Weather and Environmental Emergencies

Weather and Environmental Emergencies

PJM State & Member Training Dept.

Operations 101

10/9/2012 PJM©2012

Module Objectives

Explain how severe weather conditions are identified

and to describe when it is necessary to provide

additional capacity and to staff the necessary

generating sites for a future critical period

Correctly describe what a Geo-Magnetic Disturbance

is, and its potential effects on the power system.

Identify the trigger points for implementing the PJM

Geo-Magnetic Disturbance procedure.

Describe the purpose of the Hot and Cold Weather

Alerts and identify the trigger points for initiating them.

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Conservative Operations

Procedures are necessary to maximize the PJM RTO’s

ability to operate reliably during periods of extreme and/or prolonged severe weather conditions

Procedures keep all affected system personnel aware of the:

– Forecast and/or actual status of the system

– Ensures that maximum levels of resource availability are attained

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The need to operate more conservatively can be triggered by any number of events including:

- Potential fuel delivery issues

- Forest fires/brush fires that threaten major transmission circuits

- Weather-related events

- Environmental alerts

- Geo-Magnetic Disturbances

During conservative operations, system operations may reflect:

- Conservative transfer limit values

- Double-contingencies and/or maximum credible disturbances

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PJM Actions:

- Reduce transfers into, across, or through the PJM RTO and

determine if it is in jeopardy

- Take other actions, such as cost assignments to increase reserves

and reduce power flows on selected facilities

- Analyze the reliability of the PJM RTO and develop revised limitation

curves if needed

PJM Member Actions:

- Transmission/Generation Dispatchers and PJM Marketers respond

to specific requests and directions of PJM Dispatch

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Geo-Magnetic Disturbances

What causes them?

Solar activity (solar flares, disappearing filaments and coronal holes) affects the intensity of the solar wind

Solar wind (a stream of charged particles) continuously moves outward from the sun past the earth.

Avg. travel time to earth, 1 to 6 days

As charged particles flow towards earth, interaction takes

place with the earth’s magnetic field.

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Courtesy of NASA

Solar Wind

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What causes them?

Earth’s magnetic field diverts the charged particles

to the north and south polar regions

This causes rapidly changing currents which cause change in the lines of flux in earth’s magnetic field

Voltage potentials are induced in earth’s crust

This in turn causes geo-magnetically induced currents (GIC) to flow through the neutral grounding points of wye-connected transformers at the ends of high voltage transmission lines

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Geomagnetically

Induced current Geomagnetically

Induced current Grounded Transformer

neutrals

Ground induced current example: • In this standard transmission line setup GICs flow from the earth into the grounded neutral of a three

phase wye connected transformer, where it divides evenly in each phase of the transformer. The GIC then proceeds into transmission lines and flows to other transformers, returning from them to earth.

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A recent problem?? No Way!!!

August 28 – September 2, 1859 – Solar

Superstorm – The “Carrington Event”

First event recorded by humans from a truly

global perspective

Largest recorded Geomagnetic storm

Burned up telegraph lines throughout the U.S.

and Europe

Telegraph Operators Shocked, Telegraph paper

caught on fire, some telegraph systems seemed

to send and receive messages despite being

disconnected

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•Transcript from actual telegraph operators during the 1859 event…

Boston operator (to Portland operator): "Please cut off your battery

entirely from the line for fifteen minutes."

Portland operator: "Will do so. It is now disconnected."

Boston: "Mine is also disconnected, and we are working with the

auroral current. How do you receive my writing?"

Portland: "Better than with our batteries on. Current comes and goes

gradually."

Boston: "My current is very strong at times, and we can work better

without batteries, as the Aurora seems to neutralise and augment our

batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our Relay

magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by

this trouble."

Portland: "Very well. Shall I go ahead with business?"

Boston: "Yes. Go ahead.“

•They continued operating using only the geo-magnetic currents!!

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Areas of igneous rock • In certain northern latitudes, the earth is comprised of igneous rock which has a relatively high

resistance.

