possessions were returned(4) Japan’s military forces were reestablished

348. Since 1945, many Japanese have opposed an expanded role for their military forces because of the

(1) nonviolent teachings of Shinto(2) ancient code of bushido(3) military domination of the government before and during World War II(4) Japanese military alliance with the Soviet Union that guaranteed their mutual security

342. Which reform took place in Japan after World War II?(1) Japan's industrial capability was greatly reduced.(2) The emperor's position was abolished.(3) Japan became a representative democracy.(4) Labor unions were declared illegal.

343. Democracy in modern Japan resulted primarily from(1) Shinto and Buddhist beliefs about equality and justice(2) reforms imposed by the United States after World War II(3) a history of imperial justice under the constitution of the Emperor(4) the diffusion of ideas and practices from China and Korea

350. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies."From as early as I can remember, the Emperor was an important presence even in our remote home. He was a descendant of the gods from thousands of years before, never to be looked at or listened to by mere mortals, a presence to be revered and protected and obeyed . . . Finally. . ., my family and neighbors gathered around the radio and listened in stunned silence to the voice that had never before been heard, saying he was only human after all. Everyone wascrying. I was sad and confused. "

Which event caused the Emperor to announce that he was "only human after all"?(1) his overthrow by communist forces(2) defeat of the Japanese in World War II(3) signing of the Versailles Treaty(4) conclusion of the Russo-Japanese

10.5d Nationalism and ideology played a significant role in shaping the period between the world wars.

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: LENIN AND STALIN

62. Which statement best describes the relationship between World War I and the Russian Revolution?

(1) World War I created conditions within Russia that helped trigger a revolution.(2) World War I postponed the Russian Revolution by restoring confidence in the Czar.(3) The Russian Revolution inspired the Russian people to win World War I.(4) World War I gave the Czar's army the needed experience to suppress the Russian Revolution.


K.R. Chamberlain Masses, Jan. 1915."At Petrograd. Russian Officer: 'Why these fortifications, Your Majesty? Surely the Germans Will Not Get This Far!' The Czar: 'But When Our Own Army Returns-?'"

What is the main idea of the cartoon?(1) Russia spent too much for defense during World War I.(2) The Czar expected widespread unemployment after World War I.(3) Russian military leaders were confident of victory over the Germans.(4) There was widespread discontent in the Russian army during World War I.

71. An incompetent government, massacres on Bloody Sunday, and the high costs of World War I were causes of the

(1) Mexican Revolution(2) Boxer Rebellion(3) Sepoy Mutiny(4) Russian Revolution

72. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia was caused in part by(1) a forced famine in Ukraine(2) the failure of Czar Nicholas II to come to Serbia's aid(3) a shortage of military supplies and food during World War I(4) the establishment of Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP)

73. What is a major belief associated with Marxism?(1) The proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie.(2) Religion should be more important than political forces.(3) Private ownership of property should be expanded.(4) Peasants would gain control of overseas markets

77. Base your answer to the following question on the speakers' statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Speaker A: If the rate of population growth continues to exceed the growth in the food supply, there will not be enough food for all of the people.Speaker B: There are people who are wealthy and people who are poor. This is just how things are.Speaker C: History is the story of class struggle. Eventually, the working class will rise up and revolt against the wealthy.Speaker D: The government should do what is best for most of its people.

Which speaker best represents the views of Karl Marx?(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

78. Which of these groups were the major supporters of 20th-century communist revolutions?

(1) priests and artisans(2) bourgeoisie and nobility(3) entrepreneurs and capitalists(4) workers and peasants

79. One reason the Bolsheviks gained peasant support during the Russian Revolution was because the Bolsheviks promised to

(1) redistribute land(2) abolish communes

(3) bring modern technology to Russian farms(4) maintain an agricultural price-support program

81. "Czar Abdicates! Provisional Government Formed""Peasants Promised Peace, Land, and Bread'""Reds and Whites Fight Bloody Civil War"Which revolution is the focus of these headlines?

(1) Mexican (2) Russian(3) Chinese (4) Cuban

82. Which slogan is associated with the Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution?(1) “An Eye for an Eye”(2) “Peace, Land, and Bread”(3) “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”(4) “Take up the White Man’s Burden”

83. The Bolshevik Party in 1917 gained the support of the peasant class because they promised them

(1) "Peace, Land, and Bread"(2) "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"(3) abolition of the secret police(4) democratic reforms in all levels of government

84. Heavy military losses in World War I, food and fuel shortages, and opposition to the czar led to the

(1) French Revolution (2) Russian Revolution(3) Chinese Revolution (4) Cuban Revolution

85. Which two major ideas are contained in the writings of Karl Marx?(1) survival of the fittest and natural selection(2) class struggle and revolutionary change(3) separation of powers and checks and balances(4) monotheism and religious tolerance

86. ". . . The replacement of the bourgeois by the proletarian state is impossible without a violent revolution. The abolition of the proletarian state, i.e., of all states, is only possible through 'withering away.' . . ."

