Web Formalism and the IR limit of massive 2D N=(2,2) QFTgmoore/SCGP-2014D.pdf · Web Formalism and...
Transcript of Web Formalism and the IR limit of massive 2D N=(2,2) QFTgmoore/SCGP-2014D.pdf · Web Formalism and...
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Gregory Moore, Rutgers University
SCGP, Nov. 17, 2014
collaboration with Davide Gaiotto & Edward Witten
draft is ``nearly finished’’…
Web Formalism and the IR limit of massive 2D N=(2,2) QFT
A short ride with a big machine - or -
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So, why isn’t it on the arXiv ?
The draft seems to have stabilized for a while at around 350 pp …..
In our universe we are all familiar with the fact that
In that part of the multiverse in which we have the refined identity
our paper has definitely been published!
So, why isn’t it on the arXiv?
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Several talks on my homepage.
Much ``written’’ material is available:
Davide Gaiotto: Seminar at Perimeter, Fall 2013: ``Algebraic structures in massive (2,2) theories
In the Perimeter online archive of talks.
Davide Gaiotto: ``BPS webs and Landau-Ginzburg theories,’’ Talk at String-Math 2014. On the web.
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Three Motivations
1. IR sector of massive 1+1 QFT with N =(2,2) SUSY
2. Knot homology.
3. Spectral networks & categorification of 2d/4d wall-crossing formula [Gaiotto-Moore-Neitzke].
(A unification of the Cecotti-Vafa and Kontsevich-Soibelman formulae.)
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Summary of Results - 1
Result: When we take into account the BPS states there is an extremely rich mathematical structure.
We develop a formalism
that shows:
(that’s the big machine)
– the ``web-based formalism’’ –
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Results - 2 BPS states have ``interaction amplitudes’’ governed by an L¶Maurer-Cartan equation.
There is an A¶ category of branes, with amplitudes for emission of BPS particles from the boundary governed by solutions to the A¶ MC equation.
If we have a pair of theories then we can construct supersymmetricinterfaces between the theories.
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Theories and their interfaces form an A¶ 2-category.
Results - 3
The flatness of this connection implies, and is a categorification of, the 2d wall-crossing formula.
The parallel transport of Brane categories is constructed using interfaces.
Given a continuous family of theories (e.g. a continuous family of LG superpotentials) we show how to construct a ``flat parallel transport’’ of Brane categories.
Such interfaces define A¶ functors between Branecategories.
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Outline
8
Introduction, Motivation, & Results
Half-plane webs & Branes: A
Summary & Outlook
Interfaces & Parallel Transport of Brane Categories
Morse theory and LG models: The SQM approach
Webs and their representations: L
Boosted solitons and -webs
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Basic Example: LG Models
(X,w): Kähler manifold.
W: X ö C A holomorphic Morse function
To this data we assign a 1+1 dimensional QFT
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Morse Theory
M is an infinite-dimensional Kahler manifold.
Morse function:
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SQM
Target space for SQM:
Morse theory is known to physicists as Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics (Witten 1982):
SQM superpotential
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Relation to LG QFT
Massive LG vacua are Morse critical points:
Label set of LG vacua:
Plug into SQM action and recover the standard 1+1 LG model with (LG) superpotential W.
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MSW Complex: Semiclassicalvs. True Groundstates
SQM instantonequation:
n(p,p’) counts ``rigid instantons’’ - with zero reduced moduli – d2=0 thanks to broken flows at ends.
Space of SQM groundstates (BPS states) is the cohomology.
MSW complex:
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Apply to the LG model:
Time-independent: -soliton equation:
We call this the -instanton equation
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Physical Meaning of the-instanton equation - 1
LG field theory has (2,2) supersymmetry:
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U()[Fermi] =0 implies the -instanton equation:
We are interested in situations where two supersymmetries are unbroken:
Physical Meaning of the-instanton equation - 2
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Boundary conditions for f
Boundaries at infinity:
Boundaries at finite distance: Preserve -susy:
(Simplify: w=dl)
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Solitons For D=R
For general z there is no solution.
But for a suitable phase there is a solution
Scale set by W
This is the classical soliton. There is one for each intersection (Cecotti & Vafa)
(in the fiber of a regular value)
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MSW Complex
(Taking some shortcuts here….)
