Weather Weather is …. The condition of the variables in the atmosphere at a given time and place....
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Weather
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Weather is ….
• The condition of the variables in the atmosphere at a given time and place.
• Variables – temp, air pressure, wind, cloud cover, precipitation, etc.
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Measuring Temperature• 3 different scales
to measure temp.
•Celsius•Fahrenheit•Kelvin
ESRT pg 295 (13)
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Temp is ….• Measured using a thermometer
(liquid filled glass tube)• Modeled on maps or charts by
using isolines (isotherms)
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• The atmosphere is heated in many ways:
– Insolation from the Sun–Conduction–Condensation–Coriolis effect
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• Heat energy is transferred in our atmosphere by the process of convection.
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A closer look at CONVECTION:Transfer of heat energy through substances which can flow.
waterair
Molten rock
Heat source
1. Heating causes a decrease in density
2. Lower density warmer water rises upward.
3. Water moves in to replace rising warm water
4. Cooler more dense water sinks.
5. Rising heated water moves outward to replace sinking cooler water.
A convection cycle
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Air Pressure
• Air Pressure- Pressure due to weight of the overlying atmosphere pushing down on a given area.
• Pressure & Density are directly related
• Density = Pressure
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Measuring Air Pressure
Barometers – Mercury barometer
• Standard reference but difficult to transport (inches of mercury)
–Aneroid barometer• Non-liquid barometer that is
smaller (millibars)
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1013.2 mb = ________ inches
1022.0 mb = ________ inches
30.53 inches = ________ mb
29.81 inches = ________ mb
ESRT pg 295 (13)
29.92
30.18
1034.0
1009.5
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What Effects Air Pressure?
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• As the temp of air increases the density & pressure _____________
• As the altitude increases the density & pressure _______________
decreases
decreases
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• The greater the amount of water vapor, the lower the air pressure & density…. but WHY?
Water has less mass than
other elements, which it
replaces in the atmosphere.
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Practice Questions
According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, an air pressure of 30.15 inches of mercury is equal to
1. 1017 mb 2. 1019 mb 3. 1021 mb 4. 1023 mb
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A balloon carrying weather instruments is released at the Earth’s surface & rises through the troposphere. As the balloon rises, what will the instruments generally indicate?
1. An increase in both air temp. & air pressure 2. A decrease in air temp. & an increase
in air pressure3. An increase in air temp. & a decrease
in air pressure4. A decrease in both air temp and air pressure
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A temperature of 80°F would be approximately equal to how many degrees on the Celsius scale?
1. 27 3. 1782. 299 4. 34
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Layers of our Atmosphere
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHtvDA0W34I
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Where was he?
• Jumped from 128,000 feet, or 24 miles!
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Mapping Temperature and Air Pressure
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Why Use Weather Maps?
• Weather maps help us picture what is going on in the atmosphere.– Data is collected in multiple locations,
and is displayed in a format that can be understood easily by people.• The information is placed on weather
maps.
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Isolines
• Connect points of equal value on a map. Ex.: Temperature, Pressure, Elevation.
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Types of Isolines
• Isotherms – connect points of equal temperature.
• Isobars – connect points of equal air pressure.
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Rules For Drawing Isolines
1. Isolines begin and end at the edges of the map OR form closed circles.
2. Isolines connect points of equal value.3. The isoline interval is the difference
between two neighboring isolines.4. Isolines NEVER cross because the point
of intersection would have two values, and this cannot happen.
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Gradient
• Gradient – Shows how much something changes over a distance.