— V. I. Lenin, State and Revolution, 1917This quotation is associated with the principles of

(1) imperialism (2) capitalism(3) communism (4) militarism

87. Lenin’s promise of “Peace, Land, Bread” during the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was made in an effort to

(1) end France’s occupation of Russia(2) gain popular support to overthrow the government(3) restore Czar Nicholas II to power(4) resolve conflicts between farmers of diverse ethnic backgrounds

88. A key principle of the economic theory of Communism is(1) restoration of a bartering system(2) organization of workers’ unions(3) government ownership of property(4) privatization of business

89. Lenin’s promise of “Peace, Land, Bread” during the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was made in an effort to

(1) end France’s occupation of Russia(2) gain popular support to overthrow the government(3) restore Czar Nicholas II to power(4) resolve conflicts between farmers of diverse ethnic backgrounds

90. One of the major causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was the(1) abuse of political power by Czar Nicholas II(2) government’s refusal to enter World War I(3) rapid expansion of the right to vote(4) failure of communism

91. In Russia, the events of Bloody Sunday, the heavy casualties during World War I, and the ineffective leadership of the czar led directly to the

(1) Revolution of 1917(2) institution of perestroika(3) signing of the Munich Pact(4) creation of the Warsaw Pact

92. During the Russian Revolution of 1917, the slogan "peace, bread, and land" appealed to many Russian peasants because this slogan

(1) called for continued Russian expansion in East Asia(2) supported an increase in the power of the Russian czar(3) addressed the needs and concerns of the peasants(4) promised to return all peasants to serfdom

93. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was a major turning point in history because(1) Russia became the first nation with a Communist economic system(2) it was the last revolution in the 20th century(3) Russia ceased to be an important force in world affairs(4) the royal family was exiled to Mexico

94. Which statement best describes a relationship between World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution?

(1) World War I created conditions in Russia that helped trigger a revolution.(2) World War I postponed the revolution in Russia by restoring confidence in

the Czar.(3) Opposing Russian forces cooperated to fight the foreign invaders.

(4) World War I gave the Czar's army the needed experience to suppress the revolution.

95. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.The Kirghiz with whom we stopped was very well off .. . . After some tea our host asked me, "Where is the Ak Padsha now, the White Tsar Nikolai?" "He and all his family, the Tsaritsa, their daughters and son, have been killed by the Bolsheviks," I answered. The old man gave a deep sigh . . ."And you . . . Are you one of the men of the regime of Nikolai?""Yes, of course," I replied. "I detest and despise the Bolsheviks.The old man . . . began to blink and a tear rolled down his cheek, while the rest of the family sobbed . . .I was deeply touched by the scene. On this remote frontier of the Empire, . . . a family of nomad herdsmen was weeping for the tragic death of their White Pasha, as the Tsar was known.In which period of time did this scene take place?

(1) during the Napoleonic Wars(2) after Mao Zedong came to power(3) after the Russian Revolution(4) during World War II

96. A study of the causes of the American, French, and Russian revolutions indicates that revolutions usually occur because the

(1) society has become dependent on commerce and trade(2) society has a lower standard of living than the societies around it(3) existing government has been resistant to change(4) religion dictates a need for societal change

97. A major reason many Russian people supported the Bolsheviks in the November 1917 revolution was that the Bolsheviks called for

(1) an immediate peace settlement with Germany(2) a heavy investment in industry(3) the collectivization of agriculture(4) the abolition of all religion

98. The Russian peasants supported the Bolsheviks in the 1917 revolutions mainly because the Bolsheviks promised to

(1) establish collective farms(2) maintain the agricultural price-support system(3) bring modern technology to Russian farms(4) redistribute the land owned by the nobility

99. "The organizations of the revolutionaries must consist first, foremost, and mainly of people who make revolutionary activity their profession. . . . Such an organization must of necessity be not too extensive and as secret as possible"

–V. I. Lenin, 1917This quotation refers to Lenin's plan to

(1) defeat Germany in World War I(2) establish democracy in Russia(3) maintain Communist power in Western Europe

(4) overthrow the Russian government

100. The Russian Revolution and the French Revolution both resulted in

(1) the establishment of direct democracies(2) the restoration of old monarchies(3) violent political change(4) increases in the power of the Catholic Church

101. Which slogan expressed the ideals of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917?(1) Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity(2) Bread, Land, and Peace(3) Land and Liberty(4) Nationalism, Democracy, and the People's Livelihood

102. Russian peasants supported the Bolsheviks in 1917 primarily because the Bolsheviks pledged to

(1) establish and maintain collective farms(2) redistribute land and make peace(3) keep crop yields low(4) limit the income of the nobility

103. Which action was taken by the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin?

(1) supporting a traditional economy(2) eliminating political opposition(3) surrendering to the Provisional Government(4) extending the war against Austria-Hungary

104. Which action contributed to the success of Lenin's communist revolution in Russia?

(1) Peasants were promised land reform.(2) Businessmen were encouraged to form monopolies.(3) Landowners were offered tax relief.(4) Factory workers were required to start small businesses.


In the view of this cartoonist, Russia under Lenin's rule was characterized by(1) a continuation of traditional life(2) the introduction of capitalism(3) support for a constitutional monarchy(4) rejection of the czarist system

106. A major goal of Joseph Stalin’s five-year plans was to(1) encourage communist revolutions in the colonies of the European powers(2) transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power(3) expand the Soviet Union’s borders to include warm-water ports(4) reduce the amount of foreign aid coming from the Western Hemisphere

107. • Led the Russians in a second revolution (1917)• Promised "Peace, Land, and Bread"• Established the New Economic Policy (NEP)Which leader is being described by these statements?

(1) Czar Nicholas II

(2) Nikita Khrushchev(3) Vladimir I. Lenin (4) Mikhail Gorbachev

108. Which leader based his rule on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?(1) Neville Chamberlain(2) Vladimir Lenin(3) Adolf Hitler(4) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

110. The political reorganization of Russia after the Communist Revolution of 1917 resulted in

(1) the establishment of a two-party political system(2) increased political power for ethnic minorities(3) a limited monarchy with the Czar as a figurehead(4) a federation of socialist republics

111. Which statement best describes the political situation in the Soviet Union immediately after Lenin's death in 1924?

(1) The nation adopted a constitutional monarchy.(2) Trotsky and his followers assumed full control of the Communist Party.(3) Popular elections were held to choose a new General Secretary.(4) A power struggle developed among Communist Party leaders.