We can discuss ij BPS states using Morse theory:
Equivalent to the -solitonequation
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A soliton of type ij preserves the supersymmetry algebra generated by:
Differential obtained from counting solutions to the -instanton equation with = ji and no reduced moduli:
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Scale set by W
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Example of a categorified WCF:
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BPS IndexThe BPS index is the Witten index:
``New supersymmetric index’’ of Fendley & Intriligator; Cecotti, Fendley, Intriligator, Vafa; Cecotti & Vafa c. 1991
Remark: It can be computed as a signed sum over classical solitons:
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These BPS indices were studied by [Cecotti, Fendley, Intriligator, Vafa and by Cecotti & Vafa]. They found the wall-crossing phenomena:
Given a one-parameter family of W’s:
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One of our goals is to ``categorify’’ this wall-crossing formula.
That means understanding what actually happens to the ``off-shell complexes’’ whose cohomology gives the BPS states.
We just defined the relevant complexes:
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Replace wall-crossing for indices:
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Sometimes categorification is not always so straightforward:
An example is provided by studying BPS states on the interval [xl,xr].
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BPS Solitons on half-line D: Boundary condition preserves U()
U() -preserving BPS states must be solutions of
Classical solitons on the positive half-line are labeled by:
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MSW complex:
Assume X is CY and that we can find a logarithm:
Grading on complex?
BPS States on half-line D:
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Scale set by W
Half-Plane Instantons
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The theory is massive:
For a susy state, the field in the middle of a large interval is close to a vacuum:
What is the space of BPS states on an interval ?
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Naïve categorification?
No!
Witten index on the interval
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Solitons On The Interval
So Witten index factorizes nicely:
But the differential
is too naïve !
When the interval is much longer than the scale set by W the MSW complex is
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Instanton corrections to the naïve differential
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Outline
37
Introduction, Motivation, & Results
Half-plane webs & Branes: A
Summary & Outlook
Interfaces & Parallel Transport of Brane Categories
Morse theory and LG models: The SQM approach
Webs and their representations: L
Boosted solitons and -webs
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The Boosted Soliton - 1
Therefore we produce a solution of the instantonequation with phase z if
We are interested in the -instanton equation for a fixed generic
We can still use the soliton to produce a solution for phase
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The Boosted Soliton -2
Stationary soliton
``Boosted soliton’’
These will define edges of webs…
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The Boosted Soliton - 3Put differently, the stationary soliton in Minkowski space preserves the supersymmetry:
So, a boosted soliton preserves supersymmetry :
b is a real boost: In Euclidean space this becomes a rotation:
And for suitable q this will preserve U()-susy
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More corrections to the naïve differential
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Path integral on a large disk
Consider a cyclic ``fan of solitons’’ Choose boundary conditions preserving -supersymmetry:
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Localization
The path integral of the LG model with these boundary conditions localizes on moduli space of -instantons:
We assume the mathematically nontrivial statement that, when the ``fermion number’’ of the boundary condition at infinity is positive then the moduli space is nonempty.
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Gluing
Two such solutions can be ``glued’’ using the boosted soliton solution -
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Ends of moduli spaceThis moduli space has several “ends” where solutions of the -instanton equation look like
We call this picture a - web: w
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-Vertices & Interior Amplitudes
The red vertices represent solutions from the compact and connected components of
The contribution to the path integral from such components are called ``interior amplitudes.’’ For the zero-dimensional moduli spaces they count (with signs) the solutions to the -instantonequation.
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The state created by the path integral with fan boundary conditions should be U()-invariant.
L¶ identities on the interior amplitudes
Path Integral With Fan Boundary ConditionsJust as in the Morse theory proof of d2=0 using ends of moduli space corresponding to broken flows, here the broken flows correspond to webs w
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Outline
49
Introduction, Motivation, & Results
Half-plane webs & Branes: A
Summary & Outlook
Interfaces & Parallel Transport of Brane Categories
Morse theory and LG models: The SQM approach
Webs and their representations: L
Boosted solitons and -webs
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Definition of a Plane Web
It is motivated from LG field theory.
Vacuum data:
2. A set of weights
1. A finite set of ``vacua’’:
Definition: A plane web is a graph in R2, together with a coloring of faces by vacua (so that across edges labels differ) and if an edge is oriented so that i is on the left and j on the right then the edge is parallel to zij = zi – zj . (Option: Require vertices at least 3-valent.)
We now give a purely mathematical construction.
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Deformation TypeEquivalence under translation and stretching (but not rotating) of edges subject to slope constraints defines deformation type.