• Calculating Gradient:– Gradient = Change in field value
Distance
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Wind
RANDOM FACTS:
• Horizontal movement of air parallel to earth’s surface
10 windiest citiesAvg annual wind speed in
mph1. Blue Hill, Ma 15.4
2. Dodge City, Kansas 14.0
3. Amarillo, Texas 13.5
4. Rochester, Mn 13.1
5. Casper, Wyoming 12.9
6. Cheyenne, Wy 12.9
7. Great Falls, Montana 12.7
8. Goodland, Kansas 12.6
9. Boston, Ma 12.5
10. Lubbock, Texas 12.4
Two of the windiest cities are found in
Massachusetts
Fastest wind struck Oklahoma City on May
3, 1999. (SPEED was 318 mph)
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ANEMOMETER– Instrument used to measure wind speed -Measured in miles per hour & knots
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AIR PRESSURE GRADIENT
• Caused by DIFFERENCES in air pressures for a specific distance
CLOSER THE ISOBARS =
GREATER Pressure Gradient & FASTER Wind Speed
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WIND MOVES FROM: Areas of HIGH pressure to areas of LOW
pressure
Coriolis effect (Earth’s rotation) causes winds to move..
-RIGHT Northern Hemisphere-LEFT Southern Hemisphere
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MYTH OF THE TOILETOne can find both
counterclockwise and
clockwise flowing drains in
both hemispheres. Some
people would like you to believe that the
Coriolis force affects the flow of water
down the drain in sinks, bathtubs, or
toilet bowls. Don’t believe them! The
Coriolis force DOES NOT affect
such small bodies of water
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Planetary winds in the Troposphere
Unequal heating of Earth causes huge CONVECTION
CELLS around Earth
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ESRT pg. 14
Rising Moist Air
Rising Moist Air
Rising Moist Air
Sinking Drier Air
Sinking Drier
Air
Sinking Drier Air
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
Sinking Drier Air
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Closer Look
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• Bands of easterly moving air at the top of the troposphere called JET STREAMS
-Blow 200 miles an hour or more
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Local Breezes
SEA BREEZE
Air blows from the sea onto the land during the day
LAND BREEZE
Air blows from the land out to sea at
night
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Surface Ocean Currents
• Caused by wind blowing over the oceans & transferring energy to the water
DIRECTION of CURRENTS is affected by: 1) PLANETARY WIND BELTS
2) ROTATION of EARTH
3) BLOCKING BY LANDMASSES
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• AKA - anticyclones
High Pressure System
•Highest Pressure in CENTER
• Winds blow OUT
• Winds move CLOCKWISE
High and Dry!
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• AKA - Cyclones
Low Pressure System
•Lowest Pressure in CENTER
• Winds blow TOWARDS the
center
• WINDS move COUNTERCLOCKWIS
ELOUSY DAY!!
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Two weather stations are located near eachother. The air pressure at each station is changing so that the difference between the pressures is increasing. The wind speed between these 2 locations will probably
(1) decrease (2) increase (3) remain the same
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On which side of the low-pressure center will the wind speed be greatest?
(1) North (2) South (3) East (4) west
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Which location is experiencing a southwest planetary wind?
(1) A(2) B(3) C(4) F
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Which location is near the center of a low-pressure belt where daily rains, are common?
(1) E(2) B(3) F(4) D
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Atmospheric Moisture
3 STATES of MATTER: 1) LIQUID 2) SOLID 3) GAS
- Amount of moisture in the air is constantly changing
**Gaseous water in the atmosphere is called WATER VAPOR**
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Water vapor enters the atmosphere by:
TRANSPIRATION
PLANTS release water vapor
EVAPORATION
LIQUID changes to GAS
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SUBLIMATION
Change of phase from SOLID to GAS
(NO LIQUID PHASE)
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1) MORE ENERGY available
2) INCREASE in SURFACE AREA of the water
3) GREATER WIND SPEED
1) INCREASE in SATURATION of the air
Factors INCREASING Evaporation:
Factors DECREASING Evaporation:
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Humidity
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY – AMOUNT of water vapor present in the air
MOISTURE CAPACITY – TOTAL amount of water vapor the air can hold
RELATIVE HUMIDITY – Ratio between the amount of moisture in the air with the amount the air can actually hold at that temperature
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HOT AIR HOLDS MORE MOISTURE THAN COLD AIR
Relative Humidity & Temperature
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EXAMPLES:
1) Temperature _______________but amount of water vapor remains the SAME, then the Relative Humidity will _______________.