113. In 1917, Bolshevik leaders in Russia sought peace with Germany because the new Russian government

(1) decided to join forces with Germany and the Central Powers(2) needed to concentrate its troops and resources on its war with Turkey(3) wanted to retain power and avoid German occupation(4) needed to control the Baltic Sea and wanted a warm-water port

114. Which condition was a result of Joseph Stalin’s command economy?(1) Peasants were encouraged to sell surplus grain for personal profit.(2) The production of consumer goods increased.(3) National revenue increased allowing for greater individual spending.(4) The government controlled agriculture through collective farms.

115. Which statement about the Soviet economy under Joseph Stalin is accurate?(1) The Soviet Union increased its power by developing heavy industry.(2) The government reduced its role in planning industrial production.(3) Farmers were encouraged to compete in a free market economy.(4) A large selection of consumer goods became available in the Soviet Union.

117. An economic change introduced in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin would include

(1) establishing free-market reforms(2) boycotting Baltic Sea trade routes(3) focusing on the production of consumer goods(4) collectivizing agriculture

120. Which action is associated with Joseph Stalin?(1) expanding privatization(2) establishing five-year plans(3) encouraging glasnost(4) promoting détente

121. Five-year plans and collectivization are most closely associated with(1) Joseph Stalin (2) Mikhail Gorbachev(3) Adolf Hitler (4) Deng Xiaoping

123. Base your answer to the following question on the graphic organizer below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which title best completes this graphic organizer?(1) Saddam Hussein and the Persian Gulf War(2) Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) and the Defeat of the Manchu Dynasty(3) Joseph Stalin and the Rise of a Totalitarian State(4) Jawaharlal Nehru and the Modern Industrial State of India

Base your answers to questions 124 and 125 on the following question on the table below and on your knowledge of social studies.

124. Which Soviet policy is most closely associated with the information in this table?

(1) Lenin's New Economic Policy(2) Stalin's five-year plans(3) Brezhnev's policy of détente(4) Gorbachev's policy of glasnost

125. Between which two years did the number of collective farms increase the most?

(1) 1929 and 1930 (2) 1930 and 1931(3) 1934 and 1935 (4) 1939 and 1940

126. • Five-year plans• Collectivization of agriculture• Great PurgeWhich individual is associated with all these policies?

(1) Adolf Hitler (2) Joseph Stalin(3) Deng Xiaoping (4) Jawaharlal Nehru

127. Which aspect of the economy was emphasized in Joseph Stalin’s five-year plans?

(1) heavy industry(2) consumer goods(3) famine relief(4) private landownership

Base your answers to questions 128 and 129 on the chart below.

128. The data in this chart illustrates the(1) benefits of foreign trade(2) successful development of heavy industry(3) availability of consumer goods(4) effects of inflation on the economy

129. Which policy is illustrated in this chart?(1) pogroms (2) five-year plans(3) Russification

(4) nuclear arms

130. Totalitarian countries are characterized by(1) free and open discussions of ideas(2) a multiparty system with several candidates for each office(3) government control of newspapers, radio and television(4) government protection of people’s civil liberties

131. Which economic program was implemented by Joseph Stalin?(1) Four Modernizations(2) five-year plans(3) Great Leap Forward(4) perestroika

132. Under communism in the former Soviet Union, people were required to(1) reject modern technology(2) limit the size of their families(3) honor their ancestors and religious traditions(4) put the interests of the state before individual gain

134. Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Communist Russia were similar in that each(1) protected individual rights(2) elected their leaders through popular vote(3) supported market-based economies(4) established totalitarian governments

135. Under Joseph Stalin, peasants in the Soviet Union were forced to(1) become members of the ruling party(2) support the Russian Orthodox Church(3) join collective farms(4) move to large cities

136. One characteristic of a totalitarian state is that(1) minority groups are granted many civil liberties(2) several political parties run the economic system(3) citizens are encouraged to criticize the government(4) the government controls and censors the media

137. Joseph Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union was characterized by the(1) introduction of democratic political institutions(2) encouragement of religious beliefs(3) development of a market economy(4) establishment of a totalitarian state

138. What was the major goal of Joseph Stalin's five-year plans in the Soviet Union?(1) encouraging rapid industrialization(2) supporting capitalism(3) improving literacy rates(4) including peasants in the decision-making process

139. An economic accomplishment of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin was(1) achieving the highest standard of living in Eastern Europe(2) filling retail stores with an abundance of consumer goods(3) exporting large surpluses of wheat and other grains(4) increasing production of heavy industrial machinery

140. Which economic program is associated with Joseph Stalin?(1) Five-Year plan(2) Great Leap Forward(3) Four Modernizations(4) perestroika

142. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin governed by means of secret police, censorship, and purges. This type of government is called

(1) democracy (2) totalitarian(3) limited monarchy (4) theocracy

143. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.ARTICLE 50 In accordance with the interests of the people and in order to strengthen and develop the socialist system, citizens of the USSR are guaranteed freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly, meetings, street processions and demonstrations. Exercise of these political freedoms is ensured by putting public buildings, streets and squares at the disposal of the working people and their organizations, by broad dissemination of information, and by the opportunity to use the press, television, and radio.

–Excerpt from the Constitution of the Soviet Union

Which conclusion can be reached by a comparison of events in the Soviet Union and this passage from the Constitution of the Soviet Union?

(1) Constitutional rights guarantee a free society.(2) A national constitution always guarantees human rights.(3) A constitutional guarantee must be very specific in order to be effective.(4) A constitutional guarantee may be limited by government actions.