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Moduli of webs with fixed deformation type
(zi in generic position)
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Cyclic Fans of VacuaDefinition: A cyclic fan of vacua is a cyclically-ordered set
so that the rays are ordered clockwise
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Fans at vertices and at
Local fan of vacua at a vertex v:
For a web w there are two kinds of cyclic fans we should consider:
Fan of vacua :
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Convolution of Webs
Definition: Suppose w and w’ are two plane webs and v V(w) such that
The convolution of w and w’ , denoted w *v w’ is the deformation type where we glue in a copy of w’ into a small disk cut out around v.
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The Web RingFree abelian group generated by oriented deformation types of plane webs.
``oriented’’: Choose an orientation o(w) of Dred(w)
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Rigid, Taut, and Sliding
A rigid web has d(w) = 0. It has one vertex:
A taut web has d(w) = 1:
A sliding web has d(w) = 2
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The taut elementDefinition: The taut element t is the sum of all taut webs with standard orientation
Theorem: Proof: The terms can be arranged so that there is a cancellation of pairs:
Representing two ends of a moduli space of sliding webs
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Web RepresentationsDefinition: A representation of webs is
a.) A choice of Z-graded Z-module Rij for every ordered pair ij of distinct vacua.
b.) A symmetric degree = -1 perfect pairing
For every cyclic fan of vacua introduce a fan representation:
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Web Rep & Contraction
Given a rep of webs and a deformation type wwe define the representation of w :
by applying the contraction K to the pairs Rijand Rji on each internal edge:
There is a natural contraction operator:
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Extension to Tensor AlgebraRep of all vertices.
vanishes, unless
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Example
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L¶ -algebras
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L¶ and A¶ Algebras If A is a vector space (or Z-module) then an ¶-algebra structure is a series of multiplications:
Which satisfy quadratic relations:
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The Interior AmplitudeSum over cyclic fans:
Interior amplitude:
Satisfies the L¶``Maurer-Cartan equation’’
``Interaction amplitudes for solitons’’
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Definition of a Theory
By a Theory we mean a collection of data
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``Physics Theorem’’
The LG model with massive superpotentialdefines a Theory in the above sense.
In particular, the interior amplitudes bI defined by counting the number of solutions of the -instanton equation with no reduced moduli define solutions to the L¶ Maurer-Cartanequation.
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Outline
73
Introduction, Motivation, & Results
Half-plane webs & Branes: A
Summary & Outlook
Interfaces & Parallel Transport of Brane Categories
Morse theory and LG models: The SQM approach
Webs and their representations: L
Boosted solitons and -webs
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Half-Plane Webs Same as plane webs, but they sit in a half-plane H.
Some vertices (but no edges) are allowed on the boundary.
Interior vertices
time-orderedboundary vertices.
deformation type, reduced moduli space, etc. ….
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Rigid Half-Plane Webs
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Taut Half-Plane Webs
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Sliding Half-Plane webs
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Half-Plane fans
A half-plane fan is an ordered set of vacua,
are ordered clockwise and in the half-plane:
such that successive vacuum weights:
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Convolutions for Half-Plane Webs
Free abelian group generated by oriented def. types of half-plane webs
There are now two convolutions:
Local half-plane fan at a boundary vertex v:
Half-plane fan at infinity:
We can now introduce a convolution at boundary vertices:
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Convolution Theorem
Define the half-plane taut element:
Theorem:
Proof: A sliding half-plane web can degenerate (in real codimension one) in two ways: Interior edges can collapse onto an interior vertex, or boundary edges can collapse onto a boundary vertex.
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Half-Plane Contractions
A rep of a half-plane fan:
r(u) now contracts R(u):
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The Vacuum A¶ Category
Objects: i V.
Morphisms:
(For H = the positive half-plane )
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Categorified Spectrum Generator/Stokes Matrix
The morphism spaces can be defined by a Cecotti-Vafa/Kontsevich-Soibelman-like product:
Suppose V = { 1, …, K}. Introduce the elementary K x K matrices eij
phase ordered!
Taking the index produces the matrix S of Cecotti-Vafa.
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A¶ Multiplication
Interior amplitude:
Satisfies the L¶``Maurer-Cartan equation’’
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Enhancing with CP-FactorsCP-Factors: Z-graded
module
Enhanced A¶ category :
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Example: Composition of two morphisms
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Proof of A¶ Relations
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Hence we obtain the A¶ relations for :
and the second line vanishes.
