WE4.L10.3: THE EVOLUTION OF THE US SATELLITE IR SOUNDING PROGRAM – FROM THE NIMBUS SIRS AND IRIS...
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Transcript of WE4.L10.3: THE EVOLUTION OF THE US SATELLITE IR SOUNDING PROGRAM – FROM THE NIMBUS SIRS AND IRIS...
Hawaii 2010 IGARSS30th Anniversary July 25-30 2010
Honolulu Hawaii USA
NPOESSNimbus
The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program –
From Nimbus to NPOESS William L. Smith1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb1
1University of Wisconsin-Madison2Hampton University
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding:
Might detect a bit of a WI perspective, but what do you expect?
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using
15 micron CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969
The 1st Sounders (1969) were Spectrometers IR Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS B, Rudolf Hanel)Satellite IR Spectrometer (SIRS A, David Wark)
IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels
on Nimbus 3 & 4
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969
Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of space (x, y), wavelength (z), and time (GEO)
Temperature &Water VaporIR Sounders (Operational orPre-op Demos)
VAS (1980-) –1st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan)
GIFTS (2015?)
(30)
(1200) IRT-MTG (2017)…
ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-)
IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011)
AIRS (2002-)
IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1st Sounders
(1200)
(2800/1200)
GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis)
(1200)
(150-300)
(30)
(30)
Spectral Resolving Power (/ )Resolving Power @ 14 m
Purple = Leo Blue = Geo
Temperature &Water VaporIR Sounder (Operational orPre-op Demos)
VAS (1980-) –1st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan)
GIFTS (2015?)
(7-14)
(<10) IRT-MTG (2017)…
ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-)
IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011)
AIRS (2002-)
IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1st Sounders
(14)
(12/14)
GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis)
(4)
(160-100/230) nadir only
(15/30/20-10)
(8)
Spatial Footprint (km)
Purple = Leo Blue = Geo
Key Enabling Technological Advances
Spacecraft Payload Capacity:
Detectors: Longwave Photovoltaic (AIRS, CrIS, GIFTS, IRS) & Detector Arrays (AIRS, GIFTS, IRS)
Mechanical Coolers (AIRS, GIFTS, IRS) FTS Advances: Dynamic alignment (CrIS),
Laser sample control (CrIS, GIFTS, IRS), Techniques for radiometrically accurate imaging FTS (GIFTS)
Signal Processing Electronics: ADC & DSP speeds CrIS, GIFTS, IRS)
Mass (kg) Power (W) IRIS (Nimbus 3, 1969) 13 16 SIRS (Nimbus 3, 1969) 41 24 AIRS (Aqua, 2002- ) 166 256 IASI (Metop, 2006- ) 236 210 CrIS (NPP, JPSS, 2011- ) 146 110 GIFTS (2015 ??) 200 535
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO)
Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
Aircraft & Ground-based Instruments: Development of 1. S/C Instruments 2. RT Model 3. Algorithms 4. Validation
VAS (1980-)
ARM AERI (1993-)
GIFTS (2015?)