• GICs will take the path of least resistance which in many cases are transmission lines that traverse these areas of higher ground resistance

• Sunburst GIC recorders enable utilities to determine the effects of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) from solar storms

on electric power systems

Areas of North America of concern due to possible increased GIC flow

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Sunburst Monitors in PJM

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Impacts on Power Systems

Real / reactive power swings

Decaying voltage profiles

Tripping of capacitors

Operation or non-operation of relays

Localized heating in transformers

Phase voltage imbalances

Cyclic levels of generator excitation

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SMD Severity Measurement

“K” scale

Magnetometer data from earth’s magnetic field

Range = 0 - 9

Uses a 3 hour average

“K” reading of 5 or above, alert issued by NOAA.

“A” scale

Solar activity at the sun

Range = 0 - 400

Uses a 24 hour average

“A” reading 40 or above, alert issued by NOAA

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Forecasters at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder,

Colorado.

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K Scale Effects on Electric Power Systems K-6: High-latitude power systems may experience

voltage alarms, long-duration storms may cause transformer damage.

K-7: Voltage corrections may be required, false alarms triggered on some protection devices.

K-8: Possible widespread voltage control problems and some protective systems could mistakenly trip out key assets from the grid.

K-9: Widespread voltage control problems and protective system problems can occur, some grid systems may experience complete collapse or blackouts. Transformers may experience damage.

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SMD Event of March 13, 1989

Hydro Quebec Seven SVC’s tripped

Five 735kV lines from La Grande Complex tripped

Freq and Voltage dropped

U/F Load shed schemes operated Not enough to make up loss of 9500 MW of generation

Rest of system collapsed

Total time from start of event ~ 90 sec.

Damage to several SVCs, GSUs and other misc pieces of equipment.

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Salem

Low voltage winding

damage to GSU

Insulator damage

Manufacturer had 2 yr

delivery time

Spare found on system

and replaced in 6 weeks.

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Sun Spot Cycle

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PJM GMD Procedure

PJM Procedure is implemented when:

DC measurement of 10 amps or greater measured at

Missouri Avenue in Atlantic City and/or Meadow Brook

Station near Winchester Virginia

Confirmed by one additional source

Excess transformer current at Meadow Brook, Bedington,

Doubs and or Black Oak

Excess MVAR requirements at Salem/Hope Creek

High DC measurements at Limerick or Peach Bottom

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PJM GMD Procedure

When disturbance is confirmed:

PJM operates the system to geomagnetic

disturbance transfer limits (approx. 95%)based on

seasonal studies of the following:

Partial or complete loss of Hydro Quebec Phase 2 DC

line to Sandy Pond

Reduction or complete loss of Artificial Island

Tripping of certain EHV capacitors

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PJM GMD Procedure

When disturbance is confirmed: (cont’d)

Salem 1 and 2 units will reduce to 80% power and

Hope Creek to 85% power if any 2 of the following

occur:

Erratic MVAR output from the units.

Excess MVAR consumption by unit step-up transformers,

> 80 MVAR Salem, > 60 MVAR for Hope Creek.

Transformer neutral DC currents in excess of 5 amperes

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PJM GMD Procedure

Procedure Cancellation

Measurement value at Missouri Ave. has fallen below

trigger point of 10 amperes, and confirmed by the

other sources

If value remains below 10 amperes for 3 hours the

procedure is cancelled

PJM restores the appropriate transfer limits for

operation of the system

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0

5

10

15

20

25 24

22

7

5

0 0 0 0

23

Occurances2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

0


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Thunderstorms & Tornados

• When storms are in the vicinity of the PJM Control Area,

automatic re-closing capability should be in service for all 500 kV and up and also critical 230 kV and above circuits.

• If tornadoes are reported in an area, the failure of automatic reclosing to restore a transmission facility to service should be interpreted as a more serious failure existing.

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Thunderstorms & Tornados

PJM Actions:

Requests that automatic reclosing capability be put into service on critical facilities

May request that maintenance and testing on critical transmission, generating, control or monitoring equipment be deferred or cancelled

Informs affected members of any storms moving into the area

PJM Member Actions: Notify PJM Dispatcher of any storms in their systems Determine when reclosing is to be restored to service and

report this information to PJM Place reclosing in service

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Cold Weather Alert

Overview

PJM’s analysis of system conditions considers higher levels of resource unavailability during severe weather conditions.

