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PARSTAT 2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat

Applications• Corrosion• Research Electrochemistry• Sensors• Batteries• Fuel Cells• Biomedical Applications

For more than two decades, the 273 has been the most popular instrument in the history of computer-controlled potentiostats/galvanostats. We knew that it would be critical that the next generation of this prestigious instrument continue to set the standard against which all other systems would be measured.

We would like to introduce the new benchmark!

Features• 2A current max. (20A boosted)• 100 V compliance• 1.2 fA current resolution• > 1013 W input impedance• < 5 pF of capacitance• 10 uHZ to 1 MHz built in analyz-

er for impedance

The 2273 is designed to be the most comprehensive electrochemical tool in your laboratory. Since no one can predict how research needs will evolve over the years, it is imperative to have an instrument that can address all of the electrochemical instrumentation requirements that may develop, from the widest current range available (13 decades with an optional booster) to 100 V compliance voltage. Whether it is making cyclic voltammetry measurements on new catalysts to performing micro-ohm electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) mea-surements across an entire cell assembly, you have the capability with the 2273. If your analytical voltammetry research evolves from differential pulse measurements to performing rapid coulometry experiments with a true charge-capturing integrator, you need look no further than the 2273!

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General Hardware Specifications

The 2273 is a potentiostat/galvanostat/FRA that consists of hardware capable of ±10 V scan ranges, 2 A current capability, and EIS measurements from 10 µHz to 1 MHz. The interface to the PC or laptop is Universal Serial Bus (USB), so there is no need for an additional card for your system. Electrochemistry PowerSuite software is required for the 2273 and is purchased separately.

Current and Voltage

Unlike any other potentiostat on the market today, the 2273 allows for a compliance voltage up to ±100 V (power available at the counter electrode) and a maxi-mum current of up to ±2 A for large electrode systems and low sensitivity coatings applications requiring pA resolu-tions!

EIS Capability

The 2273 hardware combined with PowerSINE software performing EIS experiments from frequency ranges of 1MHz to 10uHz, via either potentiostatic control (Single Sine, fast MultiSine, or Mott-Schottky), or galvanostatic control (Galvanostatic EIS). With the unsurpassed specifi-cations of the 2273, it has the capability to perform EIS experiments on the most demanding coatings (requiring fA resolutions, high input impedance, and low stray capac-itance), as well as the latest energy storage devices (requiring high current and fast scans).

Front Panel

The front panel of the 2273 provides understated function-ality. The cell cable connection point is located on the front panel, with its five-terminal cell cable (C0379) con-necting via the sturdy and reliable LEMO connector. With its high +/-100V compliance, the 2273 has a Cell Enable safety switch so that one can always be certain that the cell is disconnected when needing to make changes in the cell configuration. For the few whose research requires capabilities beyond those provided with our standard offerings, an External Input is provided for introducing arbitrary waveforms into the analog circuitry, as well as an E Monitor and I Monitor from which one can collect the potential and current, respectively, with an external device, such as a digital oscilloscope or DAC input device. Finally, there are four LEDs that indicate the 2273s status, as well as a mechanical power switch on the front panel.

Rear Panel

The rear panel of the 2273 provides inputs/outputs for the addi-tion of accessories and/or ancillary equipment. A DAC Output is provided at the rear panel controlling rotating disk elec-trodes or other devices that require a dc voltage for control. There is also a Synchronous A/D Input for collecting a dc volt-age from an external device (such as a quartz crystal analyzer or temperature probe) in sync with the potential and/or current data collection. The Power Amp Monitor also resides on the rear panel, providing information on the magnitude of the 2273's power amplifier output. Finally, there is the Auxiliary Interface connector that is used to control the Model 303A SMDE electrode via the 507 Interface, and for issu-ing/receiving TTL signals (triggers).

Booster Interface

The 2273 has three current booster options to choose from:

• 2273/8A option for 8A, 50V.• 2273/10A option for 10A, 20V • 2273/20A option for 20A, 20V

Using your 2273 with one of the cur-rent booster options provide the user with a seamless interface for our PowerSuite software. When a booster option is connected to the

2273, the software will autoscale the data, you will no longer have to manually manipulate the data.

Computer Interface

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface makes setup and communications a snap. No more GPIB cards to purchase, install and configure! Simply connect the USB cable between the 2273 and your USB port on the computer, power on the 2273, download the USB driver from the software CD upon request (first time only), and hardware setup is finished!

ISO9001:2000 Certified

Princeton Applied Research is a member of Advanced Measurement Technology, Inc., an ISO9001:2000 certi-fied company.

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Sensors

For potentiometric sensors (such as ion-selective electrodes and coated wire electrodes) and amperometric sensors (gas sen-sors, thin film microelectrodes, and chemically modified electrodes), the 2273 provides current sensitivities that can sur-pass the requirements of the most demanding measurement parameters, with a pA current range and fA resolution; high compliance voltage allows for the growth of thin film electrodes and nanodeposition. Biosensor development and analysis relies on techniques that are contained within the PowerCV cyclic voltammetry, PowerSTEP chronoamperome-try/chronopotentiometry and PowerPULSE electroanalytical software packages.

