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Atmospheric layersAtmospheric layersTroposphere – weather occurs here,
closest to ground, colder as you rise; ends with the tropopause.
Stratosphere – jet stream here; from tropopause up warmer as you rise; ozone
layer is here. Ends with stratopause.
Mesosphere – ice clouds that burn up meteoroids; from stratopause up , colder as
you go up. Ends with mesopause.
Thermosphere – hot layer, made of two layers. Ionosphere where satellites and auroras are; and Exosphere marking the
end of the atmosphere at 800 km.
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1.1. Meteorologist – scientists who study the Meteorologist – scientists who study the weather.weather.
What direction do most weather systems What direction do most weather systems travel in the U.S.?travel in the U.S.?
Review 13: WeatherReview 13: Weather
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Defining weather…Defining weather… Weather is the daily Weather is the daily
conditions of the conditions of the atmosphereatmosphere
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Heat Energy and the AtmosphereHeat Energy and the Atmosphere The Sun’s energy is mostly absorbed by the The Sun’s energy is mostly absorbed by the
Earth but some is reflected back into spaceEarth but some is reflected back into space
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The The GreenhouseGreenhouse Effect Effect Caused by the increased amount of CO2 which is Caused by the increased amount of CO2 which is
placed there through burning fossil fuels.placed there through burning fossil fuels.
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Krill?, amphipods?Krill?, amphipods?amphipod
copepod
arctic cod
black guillemot
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harp seal
ribbon seal
bearded seal
walrus
spotted seal
ringed seal
hooded seal
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GREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE EFFECT
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Air pressureAir pressure Air pressure if the force of air Air pressure if the force of air
pressing down on the Earth’s pressing down on the Earth’s surfacesurface
Highest at sea level.Highest at sea level. As elevation increases (you go up) As elevation increases (you go up)
pressure and density decreases pressure and density decreases (air is thinner).(air is thinner).
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Air MassesAir Masses
A large body of air that A large body of air that has properties similar to has properties similar to the part of the Earth’s the part of the Earth’s surface over which it surface over which it develops. develops.
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Air Mass MapAir Mass Map
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FrontsFronts
A boundary between two air A boundary between two air masses of different density, masses of different density, moisture, or temperature. moisture, or temperature.
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Cold FrontCold Front
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Warm FrontWarm Front
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Occluded FrontOccluded Front
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Stationary FrontStationary Front
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Severe Weather occurs when Severe Weather occurs when two different fronts collide.two different fronts collide.
Thunderstorms
Lightning
Tornadoes
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How do storms begin?How do storms begin?
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Types of storms…Types of storms…
Storms –Storms –violent disturbance in the violent disturbance in the atmosphere. Marked by sudden atmosphere. Marked by sudden change in air pressure and rapid air change in air pressure and rapid air movement; two different fronts movement; two different fronts collide (warm meets cold)collide (warm meets cold)
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Winter weather…Winter weather…
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ThunderstormsThunderstorms Thunderstorms Thunderstorms – cold meets warm – cold meets warm
front.front.
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Cyclones and Anticyclones?Cyclones and Anticyclones? CyclonesCyclones – area of low pressure – area of low pressure
that cause rainy stormy weather.that cause rainy stormy weather. AnticyclonesAnticyclones – high pressure area – high pressure area
that causes dry clear fair weather. that causes dry clear fair weather.
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Hurricanes and Typhoons are the Hurricanes and Typhoons are the same thing…same thing…
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More about tornadoes…More about tornadoes… Great Plains – “tornado alley”.Great Plains – “tornado alley”. Average diameter - .4 kmAverage diameter - .4 km Length traveled – 6 km for only a few Length traveled – 6 km for only a few
minutes but winds can still reach more than minutes but winds can still reach more than 350 km/hour.350 km/hour.
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More Severe WeatherMore Severe Weather
Hurricanes Blizzards
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Severe Weather SafetySevere Weather Safety
Watches- conditions are favorable Watches- conditions are favorable Warnings- conditions already existWarnings- conditions already exist Examples- Tornadoes, Flooding, Examples- Tornadoes, Flooding,
Thunderstorms, Blizzards, Winter Mixes and Thunderstorms, Blizzards, Winter Mixes and HurricanesHurricanes
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Lightning – opposites attract. Lightning – opposites attract. Will strike the tallest positively Will strike the tallest positively
charged object.charged object.
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Tornado AlleyTornado Alley
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Fujita ScaleFujita Scale
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HurricaneHurricane
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Saffir-Simson Scale Saffir-Simson Scale measures Hurricanesmeasures Hurricanes
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Two sources of Two sources of forecasting weatherforecasting weather– Data collected Data collected
from upper from upper atmosphereatmosphere
– Data collected on Data collected on the Earth’s surfacethe Earth’s surface
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Weather Station ModelWeather Station Model
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IsobarsIsobars
Isobars-connect points Isobars-connect points of the “same”of the “same”
Examples: Examples: temperature and wind temperature and wind speedspeed
The further away the The further away the lines the lower the lines the lower the wind speedwind speed
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WindsWinds Wind is caused by unequal heating of the atmosphereWind is caused by unequal heating of the atmosphere Winds travel from high to low pressureWinds travel from high to low pressure Winds curve to the right in the N hemisphere and to
the left in the S hemisphere called the Coriolis effect
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Land and Sea breezesLand and Sea breezes Local winds blow in all directions and in short distances.Local winds blow in all directions and in short distances.