Use best judgment about the magnitude of the projected unavailability of equipment.

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Cold Weather Alert

Cold Weather Alert:

Purpose:

Prepare personnel and facilities for expected extreme cold weather conditions

Extreme cold temperatures adversely affect combustion turbine start up reliability

Trigger

When the forecasted weather conditions approach minimum or actual temperatures for a Control Zone fall near or below 10 degrees Fahrenheit

Or for anticipated increased winds

Or expected spot market gas curtailments during load pick-up periods

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Cold Weather Alert

Control Zone Region Weather Unavailabilty

PJM Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia 4000 - 5000 MW

AP Western Pittsburgh 1000 – 2000 MW

AEP Western Columbus 2000 – 3000 MW

Dayton Western Dayton 1000 – 2000 MW

ComEd Western Chicago 2000 – 3000 MW

Dominion Southern Richmond 2000 – 3000 MW

Cold Weather Alert

PJM utilizes the following weather locations and approximate unavailability rates to declare Cold Weather Alerts on a PJM Control Area or Control Zone basis.

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Cold Weather Alert

PJM Actions: Notify PJM management, PJM public information personnel, and members Issues Cold Weather Alert, giving

Control Zone(s) Forecasted low temperature Forecasted duration of the condition Amount of estimated operating reserve and requirement Communicates whether fuel limited resources are required to be placed into the Maximum Emergency category

Assume an unavailability factor of 25% to 75% for scheduled interchange If combustion turbines in excess of 2,000 MW are needed, PJM will

notify the respective owners

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Cold Weather Alert

PJM Actions: If the predicted minimum temperature is -5 degrees F or less, or if there is a significant increase in unit unavailability, an

additional level of unavailability is added to the amount of CT’s expected to operate, PJM will notify the owners of the additional generators

Confers with generation owners, directing them to call in or schedule personnel within sufficient time to ensure that all generators are started and available for loading for the morning pick-up

Poll large combined-cycle units regarding projected availability during the reserve adequacy run

Reports significant changes in the estimated operating reserve capacity

Cancels the alert

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Cold Weather Alert

PJM Member Actions:

Calls in or schedules personnel in sufficient time to ensure that all CT and diesel generators that are expected to operate will be started and be available for loading when needed for the morning pick

- Includes operations, maintenance, and technical personnel

- Units may be run at engine idle or loaded as necessary

CT’s providing Synchronized Reserves are monitored where fuel

and delivery may be hampered

Attempt to start their most troublesome or unreliable units first

Review their combustion turbine capacities, specifically units using #2 fuel oil that do not have sufficient additive to protect them for low temperatures

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Cold Weather Alert

PJM Member Actions:

Reviews fuel supplies/delivery schedules

Monitor and report projected fuel limitations to PJM

Contact PJM if it is anticipated that spot market gas is unavailable, resulting in unit unavailability

Contact PJM if there are gas-fired CT’s placed in Maximum Emergency Generation due to daily gas limitations of less than 8 hours

Review plans to determine if any maintenance or testing, scheduled or being performed, on any monitoring, control, transmission, or generating equipment can be deferred or cancelled

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Cold Weather Alert

When a unit that PJM alerted to be prepared to run is not started, the owner of this unit can receive compensation for its costs.

Must submit a letter to the PJM Manager of Market Settlements within 45 days identifying the actual costs of staffing the unit.

PJM will compensate the unit from Operating Reserves for these cancellation costs up to the capped start-up costs (as per the Operating Agreement)

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RTO Natural Gas Coordination

Overview During extreme cold weather conditions, coordination and

communication, in conjunction with neighboring RTO’s/ISO’s, should be implemented PJM, ISO-NE, NYISO

This assures that the availability of natural gas-fired generation resources is assessed and, if necessary, contingency plans are developed.