Biomedical Applications

Then 2273 exceeds the requirements of a potentiostat/galvanostat as described in ASTM F2129, “Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements to Determine the Corrosion Susceptibility of Small Implant Devices.” For implant biocompatibility studies, the most common methods involve DC corrosion techniques such as cyclic potentiodynamic polarization for the determination of the breakdown or critical pitting potential (Eb), the corro-sion or open circuit potential (Ecorr), the repassivation or protection potential (Ep), corrosion current (Icorr) and corrosion rates based on Tafel analysis. All of these techniques are possible with the 2273 using the PowerCORR corrosion measure-ment software package. The outstanding performance of the 2273 ensures that the results obtained are accurate and allows the user to be confident of their data.

Research Electrochemistry

The physical nature of electrochemistry has resulted in a broad range of research areas. From determining the kinetics of an electron-transfer process, to developing new and improved materials via unique electrodeposition or electrosynthesis techniques, the 2273 was designed with the flexibility and capability required by today's electrochemical researcher. Be it microelectrodes, rotating disk electrodes, mercury electrodes, or quartz crystal resonators, the 2273 supports the electrodes used in the modern electrochemical research lab.

Corrosion

The 2273 is ideal for corrosion research. Whether it is rebar in concrete or titanium in ringer's solution, the 2273 was designed to address a wide range of corrosion applications. PowerCORR Corrosion Software and PowerSINE EIS Soft-ware complement the 2273's impressive specifications to create the ultimate tool for any corrosion lab. Working with large electrodes or resistive media? The 2273's 100V compliance voltage takes care of that. Studying a new corrosion inhibitor or coating technology? Femtoamp current resolutions and 10^13 input impedance make even the toughest EIS measurements seem routine.

Fuel Cells and Batteries

For years, Princeton Applied Research potentiostats/galvanostats have been utilized to further the development of new energy sources. From the early stages of battery development to the charge/discharge experiments on the final product, the 2273 has the current measurement range to address the challenges that lie ahead for the next generation of batteries. Fuel Cells offer a cleaner energy source for the future, and the 2273 helps bring that technology to market. Use EIS to examine the impedance of the PEM at different humidity levels, perform I/V curves on SOFCs, or run CVs on DMFC assemblies. The 2273 and the entire PowerSuite package has the potential to take your research to the next level.

Applications

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2273 Contour Plot

We have performed a series of impedance experiments on known resistive and capacitive cells and have evaluated the accuracy of these measurements. The results are summarized on the EIS Contour Plot for the 2273 potentiostat. The results on the above contour was taken in the potentiostatic EIS mode, using a standard amplitude of 10 mV. The blue area within the plot is that region for which the error in the impedance is less than 1% or 2°.

EIS Contour Plot for the 2273

3.5 pf

260 µH

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Power AmplifierCompliance Voltage: ±100 VMaximum Current: ±2 ARise Time: <250 ns (No Load)Slew Rate: > 15 V/µs (No Load)

System PerformanceMinimum Time Base: 20 µsMinimum Potential Step: 2.5 µVNoise and Ripple: <50 µV rms (typical)Minimum Current Range: 2 nA (hardware)Minimum Current Range: 40 pA (after 50X gain)Minimum Current Resolution: 1.2 fA

iR CompensationPositive Feedback

Range: 2000 M W to 2 W (depending on current range)

Current Interrupt16 bit DAC Potential Error Correction

Current MeasurementRanges: 10 decades, 2 A to 2 nAAccuracy (dc)

20 µA to 2A: <0.4% Full Scale20 nA and 1 µA Ranges: <0.5% 2 nA < 0.75%

Frequency Response (small signal)2 mA Range: 3 dB at >1 MHz, 1k source impedance20 µA Range: 3 dB at >100 kHz, 100k source impedance

Differential ElectrometerInput Bias Current: <5 pA at 25°CMax. Voltage Range: ±10 VMax. Input Voltage Differential: ±10 VBandwidth: 3 dB @ >15 MHzCommon Mode Rejection:

>80 dB at 100 Hz>60 dB at 100 kHz

Input Impedance: 1013 Ω ιn parallel with <5 pF

Potential/Current ControlDigital/Analog Converters (DACs)Bias DAC

Resolution: 16 bitsRange (Potentiostat): ±10 VRange (Galvanostat): ±100% of full-scale current

Modulation DACResolution: 16 bits

Impedance SpecificationsFrequency Range: 10 µHz - 1 MHz

DimensionsWidth 20"Depth 18.75"Height 9"

Weight31 kg (68 lbs)

Power Requirements90/130 V AC or 200/260 V AC, 50-60 Hz600 Watts Max.