INCREASES
INCREASES
DECREASES
DECREASES
INCREASES
2) Temperature _________________ but amount of water vapor remains the SAME, then the Relative Humidity will __________________.
3) Temperature remains the SAME, but MORE water vapor is added, then the Relative Humidity will __________________.
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Determining Relative Humidity
Smaller the difference between the dry & wet bulb temperature the
more humid the air
-Instrument used to measure called a PSYCHROMETER
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Dew Point
Air drops TO the dew point condensation will occur
(CLOUDS FORM)
Temperature at which the air becomes SATURATED with water vapor & the RELATIVE
HUMIDITY is 100%
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Determining Dew point on Chart
Pg. 12 Assume a dry-bulb temperature of 10oC & a wet-bulb temperature of 6oC. The difference between these
two readings is 4oC.
Dew point = 1oC
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Relative Humidity =
54%
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The graph indicates that as the air temperature increases,the relative humidity
1) Decreases, only2) Increases, only3) Increases &
decreases4) Remains the same
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Condensation most likely occurred at approximately
(1) 6 am (2) 9 am (3) 7 pm (4) 10 pm
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The dry-bulb temperature is 20oC. The wet-bulb temperature is 17oC. What is the dew point?
(1) 12oC(2) 13oC(3) 14oC
(4) 15oC
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When was the air at ground level SATURATED with water vapor?
(1) 6 pm MONDAY (2) 6 am Tuesday
(3) 3 pm TUESDAY (4) 12 noon Tuesday
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The relative humidity was lowest at (1) 12 midnight (2) 6 am (3) 12 noon (4) 3 pm
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Station Model
Open your ESRT to pg 13
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82 003
5 = +34 /
65 .1
Cloud CoverTemperature (°F)
Visibility (miles)
Present WeatherDew Point (°F)Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Barometric Pressure
Precipitation (inches)
Barometric Trend
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Decoding Barometric Pressure
• If the number given is higher than 500 put a 9 in front and add a decimal in between the last 2 numbers.
–Example:• 642 ___________• 972 ___________• 980 ___________
964.2997.2
998.0
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• If the number given is lower than 500 put a 10 in front and add a decimal in between the last 2 numbers.
–Example:• 320 ___________• 240 ___________• 040 ___________
1032.0
1024.01004.0
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Example: 1013.7 mba. Drop the decimal point = 10137b. Report the last 3 digits = 137
Practice:
1016.0 _____________
984.0 ____________
160
840
Encoding Barometric Pressure
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Understanding Barometric Trend
SYMBOLS + pressure was HIGHER than 3 hours
ago– pressure was LOWER than 3 hours
ago/ pressure is rising\ pressure is falling
- pressure is steady
Number decimal point is missing
Example:
32 = 3.2
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Practice Question
• Pressure = 230• Trend = + 34 /
a.____________________
b.____________________
c.____________________
d.____________________
e.____________________
1023.0
Higher
3.4 mB
1023.0 – 3.4 = 1019.6Still Rising
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35 199
8 +31 /
10 .03
a. Wind Direction ____________
b. Wind Speed ____________
c. Temperature ________________
d. Dew point Temperature _________
e. Barometric Pressure ____________
f. Barometric Trend ______________
g. Cloud Cover _________________
Northwest
15 knots
35°F
10°F
1019.9 mb
3.1 & Rising
0%
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AIR MASS
–Large body of air in the troposphere with similar characteristics of PRESSURE, MOISTURE, & TEMPERATURE
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• Forms when a large mass of air remains STATIONARY for a period of time acquiring similar characteristics.
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• Temperature:–High Latitude _____________–Low Latitude ______________
• Humidity:–Land _____________–Water _____________
Low Temp
High Temp
Dry AirWet Air
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m = maritime (water, wet) c = continental (land, dry)T = Tropical P = Polar (low latitudes & hot) (high latitudes & cold)
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Tornado Alley
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Cold Front
Cold air is
pushing forward
into warmer
air.