144. Which belief is common to both 17th-century absolutism and 20th-century totalitarianism?

(1) A two-party political system is essential for a stable society.(2) Separation of church and state should be encouraged.(3) Dissenters are dangerous and should be punished.(4) The state should establish a strong public school system.

145. Which is the most accurate statement about art and literature in a totalitarian society?

(1) Artistic expression is channeled into approved themes.(2) Artists and writers are subsidized by wealthy patrons.(3) All forms of art and literature are banned by the government.

(4) Artists and writers are encouraged to borrow and adapt ideas from other societies.

146. Joseph Stalin's leadership of the Soviet Union can be best characterized as a period of

(1) democratic reform and nationalism(2) humanism and democracy(3) religious freedom and tolerance(4) censorship and terror

147. The main purpose of the many purges and public trials that took place in the Soviet Union in the 1930s was to

(1) force the Jewish people to leave the Soviet Union(2) eliminate opposition to Joseph Stalin and his government(3) establish a free and independent court system in the Soviet Union(4) reform the outdated and inadequate agricultural system

148. Prior to the 1980s, the emphasis of the five-year plans in the Soviet Union was on heavy industry. One result was

(1) scarcity of consumer goods(2) abundance of manufactured goods(3) rejection of agricultural planning(4) decline in military spending

149. The ancient Greek city-state of Sparta and the Soviet Union under Stalin were similar in that both societies

(1) were primarily concerned with the health of their people(2) were powerful military states(3) granted universal suffrage to their people(4) placed great emphasis on literature and the arts

150. Which is an accurate statement about the Soviet economy under the leadership of Joseph Stalin?

(1) A large selection of consumer goods became available.(2) The Soviet Union increased its industrial output by developing heavy industry.(3) Private farmers were encouraged to sell their surplus produce in an open market.(4) The government reduced its role in planning industrial production.

151. Which characteristic was common to both Russia under the czars and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin?

(1) a lack of concern about territorial expansion(2) support of artistic and literary freedom(3) encouragement of free enterprise(4) persecution of political dissenters

152. A major effect of Joseph Stalin's policy of collectivization on Soviet agriculture was

(1) a widespread food shortage throughout the nation

(2) an increase in the export of agricultural products(3) a surplus of agricultural goods(4) the immediate creation of many small private farms

153. One action taken by both V. I. Lenin and Joseph Stalin was(1) attempting to bring democracy to Russia(2) jailing or murdering potential opponents(3) supporting the Russian Orthodox Church(4) providing economic aid to Japan after World War I and World War II

154. Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union emphasized centralized economic planning and five-year plans primarily to

(1) produce more consumer goods(2) expand exports(3) create a demand for high-quality imports(4) develop heavy industry

155. Stalin's Five-Year plans and his decision to form collectives are examples of(1) strategies to modernize the economy of the Soviet Union through forced communism(2) a more friendly foreign policy toward China(3) methods of dealing with the United States during the Cold War(4) programs to westernize, educate, and enlighten the population

156. Under Joseph Stalin, life in the Soviet Union was characterized by(1) an abundance of consumer goods(2) political instability and numerous civil wars(3) support for small family-run farms(4) the use of censorship and the secret police

157. One similarity between Russia under the czars and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin is that in both types of government these leaders

(1) tried to reduce their nation's influence in world affairs(2) developed policies to limit industrial growth(3) supported the creation of a national church(4) established an authoritarian form of government

158. Under both the czarist regime of Russia and the Communist government of the Soviet Union, artistic expression was censored primarily because

(1) the arts were considered unimportant(2) no markets existed for artistic or literary works(3) criticism of the government was sometimes reflected in the arts(4) support of the arts was considered a waste of money

159. Which situation is characteristic of a totalitarian society?(1) Artists and musicians experience artistic freedom.(2) Individualism is encouraged.(3) The freedoms of speech, press, and religion are denied.(4) Judges and the courts are independent of central government control.

160. Which statement best characterizes the rule of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union?

(1) Free enterprise replaced a command economy(2) Democratic reforms were carried out.(3) Ownership of farms was returned to individual farmers.(4) Basic human rights were denied.

198. "Hungry Workers in Petrograd Demand Food""'Peace, Land, and Bread' Promised to All""World War I Soldiers Join the People's Rebellion"

Which event is associated with these headlines?(1) Tiananmen Square protests(2) Soweto uprisings(3) Russian Revolution(4) Cuban Revolution

FASCISM IN GERMANY AND ITALY

109. Which type of political system did V. I. Lenin, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini establish in their countries?

(1) constitutional monarchy(2) totalitarianism(3) representative democracy(4) theocracy

141. During the mid-1930s, which characteristic was common to Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Communist Russia?

(1) government ownership of the means of production and distribution(2) one-party system that denied basic human rights(3) encouragement of individual freedom of expression in the arts(4) emphasis on consumer goods rather than on weapons

187. What was a major reason for Adolf Hitler's rise to power?(1) provisions of the Treaty of Versailles(2) Germany's military support of Poland and France(3) strong German economy(4) refusal by the League of Nations to admit Germany as a member

188. The major impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany was that the treaty led to

(1) an era of peace and international good will in Germany(2) a stable Germany that was both democratic and strong(3) an increase in Germany's desire to regain its power and prestige(4) a leadership position for Germany in the League of Nations

192. Which factor contributed most to the rise of totalitarian governments in Europe before World War II?

(1) improved educational systems

(2) expanding democratic reforms(3) increasing political stability(4) worsening economic conditions

191. The harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I helped lay the foundation for the

(1) rise of Fascism in Germany(2) uprisings during the French Revolution(3) division of Korea along the 38th parallel(4) Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