Defining an A¶ category :
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Boundary AmplitudesA Boundary Amplitude B (defining a Brane) is a solution of the A¶ MC:
``Emission amplitude’’ from the boundary:
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Category of Branes
The Branes themselves are objects in an A¶ category
(“Twisted complexes”: Analog of the derived category.)
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Outline
93
Introduction, Motivation, & Results
Half-plane webs & Branes: A
Summary & Outlook
Interfaces & Parallel Transport of Brane Categories
Morse theory and LG models: The SQM approach
Webs and their representations: L
Boosted solitons and -webs
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Families of Data
?? How does the Brane category change??
We wish to define a ``flat parallel transport’’ of Brane categories. The key will be to develop a theory of supersymmetric interfaces.
Now suppose the data of a Theory varies continuously with space:
We have an interface or Janus between the theories at xin and xout.
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Interface webs & amplitudesGiven data
These behave like half-plane webs and we can define an Interface Amplitude to be a solution of the MC equation:
Introduce a notion of ``interface webs’’
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Category of InterfacesInterfaces are very much like Branes,
Note: If one of the Theories is trivial we simply recover the category of Branes.
In fact we can define an A¶ category of Interfaces between the two theories:
Chan-Paton:
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Composition of Interfaces -1
Want to define a ``multiplication’’ of the Interfaces…
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Composition of Interfaces - 2
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Mapping of Branes
Special case: ``maps’’ branes in theory T 0 to branes in theory T + :
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Technique: Composite websGiven data
Introduce a notion of ``composite webs’’
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Def: Composition of InterfacesA convolution identity implies:
Physically: An OPE of susy Interfaces
Theorem: The product is an A¶ bifunctor
Interface amplitude
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Associativity?
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Homotopy Equivalence
Product is associative up to homotopy equivalence
(Standard homological algebra)
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Webology: Deformation type, taut element, convolution identity, …
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An A¶ 2-category
Objects, or 0-cells are Theories:
1-Morphisms, or 1-cells are objects in the category of Interfaces:
2-Morphisms, or 2-cells are morphisms in the category of Interfaces:
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Parallel Transport of CategoriesFor any continuous path:
we want to associate an A¶ functor:
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Interface-Induced Transport
Idea is to induce it via a suitable Interface:
But how do we construct the Interface?
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Example: Spinning Weights
constant
We can construct explicitly:
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Technique: Curved Webs
Webology: Deformation type, taut element, convolution identity, …
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Reduction to Elementary Interfaces: The Interface is trivial except as some special “binding points”
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Future stable Past stable
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CP-Factors for
In this way we categorify the ``detour rules’’ of the nonabelianization map of spectral network theory.
Future stable
Past stable
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General Case?
You can’t do that for arbitrary ƒ(x) !
To continuous we want to associate an A¶ functor
etc.
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Categorified Cecotti-Vafa Wall-Crossing
We cannot construct F[ƒ] keeping b and Rij constant!
Existence of suitable Interfaces needed for flat transport of Brane categories implies that the web representation jumps discontinuously:
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Categorified Wall-Crossing
In general: the existence of suitable wall-crossing Interfaces needed to construct a flat parallel transport F[ƒ] demands that for certain paths of vacuum weights the web representations (and interior amplitude) must jump discontinuously.
Moreover, the existence of wall-crossing interfaces constrains how these data must jump.
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Outline
118
Introduction, Motivation, & Results
Half-plane webs & Branes: A
Summary & Outlook
Interfaces & Parallel Transport of Brane Categories
Morse theory and LG models: The SQM approach
Webs and their representations: L
Boosted solitons and -webs
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Summary1.Motivated by 1+1 QFT we constructed a web-based
formalism
2. This naturally leads to L¶ and A¶ structures.
3. It gives a natural framework to discuss Branecategories and Interfaces and the 2-category structure
4. There is a notion of flat parallel transport of Branecategories. The existence of such a transport implies categorified wall-crossing formulae
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Other Things We Did
1. Detailed examples (ZN symmetric theories)
2. There are several interesting generalizations of the web-based formalism, not alluded to here. (Example: Colliding critical points.)
3. The web-based formalism also allows one to discuss bulk and boundary local operators in the TFT.
4. Applications to knot homology
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Outlook
The generalization of the categorified 2d-4d wall-crossing formula remains to be understood. (WIP: with Tudor Dimofte)
We need a better physical interpretation of the interaction amplitudes bI