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Cold Front
• Strong storms can occur, such as thunderstorms.
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Warm Front
Warm air is
pushing forward
into colder
air.
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Warm Front
• Steady rain can occur leading up to the warm front.
• High elevation clouds are seen ahead of the warm front.
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Why is precipitation associated with fronts?
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Adiabatic Heating and Cooling
Adiabatic Cooling When air rises, it expands, and the temperature of the air decreases.Adiabatic Heating When air sinks, it condenses, and the temperature of the air increases.
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Elevation• Elevation increases, the air becomes
less dense and expands.
–Less-dense air cannot hold as much HEAT
Elevation = Temperature
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Precipitation at High Elevation
The air reaches its dew point–Condensation forms clouds–Precipitation starts to fall
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• http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/weather_fronts/
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Cold Front
Cold air is
pushing forward
into warmer
air.
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Warm Front
Warm air is
pushing forward
into colder
air.
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Occluded Front
Warm Air
Warm Air
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Stationary FrontBoth cold & warm
air are pushing forward
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Practice Questions
A mT airmass would most likely originate over which type of Earth surface?
A) warm and moistB) cold and dryC) cold and moistD) warm and dry
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Which map correctly shows the wind directions of the high-pressure and low-pressure systems?
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The cold frontal interface is moving faster than the warm frontal interface. What usually happens to
the warm air that is between the two frontal surfaces?
A) Warm air is forced under both frontal interfaces.
D) Warm air is forced over both frontal interfaces.
B) Warm air is forced under the cold frontal interface but over the warm frontal interface.C) Warm air is forced under the cold frontal interface but under the warm frontal interface.
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4. Compared to a maritime tropical airmass, a maritime polar airmass has
A) lower temperature and less water vaporB) higher temperature and less water vaporC) lower temperature and more water vaporD) higher temperature and more water vapor
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5. How does air circulate within a cyclone (low pressure area) in the Northern Hemisphere?
A) counterclockwise and away from the center of the cyclone
B) clockwise and away from the center of the cyclone
C) counterclockwise and toward the center of the cyclone
D) clockwise and toward the center of the cyclone
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• Climate: the overall view of a region’s weather conditions over a long period of time
StationWANTAGH CEDAR
CREEK
Distance 5.3 miles
Jan Temp 24 to 37 F
Apr Temp 40 to 55 F
Jul Temp 67 to 81 F
Oct Temp 47 to 62 F
Annual Precip
42.9 inches
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JFK
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• The two main factors that determine climate are
• Annual Temp Range – difference between average temp of the hottest month & the coldest month
•Temperature•Precipitation
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• Arid or Dry when… –precipitation is
less than the need
• Humid or Wet when…–Precipitation is
more than the need
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World Climate Map
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Latitude
• Temp varies with latitude because of the relationship between the angle of insolation & duration of sunlight
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• Low Latitudes -Sun usually HIGHEST in sky–average temp. is always high
• High Latitudes –Sun usually LOWER in sky–average temp. is low
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Moisture• Moisture
varies because of planetary winds & pressure belts
Low Pressure –
___________
High Pressure –
___________
Humid Climates
Dry Climates
**Wet & Dry Belts are in the ESRT Pg 14 (296)**
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A high air-pressure, dry-climate belt is located at which Earth latitude?
A) 30°N B) 15°NC) 0° D) 60°N
Practice Questions
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The planetary wind & moisture belts indicate that large amounts of rainfall occur at Earth’s equator because air at Earth’s surface is
A) Converging & risingB) Converging & sinkingC) Diverging & risingD) Diverging & sinking
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An area with a high potential for evapotranspiration has little actual evapotranspiration and precipitation. The climate of this area is best described as
A) cold and aridB) hot and humidC) cold and humidD) hot and arid
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Which generally has the greatest effect in determining the climate of an area?