194. After World War I, the rise of Benito Mussolini in Italy and the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany are most closely associated with

(1) the development of fascism(2) the desire for containment(3) an emphasis on democratic traditions(4) a return to conservative religious practices

195. What was a key cause for the rise of fascism in nations such as Italy and Germany?

(1) collectivization (2) economic hardship(3) genocide (4) secret treaties

196. Base your answer to question on the graphic organizer below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which heading best completes this graphic organizer?(1) Socialism (2) Liberalism(3) Fascism (4) Ethnocentrism

197. Which political leader gained power as a result of the failing economy of the Weimar Republic?

(1) Adolf Hitler (2) Francisco Franco(3) Benito Mussolini (4) Charles de Gaulle

199. Which leader is most closely associated with the rise of fascism in Italy prior to World War II?

(1) Ho Chi Minh (2) Winston Churchill(3) Mao Zedong (4) Benito Mussolini

200. One similarity between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini is that both(1) led fascist states(2) supported communism(3) rejected militarism(4) remained in power after World War II

201. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Based on the information in this chart, which situation gave rise to Nazi power in Germany?

(1) global prosperity and trade(2) success of the Weimar Republic(3) political and economic instability(4) expansion of Germany's colonial empire

204. Which statement about both the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy is accurate?

(1) Economic conditions led to political change.(2) Industrialization hindered national development.(3) Goals were achieved by peaceful means.(4) Communist ideals fueled both movements.

206. What was one reason that totalitarian dictatorships gained power in Europe between World War I and World War II?

(1) Famine and AIDS spread throughout Europe.(2) Trade was banned between western and eastern Europe.(3) Governments failed to meet the needs of the people.(4) Monarchies were reinstated in many nations.

207. Fascist leaders in Italy and Germany came to power in the 1920s and 1930s because they

(1) supported the League of Nations(2) exploited economic hardships to gain popular support(3) resisted all forms of extreme nationalism(4) maintained political traditions

208. ". . . The key-stone of the Fascist doctrine is its conception of the State, of its essence, its functions, and its aims. For Fascism the State is absolute, individuals and groups relative. Individuals and groups are admissible in so far as they come within the State. Instead of directing the game and guiding the material and moral progress of the community, theliberal State restricts its activities to recording results. The Fascist State is wide awake and has a will of its own. For this reason it can be described as ethical'. . . ."

— Benito Mussolini, Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions, Howard Fertig, 1932

Which statement expresses the main idea of the passage?(1) The people have a right to overthrow ineffective governments.(2) The state is more important than the individuals within it.(3) The state gets its authority from the power of individuals.(4) The establishment of an empire will cause division and chaos.

209. In Europe during the 1920s and 1930s, severe inflation, high unemployment, and fear ofCommunism all contributed to the

(1) overthrow of monarchies in Italy and Germany(2) rise of Fascist governments in Italy, Germany, and Spain(3) formation of the Common Market in Italy and Spain(4) growth of democratic institutions

218. Base your answer to the following question on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The rise of aggressive fascist governments in Europe occurred during the period represented by letter

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

219. Which situation contributed to Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany after World War I?

(1) support of Hitler's radical policies by the Social Democrats in the Reichstag(2) strong feelings of resentment and nationalism built up by economic and political crisis(3) refusal by the League of Nations to admit Germany as a member(4) violence and terrorism promoted by Germany's former enemies

222. One similarity of Fascism and Communism as practiced in the 1930s was that both systems generally

(1) provided for power to be held by hereditary rulers(2) promoted ethnic diversity(3) supported the democratic election of the head of state(4) suppressed the views of the opposition

223. Between World War I and World War II, Fascism appealed to many people in Europe because Fascism

(1) opposed racism and anti-Semitism(2) promoted international cooperation(3) offered simple solutions to complex problems(4) rejected nationalism and militarism

225. During the 1930s, the Nazi (National Socialist) Party received support from the German people because it promised to

(1) abide by the Versailles Treaty(2) improve economic conditions in Germany(3) promote policies that ensured ethnic equality(4) utilize international organizations to solve problems

226. Fascism in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s is best described as a(1) demonstration of laissez-faire capitalism that promoted free enterprise(2) form of totalitarianism that glorified the state above the individual(3) type of economic system that stressed a classless society(4) set of humanist ideas that emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual

227. Which statement best explains why many Germans became discontented with the Weimar Republic in the early 1930s?

(1) The failure to slow population growth in Germany had created shortages of basicnecessities.

(2) The leaders of the German government were not elected by universal suffrage.(3) The German government had refused to join the League of Nations.(4) Germany was experiencing widespread unemployment and other economic problems.

228. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which statement about the Weimar Republic before November 1933 is best supported by the information in the chart?

(1) Political representation of various groups was limited.(2) Diverse political ideas were discouraged by the government.(3) The Social Democrats continued to gain support throughout the period.(4) Many different political ideologies were represented in the Reichstag.