Warm air rises over the land and moves over the water
Cool air sinks and travels toward the land
Cool air sinks toward the land
Warm air rises over the water and moves toward the land
You feel the air moving from water to land during the day
You feel the air moving from land to the water at night
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Jet StreamJet Stream jet streamjet stream - strong, - strong,
high speed wind that high speed wind that blows from west to blows from west to east.east.
Located in the Located in the stratosphere.stratosphere.
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Moisture in the AirMoisture in the Air
Humidity - Humidity - Water vapor or Water vapor or moisture in the air.moisture in the air.
Dew WaterDew Water – water vapor – water vapor becomes liquid water as it becomes liquid water as it condenses.condenses.
Condensation forms clouds as Condensation forms clouds as water vapor rises and cools.water vapor rises and cools.
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MOISTUREMOISTURE
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High-pressure system – when cold air sinks to the ground, warms up, and absorbs water vapor, causing sunny skies.
Low-pressure system – when warm air rises higher in the sky, causing water vapor to cool and form clouds and precipitation.
WeatherWeather
Predict what will happen if a high-humidity air mass located over an ocean moves inland and up a mountain slope. Why do you think so?
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Movement of Pressure SystemsMovement of Pressure Systems
High Pressure High Pressure moves clockwise moves clockwise and outwardly.and outwardly.
Low Pressure Low Pressure moves moves counterclockwise counterclockwise and inwardly. and inwardly.
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CloudsClouds
CirrusCirrus – highest clouds – highest clouds Indicate rain/snow in next 24 hoursIndicate rain/snow in next 24 hours
CumulusCumulus – bright white – bright white wads of cottonwads of cotton
seen with fair weatherseen with fair weather
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More on cloudsMore on clouds
CumulonimbusCumulonimbus – largest – largest clouds. Bring heavy rain, high clouds. Bring heavy rain, high
winds, hail and tornadoes.winds, hail and tornadoes.
StratusStratus – form gray sheets – form gray sheets that spread across the skythat spread across the sky
Bring heavy mist, snowBring heavy mist, snow or drizzle. Cause fog.or drizzle. Cause fog.
Describe the clouds you see outside.
Do they fit any of the categories?
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Hail – when a raindrop freezes and forms an icy ball before falling to the ground.
Sleet – when a raindrop falls from a cloud and passes through below-freezing air making a slushy blob.
Snow – when ice crystals form in clouds and fall to the ground without melting.
Precipitation typesPrecipitation types
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Make a prediction. What kind of precipitation will fall if Make a prediction. What kind of precipitation will fall if there are:there are:
Below-freezing temperatures in the cloudsBelow-freezing temperatures in the cloudsTemp. barely above freezing on the ground?Temp. barely above freezing on the ground?
Describe the Describe the air temperatureair temperature, , precipitationprecipitation, , windswinds, , and and humidity humidity during:during:
Winter?Winter? Spring?Spring?
Summer?Summer? Fall?Fall?
WeatherWeather
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Wind speedWind speed is described in miles per hour. is described in miles per hour.
Wind directionWind direction is the direction from which is the direction from which the wind blows.the wind blows.
A north wind comes from the north.A north wind comes from the north.
The tail points to where the wind is coming from. The dot points
to the direction the wind is going.
The barbs on the tail show the speed of the wind. More barbs – faster wind
WeatherWeather
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Tools to gather data Tools to gather data about the weather:about the weather:
ThermometerThermometer – measures – measures temperaturetemperature
AnemometerAnemometer – measures – measures wind speedwind speed
Review 13: WeatherReview 13: Weather
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Tools to gather data about the Tools to gather data about the weather:weather:
Rain GaugeRain Gauge – measures the – measures the amount of precipitationamount of precipitation
BarometerBarometer – measures air pressure – measures air pressure
Weather VaneWeather Vane – –
indicates wind directionindicates wind direction
Review 13: WeatherReview 13: Weather
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Odd-shaped cloudsOdd-shaped clouds
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Even more…Even more…
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Sun dogsSun dogs
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Weather Stations & Weather Map Symbols
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Temperature
• Top left number shows the temperature
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Weather Symbol
• The symbol between the two numbers on the left indicate what the weather is in terms of precipitation.
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• Notice how more symbols indicate intensity
• More snow flake symbols =more snow
• More rain symbols = heavy rain
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Dew Point• The number on the
bottom left shows the temperature the air must be for condensation to occur or the Dew Point.
• Humidity is a factor of the dew point.
• This number will be lower than the actual temperature.
• Remember cold air can’t hold moisture like warm air
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Cloud Cover The percentage of the circle that is shaded in reflects the percentage of cloud cover in the sky
Similar to a pie chart
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Air Pressure • This number is displayed on the top right of the weather symbol
• When the # is high or rising, the weather is fair because the pressure is high
• When the # is low or dropping, the weather is rainy, because the pressure is low
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Wind Barb• This shows the
direction of the wind, it will point in the direction the wind is coming from, this shows the wind coming from the Southeast
• The # of lines and/or triangles indicates the speed of the wind
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• The wind barb points in the direction it is coming FROM.• Stronger winds have more flags, or marks
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Fronts on a weather mapWarm occluded
• Cold
Stationary
The symbols point in the directiondirection that the front is moving towards
Pressure symbols:
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Isobars: connect areas with equal air pressureThe distance between the isobars is called the
pressure gradient • The closer the isobar lines, the greater the change in air pressure, and the greater/faster the winds speeds.
• High pressure systems bring clear/sunny weather and wind flows out and clockwise (right)
• Low pressure systems bring overcast/stormy weather and wind flows in and counter-clockwise (left)
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