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Regents Biology Homework Packet

Unit 8: Evolution and Unit 9: Classification

Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework assignments.

(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.

Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.

The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review. The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the zero grade (0) will change to -5.

Ch 16: Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionRead pgs. 448 – 479

Vocabulary p. 450 (2)p. 454 (1)p. 460 (3)p. 465 (4)

p. 464 #1ap. 473 #3a, 3b

Regents Review Pgs. 476 – 479#1 – 37

Ch 17: Evolution of PopulationsRead pgs. 480 – 507

Vocabulary p. 482 (4)p. 487 (9)p. 494 (6)

p. 486 #2a, 4p. 492 #4p. 497 #1a

Regents ReviewPgs. 504 – 507#1 – 30

Ch 18: ClassificationRead pgs. 508 – 535

Vocabulary p. 510 (9)p. 516 (5)p. 523 (4)

p. 515 #2b p. 528 #1c

Regents ReviewPgs. 532 – 535#1 – 36

Ch 19: History of LifeRead pgs. 536 – 570

Vocabulary p. 538 (10)p. 546 (8) p. 553 (1)

p. 552 #2a, 2b, 3a p. 558 #1b, 2a, 2b, 2c

Regents ReviewPgs. 566 – 569#1 – 32

TEST DATE: __________

Know the Terms:Match the word to the definition

a. comparative anatomy b. homologous c. variation d. speciatione. radioactive dating f. population g. index fossils h. mimicryi. natural j. embryology k. extinction l. gene poolm. sedimentary rock n. vestigial o. petrifaction p. biochemistryq. adaptation r. analogous s. Darwin t. fossils

___ 1. Change that improves chance of survival

___ 2. Resembling another species

___ 3. Differences within a population

___ 4. Formation of new species

___ 5. Developed a theory of evolution

___ 6. Croup of organisms of the same species

___ 7. Type of selection

___ 8. All the genes in a population

___ 9. body parts with similar embryological

development

___ 10. remnants of structures that functioned in

ancestral forms

___ 11. death of all members of a species

___ 12. evolutionary evidence provided by

structural similarities

___ 13. use of carbon-14 to determine the age

of fossils

___ 14. traces or remains of organisms

___ 15. body parts with similar function but

different development

___ 16. replacement of body parts by minerals

in water

___ 17. evolutionary evidence from patterns of

development

___ 18. evolutionary evidence from DNA and

proteins

Understand the Concepts:1. Where do evolutionists derive support for their theories?

2. How did Francesco Redi help disprove spontaneous generation?

3. Why is sedimentary rock important to scientists studying evolution?

4. How did Louis Pasteur help disprove spontaneous generation of microorganisms?

5. Describe the changes in Earth's atmosphere from its beginning through to the present.

6. How are adaptations important in evolution?

7. How can geographic isolation result in speciation?

8. Explain how two unrelated species in different environments may come to resemble each other.

9. Summarize Darwin's theory of natural selection.

10. Why might emigration and immigration result in variation within a population?

Evolution and Classification Review1. Evolution is the ___________ in a ___________ over time

2. __________ __________ derived his theory of evolution from studying finches in the Galapagos Islands.

a) Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is based on __________ ___________

b) Natural Selection works through:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3. Darwin could not explain sources of variation in his theory of natural selection, from your studies in

biology name 3 sources of variation:1.

2.

3.

4. Survival of the fittest requires that organisms have an ___________, a characteristic that aids in

survival, that allows them to out compete other organisms for food, shelter, mates, etc.

5. Using Darwin’s theory explain how the whale evolved.

6. ___________ had a competing view of evolution. It is wrong because it is based on ___________

and ___________

7. Evidence Supporting Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

1. __________ __________

2. __________

3. Comparative Biology

Homologous Structures - ____________________________

Analogous Structures - ______________________________

Vestigial Structures - ________________________________

In modern times most evolutionary relationships are

determined by difference and similarities in the _________

4. __________

8. Genetic Drift – changes in populations

8. Speciation - _____________________________________________

a) Geographic Isolationb) Behavioral Isolationc) Reproductive Isolation

For questions 1 -10 choose the kingdom or kingdoms described by each of the following statements. Some choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Plant Fungi Animal ProtistArchaebacteria Eubacteria

1. Multicellular organisms which can NOT make their own food.

2. Mushrooms and molds are examples.

3. Unicellular organisms with the nuclei NOT in a distinct nuclear membrane.

4. Unicellular organisms with the nucleus in a distinct nuclear membrane.

5. These are multicellular photosynthetic organisms.

6. Cats, dogs, and sponges are in this kingdom.

7. Ameba, paramecium, and the euglena are in this kingdom.

8. Blue-green algae and bacteria are representatives of this kingdom.

9. Mosses are in this kingdom.

10. This is the Kingdom which is most newly recognized, consisting of single celled organisms that often live in extreme environments.

Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer and write it on the blank.

___ 1. Which of the following organisms would NOT have a similar pattern of embryologicaldevelopment?(1.) human (2.) fish(3.) bird (4.) lobster

___ 2. Approximately how old is the earth?(1.) 1 billion years (2.) 4.5 billion years(3.) 8 billion years (4.) 20 billion years

___ 3. During a study, 4 undisrupted sedimentary rock layers were uncovered with a fossil in each layer. Layer A was at the top, layer B was next, layer C was under layer B, and layer D was at the bottom.Based on this layer arrangement, all of the following statements about the fossils are correct EXCEPT(1.) the fossil in layer B is younger than the fossil in layer C(2.) the fossil in layer B is older than the fossil in layer A(3.) the fossil in layer C is younger than the fossil in layer D

(4.) the fossil in layer A is the oldest

___ 4. What part of an organism is most likely to be found in the fossil record?(1.) stomach (2.) brain (3.) bone (4.) skin

___ 5. Which statement about evolution is accurate?(1.) Complex animals were among the first organisms to exist on earth.(2.) There was a sudden transition from earlier forms of life to Iater forms.(3.) Many transitional forms have not been found in the fossil record.(4.) The horse is smaller now than its ancestor was millions of years ago.___ 6. Which of the following would be homologous structures? (1.) hind leg of a cat and arm of a human(2.) wing of a bird and arm of a human(3.) gills of a fish and lungs of a human(4.) wings of a bird and wings of an insect

___ 7. Some snakes and whales have remains of hind legs embedded in their body walls. These are examples of(1.) analogous structures (2.) vestigial structures(3.) embryonic structures (4.) homologous structures

___ 8. The similarity of human and gorilla hemoglobin indicates that(1.) the organisms are in the same genus(2.) the organisms have identical DNA codes(3.) the organisms have similar enzymes and hormone molecules(4.) no antibodies would develop if blood from the gorilla was transfused into a human

___ 9. The assumption of Lamarck's theory that proved to be incorrect was (1.) the law of use and disuse -(2.) the inheritance of acquired characteristics(3.) the process of natural selection(4.) that reproduction must be random

___ 10. Pasteur and Redi performed experiments to disprove the (1.) theory of Lamarck (2.) findings of Miller and Fox (3.) heterotroph hypothesis (4.) theory of abiogenesis___ 11. According to Darwin's theory, what determines whether a variation is favorable or unfavorable?(1.) the organism's chromosome number(2.) the size of the organism's gene pool(3.) the number of favorable variations the organism possesses(4.) the environment of the organism

___ 12. Darwin believed that (1.) all members of a population have similar characteristics(2.) variations in anatomical structures are not inherited(3.) some variations are advantageous to an organism(4.) all organisms have an equal chance of survival

___ 13. Which of the following is NOT a source for genetic variation? (1.) immigration (2.) recombination(3.) asexual reproduction(4.) gene mutations

___ 14. The evolution of a new species occurs (1.) through the gradual accumulation of small variations(2.) slowly and continuously over many millions of years

(3.) suddenly and quickly after many years of equilibrium(4.) but its rate is still being debated by scientists

___ 15. Which of the following are correct statements about the synthetic theory of evolution?

l. lt states that evolution happens to individuals and not to populations.ll. lt defines evolution as a change in allele frequencies.lll. lt includes Darwin's theory.

(1.) I only (3.) ll and lll only(2.) ll only (4.) l,ll, and lll

___ 16. Which statement is best supported by fossil records?(1) Many organisms that lived in the past are now extinct. (2) Species occupying the same habitat have identical environmental needs. (3) The struggle for existence between organisms results in changes in populations. (4) Structures such as leg bones and wing bones can originate from the same type of tissue found in embryos.

___ 17. The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely (1) complex single-celled organisms(2) complex multicellular organisms (3) simple single-celled organisms(4) simple multicellular organisms

___ 18. One explanation for the variety of organisms present on Earth today is that over time

(1) new species have adapted to fill available niches in the environment (2) evolution has caused the appearance of organisms that are similar to each other (3) each niche has changed to support a certain variety of organism (4) the environment has remained unchanged, causing rapid evolution

Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Letters A through J represent different species of organisms. The vertical distances between the dotted lines represent long periods of time in which major environmental changes occurred.

