WE3.L10.3: THE FUTURE OF SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
Transcript of WE3.L10.3: THE FUTURE OF SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
G. Krieger, A. Moreira
Microwaves and Radar InstituteGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)
A Tribute to the Pioneer Work of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First Civilian SAR Satellite: Seasat
2300 kgWeight
25 m x 25 mResolution100 kmSwath Width
10,74 m x 2,16 m
AntennaSize~ 23°Incident Angle
19 MHz Bandwidth~780 kmAltitude
0,235 mWavelengthJune 26, 1978Launch
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First Civilian SAR Satellite: Seasat
2300 kgWeight
25 m x 25 mResolution100 kmSwath Width
10,74 m x 2,16 m
AntennaSize~ 23°Incident Angle
19 MHz Bandwidth~780 kmAltitude
0,235 mWavelengthJune 26, 1978Launch
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
SAR Missions since 1978 (selection)
SEASATNASA/JPL (USA)
L-Band, 1978
ERS-1/2European Space Agency (ESA)
C-Band, 1991-2000 & 1995-today
SIR-C/X-SARNASA/JPL, L- and C-Band (quad)
DLR / ASI, X-bandApril and October 1994
J-ERS-1Japanese Space Agency (NASDA)
L-Band, 1992-1998
RADARSAT-1Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
C-Band, 1995-today
SRTMNASA/JPL (C-Band), DLR (X-Band)
February 2000
ENVISAT / ASAREuropean Space Agency (ESA)
C-Band (dual), 2002-today
ALOS / PALSARJapanese Space Agency (JAXA)
L-Band (quad), 2005
TerraSAR-XGerman Aerospace Center (DLR) / Astrium
X-Band (quad), 2007
RADARSAT-2Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
C-Band (quad), 2007
SAR LupeBWB GermanyX-Band, 2006
CosmoSkymedASI / Alenia
X-Band (dual), 2007
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
EarthquakesEarthquakes VolcanoesVolcanoes
OceanOcean
Land & Sea IceLand & Sea Ice
SubsidenceSubsidence
TrafficTraffic
Land EnvironmentLand Environment
ReconnaissanceReconnaissanceDisaster Disaster
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
Application Areas for SAR Data Future RequirementsEarthquakesEarthquakes VolcanoesVolcanoes
OceanOcean
Land & Sea IceLand & Sea Ice
SubsidenceSubsidence
TrafficTraffic
Land EnvironmentLand Environment
ReconnaissanceReconnaissanceDisaster Disaster
EarthquakesEarthquakes VolcanoesVolcanoes
OceanOcean
Land & Sea IceLand & Sea Ice
SubsidenceSubsidence
TrafficTraffic
Land EnvironmentLand Environment
ReconnaissanceReconnaissanceDisaster Disaster
Future SAR Systems: Motivation
•wider coverage andshorter revisit times
•higher geometric and radiometric resolution
•new data products from coherent combinations of SAR images:- Delta-DEMs(ice mass balance, ...)
- 3-D volume imaging(forest structure, ...)
- 4-D tomography (biomass dynamics, …)
• reliable data supply•cost efficiency
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
•wider coverage andshorter revisit times
•higher geometric and radiometric resolution
•new data products from coherent combinations of SAR images:- Delta-DEMs(ice mass balance, ...)
- 3-D volume imaging(forest structure, ...)
- 4-D tomography (biomass dynamics, …)
• reliable data supply•cost efficiency
Future SAR Systems: Motivation
The Many Ingenious Ideas of Kiyo Tomiyasu Future Requirements
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
(IEEE EASCON, 1978)
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
TanDEM-X
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
TanDEM-X Launch, June 21, 2010
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First TanDEM-X Interferogram & DEM(Large Baseline Pursuit Monostatic)
October Revolution
Island
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First TanDEM-X Interferogram & DEM(Large Baseline Pursuit Monostatic)
20 km
38 km
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First TanDEM-X Interferogram & DEM(Large Baseline Pursuit Monostatic)
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First TanDEM-X Interferogram & DEM(Large Baseline Pursuit Monostatic)
hamb = 3 m Beff = 2.6 kmx = 20 m x 20 mh 10 cm
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First TanDEM-X Interferogram & DEM(Large Baseline Pursuit Monostatic)
hamb = 3 m Beff = 2.6 kmx = 20 m x 20 mh 10 cm
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
First TanDEM-X Interferogram & DEM(Large Baseline Pursuit Monostatic)
• TanDEM-X Special Session: Thursday, 8:20 – 10:00 am
• Prats et al., “Taxi: A versatile processing ...,” Friday, 9:40 – 10:45 am
• www.dlr.de
hamb = 3 m Beff = 2.6 kmx = 20 m x 20 mh 10 cm
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
“Double Differential SAR Interferometry”
Grounding line detection, vegetation growth, snow/ice accumulation, … ?