(30)
(1400)
(1200) IRS-MTG (2017)
ITPR/VTPR (1972) , HIRS (1978-)
IASI/CrIS (2006- / 2011)
AIRS (2002-)
HIS (1986-1998)
IRIS, SIRS (1969-70)
(1200)
(2800/1200)
GOES Sounder (1994-)
S-HIS/NAST-I (1998-)
(1200)
(150-300)
(2000)
(30)
(1400/2800)
(30)
(/ )Resolving Power @ 14 m
20 yrs
20 yrs
HIS Aircraft Instrument (1983-1998) U2 Shadowed in background, 1985
Dynamically Aligned Interferometer, Henry Buijs, Bomem
Slide 13
HIS (1985)• Demonstrated that state-of-the-art FTS is well suited to
achieving accurate calibration (even for a warm instrument without active thermal control)
While traditional phase correction ormagnitude analysis yielded large errors
Good 280.2 K result from complex calibration(using 300K, 77K blackbodies)
16 K
Revercomb, et al., Applied Optics, 1988
Slide 14
UW Scanning HIS(1996-present)
Ambient Blackbody
Hot Blackbody
Scene Mirror Motor
Interferometer & Optics
Electronics
Data Storage Computer
LW/MW overlap MW/SW overlapLW/MW overlap MW/SW overlap
Longwave Midwave Shortwave
CO
N2O
H2O
N2O CH4
CO2
O3CO2
Slide 15
Scanning-HIS RadiometricCalibration 3-sigma Error Budget
21 November 2002 on ER2, TABB = 260K, THBB = 310K
LW
SW
MW
0.2 K
200K Scene Tb 300K
Wav
enu
mb
er (
cm-1)
Tb
Err
or, 3
-sig
ma
(K)
0
1
NIST TXR S-HIS
AERI BB
January 2007, testing at UW/SSEC
S-HIS / TXR Side-by-side radiance intercomparison shows agreement
within 60 mK (3) at 10µ.
Mean = -22 mKMean = -60 mK ±90 mK
TXR 10 µ Channel
NIST TXR Validates S-HIS Radiances
TXR is the NIST Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer
chamber AERI blackbody
TXRCh1
TXRCh2
Scanning-HISspectra
Slide 17
AERI Cavity Blackbody ( > 0.999)
BlackbodyCavity
ElectricalConnector
Case
ThermalInsulation
Aperture(6.90 cm)
(dedicated feedbackthermistor is located at base of cone section)
Handle
CircumferentialHeater
CavityStructural Support(thermal isolator)
SenseThermistors (3)
(Aero-glaze Z306)
Cavity Shape fromUW Pioneer Venus / Sydnor, JPL, 1970
High emissivity coupled with T accuracy & stability from ultra stablethermistors and careful calibration are key to high accuracy of AERI
Best et al., Calcon, 2003; Knuteson et al., J. Atm, & Oceanic Tech., 2004
[YSI 46041]
AIRS 4 May 2002 Launch
AIRS14 June 2002
Calculated
NASA Aqua
Slide 19
• Excellent agreement Demonstrated!
AIRS Calibration Validation with S-HIS
11/21/2002 Gulf of Mex
1st demo of direct airborne validation of satellite radiance
Tobin et al., JGR, 2006
Slide 20
High Accuracy IR Radiances-CLARREO
IASI on Metop 19 October 2006 launch
- full cross-track scan - 2x2 12 km pixels
sample 50x50 km
Spectral Coverage of GIFTS/IRS/HES*
Compared to IASI, CrIS, AIRS, S-HIS & NAST-I
wavenumber
IASI L1C
Deapodized
1cm MaxOPD
AIRS
CrIS
S-HIS
NAST-I
GaussianApodization
AIRS
CrIS
AdvancedGEO
Sounders
*HES option
Slide 22
Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx)
4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin
wavenumber
IASI, NAST-I, S-HIS Mean spectra
BT
(K
)D
iff (
K) IASI minus NAST-I, IASI minus SHIS
0.09 K0.16 K
0.07 K0.12 K
Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57
Slide 23
Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx)
4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin
Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57
wavenumber
IASI, NAST-I, S-HIS Mean spectra
BT
(K
)D
iff (
K) IASI minus NAST-I, IASI minus SHIS
0.12 K0.20 K
0.04 K0.03 K
-0.19 K-0.08 K
Slide 24
IASI / AIRS Direct ComparisonsMay 2007-Jan 2008
Dave Tobin
wavenumber
NORTHERN SNOs (73.8N)
SOUTHERN SNOs (73.8S)
Sample SNO Spectra
}0.1K
}0.1K’’
Excellent agreement, but issues > 0.1K remain
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor-Superior performance in a small package!
Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) for NPP/JPSS
Mass: < 146 kg Power (Avg): < 110 WData Rate: <1.5 Mbps
from Williams, Glumb and Predina, ITT, August 2005 SPIE
Current Generation
HIRS(20 ch)
Next Generation
CrIS(1307 ch)
Noise: NEN Comparison with AIRS(AIRS, CrIS random, CrIS Spec)
AIRS for 250K scene,
CrIS for 303 K(SW NENs similar for
300K scene)
CrIS NEN 4x smaller in 15m CO2
Slide 28
CrIS Expected On-orbit Accuracy
Will be <0.2 K 3-sigma for all Scene T’s!
3-sigma Brightness Temperature Accuracy(color coded for each of 9 FOVs)
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor
Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- )
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959 1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species
with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- ) Climate Quality Calibration: High resolution FTS will
enable new climate benchmark for CLARREO
Technology Developments for theCLARREO Benchmark Climate Mission
High Performance FTS
Spectral line shapefrom laser source
A New Class of Advanced Accuracy Satellite Instrumentation (AASI) for the CLARREO Mission
NASA IIP
31TEMPERATURE referenced to multiple phase change signatures
Pulse-tube detector cooler
OARS:Standard for
On-orbitCalibrationTraceability
Slide 32
f
October 1959 - October 2009
-Part 1-
Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron
CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959
1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of
space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:
-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)
NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species
with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- ) Climate Quality Calibration: High resolution FTS will enable new
climate benchmark for CLARREO
Hawaii 2010 IGARSS30th Anniversary July 25-30 2010
Honolulu Hawaii USA
NPOESSNimbus
The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program – Part 2
Evolution of Sounding Retrieval CapabilityWilliam L. Smith1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb1
1University of Wisconsin-Madison2Hampton University
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: Physical Concept
IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels
Nimbus
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: Physical Concept
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: First Satellite Sounding
First Satellite SoundingKingston, Jamaica
April 14, 1969
Wark & Fleming
Nimbus
SIRS data started being used by the US
Weather Bureau (NMC) in the final
analysis used to initialize extended range Numerical
Weather Forecasts on May 22,1969, less
than 6 weeks after the launch of Nimbus 3.
First Numerical First Numerical WeatherWeather
Prediction Prediction Validation Using Validation Using Satellite Infrared Satellite Infrared
Sounding DataSounding Data(SIRS-A)(SIRS-A)
Nimbus
Nimbus
3-day forecast errors over the
western US reduced by 50%
using Nimbus sounding data over the mid-Pacific in the initial analysis
Shortwave ridge predicted with the
use of Nimbus soundings in the initial analysis
The problem with Nimbus -3 and Nimbus-4
Temperature Profiles was that >95 % of SIRS
and IRIS Sounding Fields of View ( 150 km IFOV) contained cloud
which greatly compromised the
accuracy of the derived soundings
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1969-1971): Clear Vs Cloudy
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1972-2014): High Horizontal Resolution
Nimbus TIROS-N NOAA
TIROS/NOAA HIRS (TOVS)
Temperature Profile Errors
TOVS (HIRS/MSU) Weighting Functions and RMS Differences with Raobs (+/- 3 Hrs and 200 km) during the GWE
ITPR/HIRS HIRS
The high horizontal resolution (~ 20 km)
filter radiometer sounders (ITPR, VTPR,
and HIRS) provided soundings for partially
clouded FOV with almost the same
accuracy as obtained for clear sky FOVs
ITPR
Per
cen
t C
orre
lati
on o
f F
orec
ast
Vs
Ob
serv
ed
Year
By 2001 A SH forecast was as good as a NH forecast and a 6-day SH forecast was as good as a 3-day forecast made at the beginning of the GWE (1979)