    ___ 19. Which species was the first to become extinct?  (1) E (2) J (3) C (4) D

___ 20. Which species appears to have been most successful in surviving changes in the environment over time?(1) A (2) B (3) C    (4) D

___ 21. According to the interpretation of the fossil record by many scientists, at which point did multicellular organisms appear first on Earth?  

(1) A  (2) B  (3) C (4) D (5) E

Base your answer to questions 22 on the diagram and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows an interpretation of relationships based on evolutionary theory. The letters represent different species.

    ___ 22. The diagram indicates that a common ancestor for species C and E is species (1) F (2) G (3) H (4) K

___ 23. What is the most probable reason for the increase in the percentage of variety A in the population of the species shown in the graph below?

    (1) There is no chance for variety A to mate with variety B. (2) There is no genetic difference between variety A and variety B. (3) Variety A is less fit to survive than variety B is. (4) Variety A has some adaptive advantage that variety B does not have.

___ 24. Which statement represents the major concept of the biological theory of evolution?(1) A new species moves into a habitat when another species becomes extinct. (2) Every period of time in Earth’s history has its own group of organisms. (3) Present-day organisms on Earth developed from earlier, distinctly different organisms. (4) Every location on Earth’s surface has its own unique group of organisms.

___ 25. Some behaviors such as mating and caring for young are genetically determined in certain species of birds.       The presence of these behaviors is most likely due to the fact that (1) birds do not have the ability to learn (2) individual birds need to learn to survive and reproduce (3) these behaviors helped birds to survive in the past (4) within their lifetimes, birds developed these behaviors  

___ 26. Which statement concerning the first appearance of the organisms over the time period represented in the chart above is most likely correct? (1) Life on Earth has remained the same. (2) Life on Earth has changed from primitive organisms to more complex organisms. (3) Life on Earth began with complex organisms

and changed to more complex organisms. (4) Life on Earth has changed rapidly.

___ 27. The diagram below shows the bones in the forelimbs of two different vertebrate species.

The position and structure of these bones could best be used to make inferences about the (1) food preferences of these vertebrate species(2) intelligence of these vertebrate species (3) evolutionary history of these vertebrate species

(4) reproductive behavior of these vertebrate species

___ 28. The diagram below shows the evolution of some different species of flowers.  

Which statement about the species is correct? (1) Species A, B, C, and D came from different ancestors(2) Species C evolved from species B.(3) Species A, B, and C can interbreed successfully. (4) Species A became extinct.

Use the information below and your knowledge of biology to answer questions 29 and 30 which follow.

___ 29. Which statement best explains why some mosquitoes survived after the first spraying? (1) Some mosquitoes were adapted to the climatic change that occurred over the several-month period of spraying. (2) All of the mosquitoes contained DNA unique to the species. (3) The spraying of the insecticide represented a change in the environment to which all adult mosquitoes were adapted. (4) A natural variation existed within the mosquito population.

___ 30. Which statement best explains the decreased effectiveness of the insecticide?(1) The insecticide caused mutations that resulted in immunity in the mosquito.(2) Mosquitoes resistant to the insecticide lived and produced offspring.(3) The insecticide reacted chemically with the DNA of the mosquitoes and was destroyed. (4) All of the mosquitoes produced antibodies that activated the insecticide.

___ 31. In addition to the basic ideas of Darwin, the modern theory of evolution includes the concept that  (1.) variations are the result of mutations and gene recombination (2.) variations exist only in large populations (3.) overproduction of organisms leads to extinction  (4.) competition occurs only between members of the same.

___ 32.    A change in genetic material that produces a variation in a species may be a result of   (1.) a mutation  (2.) overproduction of a species  (3.) competition  (4.) a struggle for survival

___ 33. The Florida panther, a member of the cat family, has a population of fewer than 100 individuals and has limited genetic variation. Which inference based on this information is valid? (1) These animals will begin to evolve rapidly. (2) Over time, these animals will become less likely to survive in a changing environment. (3) These animals are easily able to adapt to the environment. (4) Over time, these animals will become more likely to be resistant to disease.