268. Base your answer to this question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which type of political system is being depicted in this 1943 cartoon?(1) direct democracy (2) monarchy(3) theocratic republic (4) totalitarian

274. Which sequence of events is in the correct chronological order?(1) rise of Nazism Treaty of Versailles German invasion of the Soviet Union(2) Treaty of Versailles rise of Nazism German invasion of the Soviet Union(3) German invasion of the Soviet Union rise of Nazism Treaty of Versailles(4) Treaty of Versailles German invasion of the Soviet Union rise of Nazis

278. Base your answer to the following question on the graphic organizer below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which ideology best completes this graphic organizer?(1) socialism (2) democracy(3) capitalism (4) fascism

285. Totalitarian governments are characterized by the(1) elimination of heavy industry(2) use of censorship, secret police, and repression(3) lack of a written constitution(4) support of the people for parliamentary decisions

293. In the 1920s and 1930s, the rise of totalitarian governments in Germany, Italy, and Spain was largely the result of

(1) the success of the Communists in establishing a command economy in the Soviet Union(2) severe economic and social problems that arose in Europe after World War I(3) the active support of the United States(4) movements demanding the return of the old monarchies

294. One reason the Fascist governments of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power in Italy and Germany was that these nations

(1) were threatened by the United States(2) supported civil liberties for all(3) failed to join the League of Nations(4) faced economic and political difficulties

298. One similarity between Otto von Bismarck and Adolf Hitler was that each(1) formed an alliance with Japan during a world war(2) used warfare as an instrument of national policy

(3) followed a policy of nonalignment in foreign affairs(4) supported communist ideals


Why were the leaders of Western Europe surprised by the event addressed in this cartoon?

(1) The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were both democratic regimes.(2) The ideologies of these two nations were at opposite ends of the political spectrum.(3) The Soviet Union had a long history of close relations with Great Britain.(4) Since 1935, the official government policy of the Soviet Union had supported isolationism.

300. What was one reason the Nazi programs and policies of the early 1930s appealed to many people in Germany?

(1) The people were frustrated with their current economic and political situation.(2) Germany had been denied membership in the United Nations.(3) A coup d'état had forced communism on the German people.(4) The German people feared that the French or the British would soon gain control of the Polish corridor.

302. Which practice was similar under the rule of the Bolsheviks in Russia and of the Nazi Party in Germany?

(1) establishing communism in their respective nations(2) permitting a series of multiparty elections(3) increasing the power of the middle class(4) limiting government opposition through intimidation and fear

303. During the 1930s and 1940s, Nazis in Germany and Fascists in Italy promoted policies that emphasized

(1) national and racial supremacy(2) worldwide Communist revolutions(3) international peacekeeping efforts(4) economic cooperation in Europe

10.5e Human atrocities and mass murders occurred in this time period.

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE53. During World War I, which group of people were victims of genocide?

(1) Arabs in Egypt(2) Palestinians in Syria(3) Algerians in France(4) Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

UKRAINIAN HOLODOMOR61. • Pogroms of czarist Russia• Massacre of Armenians in World War I• "Death squads" in El SalvadorWhich conclusion can be drawn from a review of these events?

(1) Mediation and diplomacy can resolve internal and foreign problems.(2) Civil rights of individuals and groups have been vulnerable at many times in human history.(3) The domestic affairs of a nation are not subject to international criticism.(4) The independent actions of some individuals can effectively address certain social issues.

133. The famine in Ukraine during the 1930s resulted from the Soviet government’s attempt to

(1) end a civil war(2) implement free-market practices(3) collectivize agriculture(4) introduce crop rotation

116. Forced famine in Ukraine (1932-1933) was a direct result of(1) Czar Nicholas's involvement in World War I(2) Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy(3) Joseph Stalin's collectivization(4) Nikita Khrushchev's removal from power

118. What was a major cause of the famines in Ukraine between 1929 and 1935?(1) war with Chechnya and Armenia(2) forced collectivization by the government(3) lack of arable land in the region(4) movement of workers to Siberia

119. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died as a result of(1) the intifada (2) glasnost(3) a forced famine (4) trench warfare

122. Joseph Stalin's policies in Ukraine during the 1930s directly resulted in(1) widespread starvation(2) agricultural self-sufficiency(3) the development of cottage industries(4) the use of subsistence farming techniques

HOLOCAUST275. Base your answer to the question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies....The German people were never more pitiable than when they stood by and watched this thing done. For the raiders who were let loose on the streets and given a day to sate [indulge] the lowest instincts of cruelty and revenge were indeed an enemy army. No foreign invader could have done more harm. This is Germany in the hour of her greatest defeat, the best overcome by the worst. While many protested at the outrages, and millions must have been sickened and shamed by the crimes committed in their name, many others looked on stolidly or approvingly while the hunters hunted and the wreckers worked. There are stories of mothers who took their children to see the fun ....

- New York Times, November 12,1938

This 1938 passage criticizes those German people who did not(1) participate in these demonstrations(2) condemn the violent acts of Kristallnacht(3) support the government's policy in Austria(4) resist the war effort

271. The Nuremberg laws are best described as(1) efforts of the Roman Catholic Church to punish heresy(2) major articles in the Declaration of the Rights of Man(3) specific laws contained in Justinian’s Code(4) anti-Semitic laws of 20th-century Germany

305. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.... In his classic defense of freedom of speech in, On Liberty, John Stuart Mill wrote that if a view is not "fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed," it will become "a dead dogma, not a living truth." The existence of the Holocaust should remain a

living truth, and those who are skeptical about the enormity of the Nazi atrocities should be confronted with the evidence for it. …

- Peter Singer (adapted)

Which statement is consistent with the author's point concerning the Holocaust?(1) The evils of the past are best ignored and forgotten.(2) Frequent and full discussion of the historical evidence of certain events is desirable.(3) All eras of history include individuals that reject existing values.(4) Every generation must apologize for the failures of earlier generations.

306. Which important principle was established as a result of the Nuremberg trials?(1) Defeated nations have no rights in international courts of law.(2) Individuals can be held accountable for "crimes against humanity."(3) Soldiers must follow the orders of their superiors.(4) Aggressor nations must pay war reparations for damages caused during wars.