h(t1)
h ~ 2 - 1
coherence between passes not mandatory
1pass 1
pass 2
h < 10 cm h(t2)
2
Bistatic Strip mapB = 3000 m x = 12 m
Bistatic Strip mapB = 3000 m x = 12 m
e.g. difference between two single-pass cross-track interferograms
Measurement of Height Changes
Vorhaben TanDEM-X Nutzung
Single-Pass InSAR for Ice Monitoring
High uncertainty about future sea level rise High uncertainty about future sea level rise IPCCIPCC’’07 height increase 28 07 height increase 28 -- 43 cm, now 1.4 m43 cm, now 1.4 mmajor uncertainty: stability of polar ice sheetsmajor uncertainty: stability of polar ice sheets
Large Baseline SingleLarge Baseline Single--Pass Pass InSARInSARprovides high resolution also in complex terrainprovides high resolution also in complex terrainavoids gaps of laser & radar altimetry systems avoids gaps of laser & radar altimetry systems allows accurate observation of temporal evolutionallows accurate observation of temporal evolution
Vorhaben TanDEM-X Nutzung
Single-Pass InSAR for Ice Monitoring
High uncertainty about future sea level rise High uncertainty about future sea level rise IPCCIPCC’’07 height increase 28 07 height increase 28 -- 43 cm, now 1.4 m43 cm, now 1.4 mmajor uncertainty: stability of polar ice sheetsmajor uncertainty: stability of polar ice sheets
Large Baseline SingleLarge Baseline Single--Pass Pass InSARInSARprovides high resolution also in complex terrainprovides high resolution also in complex terrainavoids gaps of laser & radar altimetry systems avoids gaps of laser & radar altimetry systems allows accurate observation of temporal evolutionallows accurate observation of temporal evolution
• Börner et al., “SIGNAL: SAR for Ice, Glacier ...” Thursday, 9:40 – 10:45 am
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
~ 30 m
Estimation of the vertical structure of volume scatterers:
Vertical structure components are resolved by meansof their polarimetric signature;
The (height) location of the resolved structuralcomponents is estimated by interferometric measurements.
Measurement of Vegetation Height
PolarimetricPolarimetric SAR SAR InterferometryInterferometry
((PolPol--InSARInSAR))
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
Combination of Multiple Single-Pass Interferograms
Measurement of 3-D Vegetation Structure
pass 1 pass k pass N
* * *
Reconstruction of Scattering Profile(van Cittert-Zernike theorem)
… …
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
Tomography: A Revolution in Medical Diagnostics and Research
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Next Revolution: Functional Brain ImagingThe Next Revolution: Functional Brain Imaging
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Next Revolution: Functional Brain ImagingThe Next Revolution: Functional Brain Imaging
44--D SAR ImagingD SAR Imagingmonitoring internal structure changes
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
44--D SAR ImagingD SAR Imagingmonitoring internal structure changes
in forests, ice, snow, permafrost soils, ...
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
fP1
fP2
fP3
ambiguities
ambiguities suppressed
Use of Compact Antennas
v
TxRx 2 Rx 1Rx 3
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
),( txs2),( txs1
),( txs3),( txsN
Challenge:Optimum Combination
N
iii dtdxtxstxtxh
1
'')','()',',,(
),( txs1 ),( txsN
Interf.Comb.
SARProc.
SARProc.
x
SARProc.
SARProc.
x
SARProc.
SARProc.
x
SARProc.
SARProc.
x
SARProc.
SARProc.
x
),( txsi ),( txs j
Nonlinear Approach),( txs1 ),( txsN
),(),...,,( txstxsf N1
Linear Beamforming:• ambiguity
suppression• wide swath
imaging• tomography • MTI (e.g. STAP)• super-resolution• interference
suppression
Interferometry: • cross-track (DEM,
Pol-InSAR)• coherence
tomography • along-track (ocean
currents, MTI)
Multistatic Sparse Array
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
Sparse Apertures and Reconfigurable Arrays
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
FrequentFrequentMonitoringMonitoring
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
GEO+LEOGEO+LEOGEOGEO
Kiyo Tomiyasu
(IEEE Ant. & Prop. Symp., 1978) (IEEE EASCON, 1978)
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
GEO-LEO SAR: NESZ Example
200 km 200 km 200 kmBr<300MHz
res< 6m
nadir-lookingSAR enables synergy with
other instruments(e.g. optical sensors,
altimeters, ....)
Wavelength 3.1 cm Max. Bandwidth 300 MHz Average Transmit Power 1000 W Antenna Size Tx 100 m2 Antenna Size Rx 6 m2
Noise Figure + Losses 5 dB Receiver Altitude 400 km Ground Resolution 3 m Max. Res. Cell Diameter 6 m
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
LEOreceiver
satellite
transmitter
Transmitter Footprint125 km x 250 km(X-Band, dant=10m, =48°)
Receiver Footprint 10 km
(X-Band, dant=2m, inc<40°)
Antenna Footprint Comparison
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
RxTx
Multiple Beams on Receive
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
AD
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SAR Processing
x x x x x
Multiple beamswith adaptableantenna patterns
Mixing
AnalogDigitalConversion
DigitalSignal Processing
Focusing andHigher-Level Processing
Digital Beam Forming
Receiver
Transmitter
Digital Beamforming on Receive
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
Usage of Tx Power
Global Monitoring
High-Resolution Wide-Swath Imaging
gain improved by more than 10 dB
19.12.2005 Vortragstitel 38
Echolocationin Bats
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PinnaPinna Movement for Angular "Scan on Receive" Movement for Angular "Scan on Receive"
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
19.12.2005 Vortragstitel 42
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DBFDBF--SAR SAR withwith ReflectorReflector AntennasAntennas
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
3 revisits / day (for 1 satellite)
huge simultaneous access area
system concept based on advanced DBF architecture
MEOSARMEOSAR
multi-frequencycapability
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
Adaptive & Cognitive MIMO SAR SystemsAdaptive & Cognitive MIMO SAR Systems
HRWS HRWS StripmapStripmap
Spotlight Spotlight ZoomZoom
Wide Area Wide Area SearchSearch
maximize information gain for a given power & data budget
optimized distribution of system resources environmentenvironment
DBF on DBF on receivereceive
waveformwaveformencodingencoding
salient features
beam trigger
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
The Future of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture RadarIGARSS 2010 - Special Session Honoring the Achievements of Kiyo Tomiyasu
Kiyo Tomiyasu
Best wishes and many congratulations!