The RTO’s will jointly act to communicate with the interstate gas pipelines coordinating actions to manage potential gas supply inadequacy situations.

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To facilitate the process, each RTO has:

Developed a database of natural gas-fired generation on its

system including: Interstate pipeline supplier or LDC

Connection point on gas pipeline system

Contract arrangements for gas supply and transmission

Complete set of maps of the gas lines serving its system

Contact list for suppliers

Information is shared and combined among the RTO’s into a complete informational set

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PJM Actions:

Monitor weather conditions and identify forecast conditions that will trigger need for Cold Weather Alert

Analyze/forecast need for natural gas-fired generation

Request a RTO conference call to invoke procedures

RTO’s will jointly communicate with interstate pipelines to include:

- Expectations of the electrical demand and capacity conditions in

RTO’s during the forecasted weather event

- Expected need for natural gas-fired generation

- Contact information in each RTO for the interstate pipelines to

obtain additional information

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PJM Actions:

Actions could include:

Each RTO will follow-up, on an individual basis, with each of its

interstate pipeline suppliers requesting:

Operational status of the pipeline

Presence or anticipation of any Operational Flow Orders or other

emergency procedures

Assessment of the pipeline’s ability to serve contracts for gas-fired

generation through the duration of the weather event

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PJM Actions:

After the data collection, the RTO’s will share the information, reconvene, and determine what actions need to be taken including:

Modification of the generation dispatch day-ahead to account for expected unavailability of gas-fired generation

Limit the granting of outages to maximize generator availability

Adoption of conservative operations

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Member Actions:

Provide facility information on gas-fired generation

Provide any delivery limitations to their gas supply

Comply with special instructions or emergency procedures requested by PJM via the All-Call or a SOS conference call during a severe weather event

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Hot Weather Alert

Hot Weather Alert

Purpose

Prepare personnel and facilities for extreme hot and/or humid weather conditions which may cause capacity requirements and unit unavailability to be higher than forecast for an extended period of time

Trigger

When the forecasted maximum or actual temperature for any zone (per Weather Services Corporation or its successor) is at or above 90 degrees Fahrenheit with high humidity for multiple days

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Hot Weather Alert

Control Zone Region Weather Unavailabilty

PJM Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia 2000 - 2500 MW

AP Western Pittsburgh 500 – 1000 MW

AEP Western Columbus 1000 – 1500 MW

Dayton Western Dayton 500 – 1000 MW

ComEd Western Chicago 1000 – 1500 MW

Dominion Southern Richmond 1000 – 1500 MW

Hot Weather Alert

PJM utilizes the following weather locations and approximate unavailability rates to declare Hot Weather Alerts on a PJM Control Area or Control Zone basis.

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Hot Weather Alert

PJM Actions:

Notifies PJM management and member dispatchers

Issues the Alert stating estimated operating reserve capacity and reserve requirement

Reports significant changes in operating reserve capacity

Cancels alert if the weather forecast is changed or when the Alert is over

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Hot Weather Alert

PJM Member Actions:

Notify management

Advises all generating stations and key personnel

Determine if any maintenance or testing can be deferred or cancelled

Report to PJM all fuel/environmental limited facilities as they occur and update as needed

Contact PJM to inform them of any gas-fired generation placed in Maximum Emergency Generation due to daily gas limitations of less than 8 hours

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Summary

Extreme weather and other environmental events have

effects on power system operation including:


Thunderstorms

Extreme cold

Extreme heat

PJM utilizes specific emergency procedures for these events

Many times these procedures will be coupled with other capacity shortage procedures

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Disclaimer: PJM has made all efforts possible to accurately document all information in this presentation. The information seen here does not supersede the PJM Operating Agreement or the PJM Tariff both of which can be found by accessing: http://www.pjm.com/documents/agreements/pjm-agreements.aspx For additional detailed information on any of the topics discussed, please refer to the appropriate PJM manual which can be found by accessing: http://www.pjm.com/documents/manuals.aspx

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http://www.pjm.com/documents/agreements/pjm-agreements.aspx



http://www.pjm.com/documents/manuals.aspx

Weather and Environmental Emergencies

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