307. A major result of the Nuremberg trials after World War II was that(1) Germany was divided into four zones of occupation(2) the United Nations was formed to prevent future acts of genocide(3) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established to stop the spread of communism(4) Nazi political and military leaders were held accountable for their actions

308. Which action illustrates the concept of genocide?(1) the British negotiating peace with Adolf Hitler during the 1938 Munich Conference(2) Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signing a nonaggression pact in 1939(3) the Nazi armies eliminating the Jews and other groups as part of Adolf Hitler’s Final Solution(4) German generals plotting against Adolf Hitler

309. Which situation was a direct result of the Holocaust and other atrocities committed by the Nazis during World War II?

(1) development of the Cold War(2) war crimes trials in Nuremberg(3) formation of the League of Nations(4) separation of Germany into Eastern and Western zones

310. Which term is often used to describe the actions of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Pol Pot in Cambodia?

(1) nonalignment(2) neocolonialism(3) scorched-earth policy(4) genocide

311. One similarity between the pogroms in Russia and the Nazi Holocaust is that both

(1) expanded the power of labor unions

(2) limited the powers of European rulers(3) prohibited government censorship(4) violated the human rights of Jews

312. The Holocaust is an example of(1) conflict between political parties(2) violations of human rights(3) limited technological development(4) geography’s influence on culture

313. "But this trial has shown that under the stress of a national crisis, ordinary men–even able and extraordinary men–can delude [fool] themselves into the commission of crimes and atrocities so vast and heinous [terrible] that they beggar [shock] the imagination."

–Judgment at NurembergThis quotation is referring to the

(1) dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima(2) actions taken against Jews and others in the Holocaust(3) Allied bombing of German cities during World War II(4) German invasion of Poland

314. Which was the major result of the Nuremberg War Trials?(1) National leaders were held personally responsible for war crimes against humanity.(2) The state of Israel was created as a home for victims of the war.(3) Soldiers were required to pay for the property damages they caused during the war.(4) Prisoners from all countries were immediately released from captivity.

315. Which principle was established by the Nuremberg Trials after World War II?(1) Individuals can be punished for their part in state-sponsored crimes.(2) War-crimes trials can be held only in neutral nations.(3) War crimes are sometimes justified.(4) Democracy can be promoted in formerly totalitarian nations.

Base your answers to questions 316 and 317 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies."The important lesson wasn't so much the Nazis' extraordinary evil but that it could happen with the participation of so many, the indifference of many more, that humanity has no guarantees against its vicious streaks except its own conscience, for which each individual is responsible . . . the effort for decency and justice must go on every day, everywhere."

–Flora Lewis, the New York Times, July 7, 1987316. What is the main idea of the passage?

(1) A nation's wartime policies should not be subjected to moral standards.(2) Individuals who follow the orders of their superiors should not be prosecuted for their actions.(3) In time of war, the end justifies the means.(4) Individuals have an obligation to oppose immoral policies.

317. In the passage, the term "extraordinary evil" refers to the(1) Berlin blockade (2) Cold War Era(3) Marshall Plan (4) Holocaust

318. Which statement concerning anti-Semitism in Europe is most accurate?(1) Anti-Semitism in Europe increased during the Middle Ages.(2) Jews in Europe refused to be loyal to any national government.(3) Most Russian czars outlawed anti-Semitic activities.(4) Hitler was the only European leader to promote anti-Semitism.

319. A study of the policy of "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia and the Holocaust in Europe would suggest that

(1) world opinion is effective in stopping genocide(2) countries generally use reason and negotiation in dealing with important ethnic issues(3) anti-Semitism and ethnic hatred remain powerful forces in the modern world(4) military leaders cannot be held responsible for acts committed during wartime

320. Which is one major reason the Holocaust is considered a unique event in modern European history?

(1) Jews of Europe have seldom been victims of persecution.(2) Civilians rarely were killed during air raids on Great Britain.(3) Adolf Hitler concealed his anti-Jewish feelings until after he came to power.(4) The genocide was planned in great detail and required the cooperation of many people.

Base your answers to questions 322 and 323 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The privilege of opening the first trial in history for crimes against the peace of the world imposes a grave responsibility. The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it cannot survive their being repeated. That four great nations, flushed with victory and stung with injury stay [stop] the hand of vengeance and voluntarily submit their captive enemies to the judgment of the law is one of the most significant tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason…

– Chief Prosecutor Robert H. Jackson,November 21, 1945, Nuremberg

322. The wrongs referred to in this passage include the(1) occupation of Ethiopia by Italy(2) invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union(3) mass murder of Jews and others in concentration camps(4) deaths of American soldiers during the Bataan Death March

323. The speaker maintains that the guiding principle of the trial will be the

(1) payment of reparations(2) denial of responsibility(3) celebration of victory(4) judgment of the law

329. The Nuremberg Trials are considered an importantevent in the 20th century because they

(1) brought an end to genocide(2) condemned the use of nuclear weapons(3) ruled on provisions for the postwar occupation of Germany(4) established principles of responsibility for human rights violation

NANKING MASSACRE332. Which group was accused of violating human rights in the city of Nanjing during World War II?

(1) Americans (2) Chinese(3) Japanese (4) Germans

Document 8Japanese Treatment of Koreans during World War II

. . . In order to make Koreans just like the Japanese, the Korean people were forced to change their family names into Japanese names. In religion [religious] life, Japan forced the Korean people to worship the Japanese gods as a part of their duty.

This policy was aimed at erasing the Korean nation [cultural identity] from the earth forever and to nurture [treat] them as colonial subjects and slaves obedient only to the Japanese.

Ultimately, the Japanese drew countless Korean youths and women to the battle fields, factories, and mines to aid in their conquests and wars. . . .

— Radio Korea International, 2003 Source: http://rki.kbs.co.kr/src/history/hok_contents.asp from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006.