HIRS
TIROS-N NOAA
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1979 - ): Improved Global NWP
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1979-2002): Poor Vertical Resolution
ITPR
The Problem The Problem With the TOVS With the TOVS
waswas Lack of Lack of Vertical Vertical
ResolutionResolution
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): Ultra-spectral Resolution
ITPR
A/C HIS, NAST-I & S-HIS (1985, 1998 -, 1999- )
IASI (2006)
• Broad Spectral Coverage • High Spectral Resolution • Thousands of Spectral Channels • High Information Content
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): High Vertical Resolution
ITPR
High Vertical Resolution a result of sharper weighting functions and much higher S/N from very large number of radiance observations (1000’s Vs 10’s)
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): Profile Information Content
ITPRN
um
ber
of
Pie
ces
of I
nfo
rmat
ion
Radiosondes AIRS/IASI/CrIS HIRS/TOVS
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1986 - ): High Vertical Resolution Soundings Demonstrated With Aircraft HIS & NAST-I
ITPR
300
Distance (75 km)
Alti
tude
(km
)
Radiosonde NASA ER-2 A/C Ultraspectral Sounder
Ultra-spectral resolution sounder provides 1 K / 15% temperature and moisture accuracy for 1-2 km layers
Impact is amazingly considering only 1% of the radiance measurements were used in the assimilation process (clear-only, spatially and spectrally thinned)
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Forecast [days]
An
om
aly
Co
rrela
tio
n
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Forecast [days]
An
om
aly C
orrelatio
n
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ops
Ops+AIRS
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ops
Ops+AIRS
(J. LeMarshall, 2004)(J. LeMarshall, 2004)1-27 January, 2004
Northern Hemisphere)
Southern Hemisphere)
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2002 - ): EOS Aqua AIRS Provides Large Positive Impact on Global Weather Forecasts
NNATIONAL ATIONAL PPOLAR-ORBITING OLAR-ORBITING OOPERATIONAL PERATIONAL EENVIRONMENTAL NVIRONMENTAL SSATELLITE ATELLITE SSYSTEMYSTEM
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)
NPP/JPSSLTAN 1330
“Early-Afternoon”
METOPLTDN 0930
“Mid-Morning”
Launches Lifetime Atmospheric Sounders METOP [2130] ~2006, 2012, 2018 7 yr IASI/AMSU/MHS NPP/JPSS [1330] ~ 2011, 2014 7 yr CrIS/ATMS
ITPR -Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2006 - ): JPSS IASI Validation (4/19/2007)
ITPR
April 29 2007 IASI and AIRS data used to demonstrate IASI/CrIS Diurnal Change Measurement Capability
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2012 - ): JPSS Time Change Capability
• Quasi-continuous NAST-I demonstrates that the major differences between IASI and AIRS water vapor soundings are due to the time variation of mesoscale features of the atmosphere.
NAST-I Shows the Continuity between IASI and AIRS NAST-I Shows the Continuity between IASI and AIRS
-Part 2-
Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability• First Satellite Soundings: SIRS and IRIS (1969-1971) successfully demonstrated
the sounding retrieval concept but poor horizontal resolution restricted their utility under cloudy sky conditions
• High Horizontal Resolution Sounders: ITPR, VTPR, and HIRS (1972-) provided dense global coverage and great improvements in Numerical Weather Predictions
• Poor Vertical Resolution: Poor vertical resolution provided by poor spectral resolution filter sounders led to the development of the ultra-spectral resolution sounding concept first demonstrated from aircraft (1986)
• High Vertical Resolution:-Proven from aircraft: HIS( 1986), NAST-I (1998), and S-HIS (1999)-Demonstrated by AIRS (2002-) and IASI (2006-); soon by CrIS (2011-)
• NPP/JPSS : IASI and CrIS will provide global high vertical (1-2-km) and temporal resolution (4-8 hourly) sounding observations which will lead to improved weather and air quality forecasts and climate change observations
• Note: Combined MetOp-A/MetOp-B and NPP/JPSS may enable 30-minute atmospheric sounding tendencies and water vapor motion wind profiles to be derived