___ 34.  According to the heterotroph hypothesis, some early heterotrophs evolved into autotrophs because of their ability to synthesize organic compounds from water and(1.) carbon dioxide   (2.) oxygen  (3.) hydrochloric acid  (4.) hydrogen

___ 35.  Modern evolutionary theory consists of the concepts of Darwin modified by knowledge concerning  (1.) overpopulation  (2.) survival of the fittest  (3.) the genetic basis of variation  (4.) competition

___ 36.  One way that the modern theory of evolution differs from the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin is that the modern theory  (1.) includes the concept of use and disuse  (2.) identifies mutations as one explanation for variations  (3.) does not include the concept of overproduction  (4.) does not consider the effects of genetic change

___ 37.   Based on modern evolutionary theory, how long ago is it thought that complex multicellular organisms appeared on earth?   (1.) 1 million years ago  (2.) 100 million years ago   (3.) 1 billion years ago  (4.) 4 billion years ago

___ 38.   What will most likely happen if the gene frequencies in a given population remain constant?   (1.) Recessive characteristics will increase in the population.   (2.) Evolution will not take place within that population.  (3.) Dominant characteristics will increase within that population.  (4.) Evolution within that population will occur at a faster rate.

___ 39.   A large population of cougars is separated into smaller populations as a result of geographic isolation.  Over a long period of time, these groups will most likely become  (1.) identical in genotypes  (2.) identical in phenotypes  (3.) artificially selected  (4.) reproductively isolated

___ 40.   Which gas was added to the environment by the first heterotrophs?   (1.) oxygen  (2.) ammonia  (3.) carbon dioxide  (4.) sulfur dioxide

___ 41.   Geographic isolation of a small population from the main group may contribute to the development of new species.   This speciation is

more likely to happen if members of the geographically isolated population, compared to members of the main group, have  (1.) an inability to survive environmental conditions  (2.) the ability to resist genetic mutations  (3.) different environmental factors acting on them  (4.) the same initial gene frequencies

___ 42.  Distinct species of birds living on two different islands have similar characteristics which indicate common ancestry.   The differences that have evolved to make these species distinct have resulted in  (1.) the inheritance of acquired traits  (2.) frequent interbreeding  (3.) the elimination of variations (4.) reproductive isolation

___ 43.    What would most likely be the result of two subdivisions of a population remaining geographically isolated from each other for several hundred generations?  (1.) Variations in one subdivision would differ from the variations in the other subdivision.   (2.) Variations in both subdivisions would be identical.  (3.) Neither subdivision would show any variations.  (4.) Both subdivisions would show variations resulting in similar mating patterns.

___ 44.  Which would best represent a quick biological adaptation?  (1.) The fossil record shows the existence of trilobites and dinosaurs in the past.  (2.) Building malls has decreased the available habitats for some organisms.  (3.) Some organisms have not changed in their characteristics for millions of years.  (4.) Species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have developed in some hospital environments. 

___ 45   According to the theory of natural selection, genes responsible for new traits that usually beneficial to the survival of a species in a particular environment will usually  (1.) decrease suddenly in frequency  (2.) decrease gradually in frequency  (3.) not change in frequency  (4.) increase in frequency

___ 46.  Which factor would have the least effect on changing the gene frequencies (percentages) within a population?   (1.) geographic isolation  (2.) asexual reproduction  (3.) use and disuse  (4.) gene pool (makeup) stability

___ 47. lf organisms are geographically isolated from each other for a long time, they(1.) will always remain in the same species(2.) will become polyploids(3.) will probably experience convergent evolution(4.) will probably become reproductively isolated

___ 48. Darwin's finches served as an example of (1.) convergent evolution (2.) industrial melanism(3.) adaptive radiation (4.) spontaneous generation

___ 49. If dark-colored birds and light-colored birds were introduced into an environment that predominately contained trees with dark colored bark(1.) both types of birds would have the same chance of escaping predators(2.) light colored birds would try to change their color to dark color(3.) light colored birds would have a better chance of survival(4.) light colored birds would be more easily seen by predators

___ 50. DDT and streptomycin(1.) are both antibiotics(2.) are chemicals to which individual organisms developed resistance(3.) act as environmental agents for the selection of resistant strains of organisms(4.) are mutagenic agents that are known to contribute to cancer in humans

___ 51.   The diagram below shows a comparison of nitrogen base sequences in the DNA of some organisms to those of a human.