A) Degrees of longitudeB) Extent of vegetationC) Distance from the equatorD) Month of the year
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According to the ESRT, at which of these latitudes would average annual precipitation be greatest?
A) 90°S B) 90°NC) 30°N D) 0°
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Large Bodies of Water
• Lake, ocean, seas modify climate patterns
• Water takes time to HEAT up & COOL down because it has a HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific Heat – The amount of energy it takes to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
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MARINE CLIMATE
Cooler Summers & Warmer Winters
CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
Cooler winters & warmer summers
-Large annual temperature range
-Small annual temperature range
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Ocean Currents• Currents flowing away from the equator
carry WARM water to higher latitudes
-
• Causes WARMER Climates &
MORE precipitation
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• Currents flowing toward the equator carry COOL water to lower latitudes
• COOLER climates with LESS
precipitation
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Prevailing Winds• U.S. located in the prevailing southwesterly
wind belt
• Weather moves from Southwest to Northeast
CALIFORNIA has more of marine climate because prevailing winds blowing from the
coast
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MONSOONS
Weather changes caused by the
seasonal shifts of Prevailing Winds
-Mostly associated with southeast
Asia causing wet summers & dry
winters
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El Nino
-Periods of ocean WARMING along the Pacific coast of South America
El Nino ANIMATION
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Which graph best represents
the yearly temperature variation for location B?
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Which location probably has the highest average yearly temperature?
1)A
2)B
3)C
4)E
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Why are temperature variations usually not as great on Long Island as they are in central NYS?
1)Central NYS has a higher elevation
2)Central NYS is more heavily wooded
3)Long Island has a more southerly latitude
4)Long Island is surrounded by a large body of water
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According to this diagram, between which 2 latitudes are the prevailing southwesterly winds located?
1)30°N & 60°N 2) 30°N and 0°
3) 30°S and 0° 4) 30°S and 60°S
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Elevation• Elevation increases, the air becomes
less dense and expands.
–Less-dense air cannot hold as much HEAT
Elevation = Temperature
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Precipitation at High Elevation
The air reaches its dew point–Condensation forms clouds–Precipitation starts to fall
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Mount Kilimanjaro
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Mountains
• Windward–The side that
faces oncoming winds
–Rain or snow fall in this side
There are two sides to a mountain range:
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• Leeward–The downside of the mountain–Dry air, sometimes called the rain
shadow–Often times you will find a desert
located here
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Vegetation
• Forests are cut down, deforestation,
more ____________ occursRUNOFF
Without trees to absorb solar energy from sun:-SUN heats the land & atmosphere faster
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Cloud Cover
• LESS CLOUDS the more heat reaches the Earth from the sun
DURING DAY
• LESS CLOUDS the more heat is released at night
AT NIGHT
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Practice QuestionsWhich graph best shows the general effect that
differences in elevation above sea level have on the average annual temperature?
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Location G has a cold, humid climate. Which profile best represents the position of location G with respect to the mountains & the prevailing winds?
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The map below shows the location of four cities A, B, C, & D, in the western US where prevailing winds are from the southwest.
Which city most likely receives the least amount of average yearly precipitation?
A) A B) B C) CD) D
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What is the best explanation for the two statements below?
* Some mountains located near the Earth's Equator have snow-covered peaks.
*Icecaps exist at the Earth's poles.
A) Both mountain & polar regions have arid climates.B) An increase in snowfall & an increase in temperature have a similar effect on climate.C) Mountain & polar regions receive more energy from the Sun than other regions do.D) High elevation & high latitude have a similar effect on climate.
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In the diagram of a mountain below, location A & B have the same elevation.
Compared to the climate at location A the climate at B will be
A) Warmer & drier C) Warmer & wetterB) Cooler & drier D) Cooler & wetter
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Phase Changes Of Matter
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Melting and Freezing
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Evaporation and Condensation
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Tem
pera
ture
Heat Energy
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Melting
Vaporization
Condensing
Freezing DRAW
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Changing of State of Matter When water is
changing state of matter the temp remains the same