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Transcript of Web Site Maintenance and Administration Community Information ToolkitCommunity Information Toolkit...
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Web Site Web Site Maintenance and Maintenance and AdministrationAdministration
• Community Information ToolkitCommunity Information Toolkit• Video # 4Video # 4
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Agenda• Choosing a Home for Your Web Site
– Your own server, or someone else’s?
• Organizing and Building Your Site• Running Your Own Server
– Choosing hardware and software
• System Administration– Case Study
• Conclusion
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Choosing a Home for Your Web Site
• Basic choice: –Run your own server
–Obtain space on someone else’s server
• The most critical choice you face in building a Web site!
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Reasons NOT to Run Your Own Server
• Server hardware costs money
• You’ll need lots of expertise– In operating system maintenance
– In server software maintenance
– In content provider support• E.g. defining permissions, adding users
• You’ll face daily chores such as backup
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Alternatives to Running Your Own Server
• Make a deal with a partner that already runs a server– They may offer you space for free
• Rent space from a service provider
– Your library cooperative– A local or national Internet Service
Provider (ISP)– Merit Inc. (statewide service provider in
Michigan)
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Organizing and Building Your Site
• Domain Name System considerations
• File System Organization
• Databases and integrated publishing environments
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Your Own Domain
nasa.gov
aol.com
umich.edu
msu.edu
merit.edu
smallville.mi.us
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Obtaining a Domain
• Your institution may already have one
• For a domain such as smallville.mi.us:– Contact Merit
• For a domain such as smallville.org or smallville.com:– Visit www.internic.net
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Domain Names vs. IP Addresses
nasa.govnasa.gov
isp.comcom
jpl.nasa.govjpl.nasa.gov
137.78.160.21137.78.160.21
The InternetThe Internetdialup.isp.comdialup.isp.com
198.78.3.92198.78.3.92
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HTTP versus HTMLHTTP versus HTML
user.isp.com
HTMLHTMLdocu-docu-mentment
HTTPHTTPsessionsession
Web ServerWeb Server User’s Web User’s Web BrowserBrowser
The InternetThe Internet
www.smallville.mi.us
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Typical Internet Publishing Scenario
www.ci.smallville.mi.us
aol.com
Server Is Directly
Connected
The InternetThe Internet
User May Be Dial-up OR
Directly Connected
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Virtual Host ConceptVirtual Host Concept• A single physical server “owns”
multiple domain names• Multiple organizations share one server• Thus smallville.mi.us and
bigtown.mi.us could be on one server• Users cannot tell the difference
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URL Components http://www.merit.edu http://www.ci.east-lansing.mi.usftp://ftp.netscape.com
http:// www.smallville.gov /events.htmlhttp:// www.smallville.gov /events.html
ProtocolProtocol Server Server AddressAddress
DocumentDocument
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Typical Web Server File Structure
Web Server
/home/webdata//home/webdata/
index.htmlindex.htmlpicture1.gifpicture1.gif/topic1//topic1/ index.htmlindex.html picture1.gifpicture1.gif topic1a.htmltopic1a.html topic1a.giftopic1a.gif/topic2//topic2/ ......
www.smallville.mi.us
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Static HTML• Most sites will mostly serve static HTML
– Prepared offline by hand or using authoring tool
– Posted to Web server each time it is updated
– Posted “by hand” via FTP…– …or using “one-button publishing”
• Frontpage, Netscape Composer, etc
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Alternatives to Static HTML
• Common Gateway Interface
• Databases–Cold Fusion
–Other Middleware Products
–Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP)
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The Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
HTTPHTTPsessionsession
Web ServerThe InternetThe Internet
form.form.htmlhtml
CGICGICGICGIscriptscript
www.smallville.mi.us
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Web Middleware Products
• Cold Fusion from Allaire Corp–You write in Cold Fusion Markup
Language –Embed your code in HTML–You reference a database via
embedded code• E.g. MS-Access, SQL server
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Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP)
• Microsoft solution for connecting your server to a database
• Integrated in Microsoft Internet Information server
• VB Script language–Similar to Visual Basic
• Easy installation and integration
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Running Your Running Your Own ServerOwn Server
• Webmaster vs system Webmaster vs system administrator?administrator?