Based on this document, state two effects of Japanese occupation on the Korean people.

_____

EFFECTS OF WWI39. One way in which the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and the Versailles Conference (1918-1919) are similar is that they both attempted to

(1) restore stability after a period of conflict or disorder(2) address economic concerns by lowering tariffs(3) defend human rights by establishing written codes of law(4) encourage cultural development through the creation of universities

45. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.. . . His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. . .

This 1917 passage is taken from a document known as the(1) Truman Doctrine (2) Marshall Plan(3) Fourteen Points(4) Balfour Declaration

37. One reason the League of Nations failed as a world organization was that it(1) supported the rise of fascist states(2) lacked a military force to settle conflicts(3) dealt with conflict by establishing naval blockades(4) encouraged the annexation of territory by force

29. The establishment of the independent countries of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia was the result of

(1) the Franco-Prussian War(2) the Berlin Conference(3) World War I(4) the Munich Pact

32. Base your answer to question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

This cartoon refers to events immediately after which war?(1) Franco-Prussian (2) Russo-Japanese(3) World War I (4) World War II

35. Disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, creation of new nation-states in central Europe, and Germany’s loss of colonies were all consequences of

(1) the Napoleonic Wars(2) the Franco-Prussian War(3) World War I(4) World War II

41. Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points influenced many colonial peoples in Asia and Africa to

(1) create military alliances

(2) seek self-determination(3) reject terrorism(4) extend extraterritoriality

42. Base your answer to the following question on the statement below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire led to the creation of several new states and the expansion of others. These new states soon established trade restrictions and began collecting tariffs when goods crossed their borders.

Which conclusion is most valid concerning the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?

(1) International cooperation led to the settlement of border disputes.(2) Transition from a command to a free-market economy was difficult.(3) Political independence led to trade barriers.(4) Tariffs resulted in increased trade.

43. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Based on information shown in these maps, the change in the Balkan states between 1914 and 1930 is a result of

(1) the end of World War I and the treaties of 1919–1920(2) the role played by the Catholic Church to stop the advance of Islam(3) economic competition and development of new capitalistic markets(4) movement of people to escape earthquakes and drought

47. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.. . In order to obtain Arab support in the War, the British Government promised the Sherif of Mecca in 1915 that, in the event of an Allied victory, the greater part of the Arab provinces of the Turkish Empire would become independent. The Arabs understood that Palestine would be included in the sphere of independence. In order to obtain the support of World Jewry, theBritish Government in 1917 issued the Balfour Declaration. The Jews understood that, if theexperiment of establishing a Jewish National Home succeeded and a sufficient number of Jews went to Palestine, the National Home might develop in course of time into a Jewish State.

— Summary of the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission, 1937Which conclusion is best supported by this passage?

(1) The British made no promises to either the Arabs or the Jews,(2) The Arab-Israeli conflict can be traced in part to British promises.(3) The United Nations did not try to prevent conflict in the Middle East.(4) Only the Jews were promised an independent state in Palestine.

48. What was a direct result of World War I?(1) Nicholas II was named czar of Russia.(2) Germany lost its colonies in Africa and Asia.(3) Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a terrorist.(4) The Ottoman Empire expanded.

49. The success of the women’s suffrage movement in 20th-century Europe resulted in part from women

(1) holding high political offices(2) working in factories during World War I(3) being encouraged to have large families(4) serving in combat positions during World War I

52. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which factor was the most significant force in causing the changes between 1914 and 1919 as shown on the two maps?

(1) worldwide depression (2) treaties signed at the end of World War I(3) rise of Mussolini (4) dissatisfaction of the German people

63. In the Middle East, an immediate effect of World War I was the(1) unification of Arab countries against the League of Nations(2) division of large sections of the area among the Allies(3) revival of Islamic fundamentalism in Arab nations(4) creation of the state of Israel

65. In Eastern Europe after World War I, the greatest obstacle to national unity in many nation-states was the

(1) great ethnic diversity found in the region(2) economic dependence of Eastern Europe on Japan(3) acceptance of democratic traditions by most Eastern Europeans(4) expansion of United States influence in the region

Base your answers to questions 67 and 68 on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.

67. A major reason for the changes illustrated in the maps was the success of(1) nationalism (2) communism(3) isolationism (4) totalitarianism

68. Based on these maps, which changes took place in the post-World War I period?(1) Serbia, Montenegro, and a portion of Austria-Hungry became Yugoslavia.(2) France lost the region of Alsace-Lorraine.(3) The Austro-Hungarian Empire grew larger and stronger.(4) The new nation of Czechoslovakia took land from Rumania.

69. Which event brought about the breakup of the Ottoman Empire?(1) Sino-Japanese War (2) Six-Day War(3) World War I (4) World War II

172. Base your answer to the following question on the map below.

The countries shown in dark gray on this map can best be described as(1) Triple Alliance members before World War I(2) European countries formed immediately after World War I(3) Axis powers during World War II(4) Common Market members after World War II

175. ". . . A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. . . ."

— President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, 1918

This statement held appeal for nationalists in areas under colonial control because it suggested

(1) national self-determination(2) economic development(3) a system of alliances(4) protection from terrorists


The best title for this map would be(1) Europe Between the World Wars(2) Europe Today(3) Europe Under Napoleon(4) Europe During the Renaissance

Base your answers to questions 182 and 183 on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.

182. Which nation lost the most territory as a result of World War I?(1) Belgium (2) France(3) Austria-Hungary (4) Germany

183. In 1919, European boundaries were changed in an attempt to(1) satisfy the demands for self-determination by ethnic nationalities(2) allow for communist expansion in Eastern Europe(3) establish a European common market(4) balance economic needs and natural resources

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