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Weather and Climate Chapter 3. Factors Affecting Climate Section 1.
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Transcript of Weather and Climate Chapter 3. Factors Affecting Climate Section 1.
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Weather and Climate
Chapter 3
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Factors Affecting Climate
Section 1
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The Sun and Latitude•Latitude/Climate Relationship
– Middle and High: distinct seasons– Low: warm all year– Polar: cold all year
•Sun’s Radiant Energy– ½ reflected or absorbed by atmosphere,
½ absorbed by Earth’s surface– Greenhouse effect
•Earth’s air slows rate of heat escape into space
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The Sun and Latitude•Global warming: fossil fuel
emissions?– Emissions from fossil fuels’ combustion
produces carbon dioxide– Carbon dioxide absorbs and retains
heat in Earth’s atmosphere– Scientists divided
•Some argue that temp. increased due to human/environment interaction
•Some argue that warming trend is a natural occurrence
– Ample evidence on both sides of the argument…decide for yourself
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The Sun and Latitude
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The Sun and Latitude
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Atmospheric Pressure•Increase in altitude = decrease in pressure
•Heating and cooling of air causes changes in atmospheric pressure– Warm air rises = low pressure– Cooled air drops = high pressure
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Atmospheric Pressure•Centers of low pressure, warm air rising (cyclones) = unstable, stormy weather
•Centers of high pressure, cold air dropping = stable, clear, dry weather
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Atmospheric Pressure•Four major air pressure zones– Equatorial low– Subtropical highs– Subpolar lows– Polar highs
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Global Wind Belts
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Prevailing Winds
Global Winds Animation
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Global Wind Belts•Prevailing Winds
– Doldrums•Equatorial zone – little to no wind
– NE Trade Winds– Westerlies
•Middle latitudes – west-to-east flow– Polar Easterlies
•Eastward flow from polar to middle latitudes
•Fronts – Two air masses of widely different
temp. or moisture level meet; precipitation results
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Global Wind Belts•Jet Stream
–Prevailing winds in upper atmosphere•Up to 300 mph
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Oceans and Currents
•Currents moderate the effects of latitude on climate–Water heats and cools more slowly than land
–Landforms near currents experience the currents effects
•Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Drift
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Oceans and Currents
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Oceans and Currents
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Oceans and Currents
•Plymouth, England• http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?
ref=N50W004+1102+03827W
•Kiev, Ukrainehttp://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N50E030+1102+33345W
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1
Distributing the Sun’s Heat
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Weather Factors
Section 2
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Precipitation•Forms of precipitation
– Rain– Snow– Sleet– Hail
•Persistent in low-pressure zones
•Lowest in high-pressure zones
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Elevation and MountainsElevation
1,000 ft. increase = 3.5°F decrease or -1°C/100m increase
MountainsOrographic effect
Windward side – high precipitation
Leeward side – rain shadow
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Elevation and Mountains
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Elevation and Mountains
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Frontal Precipitation
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Storms
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Storms
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Storms
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Storms
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Storms
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Climate and Vegetation Patterns
Section 3
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Climate and Vegetation•Dry (Arid) Climates
–Arid•Found at about 30° N & S latitude, sometimes on W coasts of continents
•Subtropical high-pressure zone•<10” of annual precip.
–Semiarid•Transition zone between arid and humid regions
•Grain-growing areas (American Great Plains)
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Arid & Semiarid
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Climate and Vegetation•Middle-Latitude Climates
–Mediterranean•Found on coastal areas of S Europe or W coasts of continents w/cool ocean currents
–Semiarid•Transition zone between arid and humid regions
•Grain-growing areas (American Great Plains)