  According to this diagram, humans may be most closely related to the  (1.) gorilla  (2.) ancestral primate  (3.) orangutan  (4.) chimpanzee

___ 52.  According to Charles Darwin, one factor that affects the evolution of a species is  (1.) variation due to genetic mutations (2.) rapid fossil formation  (3.) survival of the fittest  (4.) exposure to environmental pollutants

___ 53.  Which statement best describes evolution?  (1.) Evolution is a predictable change from simple to complex organisms.  (2.) Evolution is a process of change through time.  (3.) Evolution often proceeds from complex to simpler organisms.   (4.) Evolution causes organisms to develop characteristics they need.

___ 54.  In Yellowstone National Part, some species of algae and bacteria can survive and reproduce in hot springs at temperatures near the boiling point of water. The ability to survive and reproduce at these temperatures is an example of  (1.) aggregate formation  (2.) adaptation  (3.) artificial selection  (4.) reproductive isolation

___ 55.  The embryos of fish, chickens, and pigs have gill slits and a tail. The presence of these features suggests that  (1.) all these animals can swim  (2.) these animals may have had a common ancestor  (3.) gill slits and tails are required for embryonic development  (4.) pigs developed from chickens

___ 56.  Characteristics of a species that make its members better able to live and reproduce in their environment are known as  (1.) abiotic factors  (2.) biotic factors  (3.) favorable adaptations  (4.) homologous structures

___ 57.  The diagrams below show embryos of three different vertebrate species.

According to one theory, similarities in these embryos suggest common ancestry. As these embryos mature, they will most likely  (1.) develop new organs according to the nutritional requirements of each organism  (2.) show no similarity as adults 

(3.)  continue to closely resemble each other as adults  (4.) develop the distinctive characteristics of their species

___ 58.  The diagrams below represent homologous structures.

The study of the evolutionary relationships between these structures is known as comparative (1.) cytology  (2.) biochemistry  (3.) anatomy  (4.) embryology

___ 59.  The graph below shows the results of an investigation related to evolution.

This graph was most likely developed from data involving a study of the (1.) transmission of acquired characteristics  (2.) concept of punctuated equilibrium  (3.) concept of gradualism  (4.) variation within a species

True/False Section:  Indicate whether the following statements are true or false based on your knowledge of the living environment and study of evolutionary theories.

___ 1.   The concept of biological evolution is that the Earth's present-day species developed from earlier, distinctly different species.

___ 2.    The sorting and recombination of genes during mitosis and fertilization result in a great variety of different gene combinations which drive the process of evolution.

___ 3.    New heritable characteristics can result from new combinations of existing genes or from mutations of genes in reproductive cells.

___ 4.    Gene mutations can be caused by agents such as radiation and chemicals.

___ 5.    Only gene mutations which occur in gametes or sex cells can be passed on to the offspring.

___ 6.     Asexually reproducing species have more variations which make the species more likely to survive changing conditions.

___ 7.     Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms, as well as for the molecular and structural similarities seen amongst many diverse organisms living today.

___ 8.     Individuals with advantageous adaptations to the environment tend to increase in numbers.

___ 9.    Evolution necessitates long-term progress in any set direction.

___ 10.    An increased variation of organisms within a species decreases the possibility that some members of the species will survive changed environmental conditions.

___ 11.    Many organism behaviors have evolved through natural selection.

___ 12.    Meiosis and fertilization make possible a great variety of gene combinations which drive natural selection.

___ 13.    Evolutionary changes appear to be like the growth of a bush.  Some branches survive from the beginning with little or no change, many die out all together, and others branch repeatedly, sometimes giving rise to more complex organisms.

___ 14.    The great diversity of organisms is thought by evolutionists to be the result of billions of years of evolution that has filled the earth's niches with available life forms.

___ 15.    Extinction of species is relatively uncommon.   Most of the species that have lived on the earth are currently alive.

___ 16.    The closer the DNA sequences between two different organisms, the lesser the kinship or evolutionary relationship between them.

___ 17.    Biological adaptation of species involves the selection of naturally occurring variations within populations.

___ 18.    Biological adaptations include changes in structures, behaviors, or physiology that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment.

___ 19.    Biological evolution is thought to account for the diversity of species developed through processes over many generations.

___ 20.    Only gene mutations which occur in sex cells can be passed on to the offspring.

Constructed Response SectionAnswer each of the following short answer questions. Write in the correct response as there are no choices!

1. List the two parts of a scientific name.

2. This is the fundamental unit of classification/taxonomy.

3.   The diagram at the right shows a series of homologous bone structures in four different species of vertebrates.   Explain how these structures support the theory of organic evolution.

4.   List and explain three sources of variation in sexually reproducing living things.