• Choosing a hardware Choosing a hardware platformplatform
• Server software choicesServer software choices
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Server Administration RolesServer Administration Roles
• Two distinct roles:– Webmaster: Web content and
maintenance
– System Administration: Installation, Networking, Security, Backup
• In smaller organizations these roles are often done by the same person
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Server System ChoicesServer System Choices• Traditional Internet server has been
a Unix workstation -- server class• Unix server costs about $7500 to
$25,000 or more• Vendors: Sun, HP, IBM, DEC, etc• Many hardware vendors bundle
Web server software
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Low-end Unix OptionsLow-end Unix Options–““Wintel” PC can be a great low-cost Wintel” PC can be a great low-cost
platform platform –Can be far cheaper than proprietary Can be far cheaper than proprietary
hardwarehardware–Could run a free Unix Could run a free Unix
• Linux Linux
• FreeBSDFreeBSD
–Commercial Unix for Intel Commercial Unix for Intel (UnixWare, SCO Unix)(UnixWare, SCO Unix)
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Windows Server PlatformsWindows Server Platforms• Windows NT is server-class platform
– Rugged, robust, high performance
– Various Netscape servers, Microsoft, O’Reilly’s Web Site Pro
– Note Microsoft user licensing limit on NT Workstation
• Not Windows 95 or 98! – Good for personal servers -- not
institutional
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Server Platform: System Options cont’d
• Macintosh– System 7 and later provides
multitasking
– Plug-and-play servers (e.g. WebStar)
– Very easy setup and administration
– Little used for high-visibility sites
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Server Software Selection• Many sites still use public domain
Unix servers• Popular Unix shareware server:
Apache– Majority of sites on Web use Apache
– Good for virtual host option
• Now commercial packages dominate for Windows NT applications
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Commercial Web ServersCommercial Web Servers• Netscape
– Netscape Commerce Server, Communications Server, and Fasttrack• Commerce supports secure encryption needed
for commerce
• Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
• Comes free with Windows NT Server Edition• Support for Microsoft Active Server Pages
• Others
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Special Webmaster Duties
• Log Analysis
• Site Promotion
• Managing server-side extensions– E.g. Frontpage
– Administering users
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Log Analysis
• Learn About Your Site:– What pages are most/least popular?
– Are there dead links within your site?
– Who visits your site (from what domains?)
– How do people find your site?• What links from other sites?• What search engine keywords?
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Site Promotion• Learn about and use <META> tags
– Meta Keywords: short words people might type into search engines
– Meta Description: short (< 100 word) description of your site
• This will be displayed by the search engines
• Consider a site promotion service– Submitit.com
– Webpromote.com
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Site Doctors
• Check your site for broken links
• Check your HTML for validity
• E.g., Doctor HTML
• Go to webreference.com for pointers to such tools
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System AdministrationSystem Administration
• InstallationInstallation
• ConfigurationConfiguration
• SecuritySecurity
• NetworkingNetworking
• BackupBackup
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Installation
• If this is a new system it may come with NT 4.0 installed
• You still may want to start over from the setup disks for experience
• Toolkit shows setp-by-step approach to installation
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Installation Challenges
• Hardware choices - See NT compatibility guide
• Hardware settings – Interrupt Number (3-15)
– Input address (e.g. 2F0 or 300)
• Device drivers - software specific to each piece of hardware
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Installation OutlineInstallation Outline
• Boot FloppiesBoot Floppies
• Partition and format the hard Partition and format the hard diskdisk
• RebootReboot
• NT installs from the CD-ROMNT installs from the CD-ROM
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Configuration
• Often configuration errors will appear in the event log
• Start | ProgramCommonAdmin Tools |Event Log
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Networking
• Once the hardware is configured, you will configure the networking and software
• The network settings will be different for each location
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Security
• Security in such a system is very important
• Hackers will be drawn to such a site
• General approaches– Few accounts - log and disallow
repeated attempts
– Keep the server simple
– Look at the logs at least weekly
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User Accounts
• You will create user accounts for various people
• Don’t allowaccountsharing
• Be “paranoid”
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Backup Considerations
• Backup is critical
• Hard drives will fail!
• A single failure can be a catastrophe:– Loss of months or years of work
– Work by many contributors
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Backup Strategies
• Daily, weekly, monthly– Every day, back up any files that
changed during the day
– Every week, back up all files on the system
– Every month, back up all files on the system
• Establish a pool of tapes for each
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Offsite storage
• What if a fire destroys your backup tapes
• …and your server?
• Make arrangements to take full dumps off site
• Once a month is a good idea
• A safe-deposit box is a good place
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Backup Options• Media
– DAT (Digital Audio Tape)• 12/24 holds up to 24 gigabytes• Costs up to $1500• Each tape costs $5 or so
– Other tape media• Travan
– Tape holds up to 8 gigabytes– Drives cost $300 or so– Each tape costs $40 or so
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Backup Software
• NT comes with basic backup software– Suitable for standalone system backup
• If your server is part of a general NT network, you need additional tools– Many commercial choices– Provide scheduling, catalogs– E.g. ARCSERVE product
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Community Information
Toolkit• Produced for the Library of Michigan
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Running Your Own Server: A Case Study
• Rochester Hills Public Library
• Demonstration site chosen for Community Information Toolkit Project– Focus on history of Rochester Hills area
– Historical post cards, other documents
• Larry Neal– Head of Technical Systems for RHPL
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In Conclusion
• Plan before you leap!
• Your own server, or someone else’s?– What server hardware / software
platform?
• How will your content providers post their pages?
• Static HTML only, or static plus dynamic content?
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Crawl Before You Walk!
• Content is more important than technology
• Choose the simplest technology that accomplishes the task
• Don’t embrace technology for its own sake
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Community Information
Toolkit• Produced for the Library of Michigan
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