Computer Interface Universal Serial Bus

PowerSuite Software (sold seperately)

PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance SpectroscopyPowerCORR Corrosion MeasurementPowerCV Cyclic Voltammetry PowerSTEP Chronoamperomtry/ChronopotentiometryPowerPULSE Electroanalytical SoftwarePowerECHEM Consists of PowereCV,PowerSTEP& Power

PULSE

Operating System Microsoft Windows 98/2000/NT/XP

2273 Specifications

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PowerPULSE Electroanalytical Software

• Squarewave Voltammetry• Differential Pulse Voltammetry• Normal and Reverse Normal Pulse Voltammetry• Cyclic Squarewave Voltammetry • Cyclic Differential Pulse Voltammetry• Anodic Stripping Voltammetry• Recurrent (Cycling) Potential • Galvanic Pulse techniques for battery cycling with potential

current, and charge limitation settings.• Multi-Step Chronoamperometry/Chronopotentiometry

PowerCV Cyclic Voltammetry • Linear Scan• RΩ Determination• Ramp Cyclic Voltammetry• Staircase Cyclic Voltammetry

PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

• Potentiostatic EIS (Single-Sine and Multi-Sine)• Galvanostatic EIS (GEIS)• Mott-Schottky techniques for all your EIS needs• Frequency scans of 10 µHz–1 MHz• Numerous analysis tools to easily extract information from the data including Line

Fit, Circle Fit, and Graphical Impedance Math (Z Math)• Merge data from multiple scans into one data set for analysis, including potentio-

static EIS scans with galvanostatic EIS scans

PowerCORR Corrosion Measurement• Tafel Plot• Anodic Polarization• Linear Polarization• Potentiostatic• Galvanostatic• Ecorr versus Time• Galvanic Corrosion• Cyclic Polari• Zero Resistance Ammeter• Galvanodynamic

PowerSTEP Chronoamperomtry/Chronopotentiometry

• One Step Chronoamperometry • Two Step Chronoamperometry • Chronopotentiometry • RW Determination

Discover the power of true 32-bit Windows programs in our PowerSuite software platform. Take advantage of powerful wizards, graphics data presentation formats and easy-to-use import/export tools for both graphs and data.

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PowerSuite Software

Data Storage FormatPowerSuite’s unique data storage format ulitizing Microsoft ACCESS database provides other powerful features available to PowerSuite. These include making changes to some experimental parameters on the fly, performing fits on data as it’s being collected, search-ing data files based on comments added by the user, and exporting data and plots to oth-er programs such as Microsoft Excel or Microsoft PowerPoint.

Powerful Graphics

PowerSuite’s dominant feature is it’s graphical capabilities. It provides tremendous flexibility with data presentation. Up to four plots can be viewed simultaneously, on the screen without opening a separate viewing program. Several default plots are available, and the user has the ability to modify each graph or create and save their own custom graphs according to their own criteria. A wide variety of parameters are available for plot-ting, as well as the ability to add a second Y-axis or view the plot in 3D. The user can select the data symbols/lines desired, as well as change the color of any plot. Additional graphical features allow the data of any axis to be mathematically changed (by choosing to either add, subtract, divide, or multiply the axis values) using the Data Factors feature. This feature can be used to change data in amps to microamps for comparison purposes. It can also be used to convert a potential reading acquired from an ancillary component (such as a temperature probe) through the A/D Input into its proper value (such as degrees C).

Experiment Wizard

For new users, the "New Experiment Wizard" guides you through a step by step process to configure all aspects of the experiment. If you have a setup that is to be repeated over sev-eral experiments, it can be "Saved as a Template…", recalled, and executed without hav-ing to reenter information with each use.

Complete Plotting Control

Up to four different graphs from prior experiments canappear simultaneously. Overlay data can be placed on theplots prior to acquiring the data, which allows the user tocompare the two data sets as the experiment progresses!Overlaid data graphical properties can also be modified interms of color or plot style, and any overlaid data can beselected to become the "active" data file, at which point thecurrent file becomes an overlay, and full data analysis canbe performed on what was an overlay! A number ofgraphical and analytical features are available by simplyright-clicking on any graph and selecting from a fullcomplement of options.

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2273 Ordering Information

2273/8A 8A @ 50V Booster Option2273/10A 10A @ 20V Booster Option2273/20A 20A @ 20V Booster Option

Cable Accessories

C0379 Additional 2273 Cell CableC0380 2273 to Glove Box Interface Cable ( LEMO to LEMO, plus a wired bulkheadconnector)

Ancillary Equipment

303A Static Mercury Drop Electrode507 Interface for the Model 303AQCA922 Quartz Crystal Analyzer616 Rotating Disk Electrode636 Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode

Cell Accessories

K0047 Corrosion Cell KitK0235 Corrosion Flat CellK0264 Micro-Cell KitRDE0018 Analytical Cell Kit

2273 General Purpose Potentiostat/Galvanostat

Extended Warranty

2273 EW Silver Extended Warranty Plan for the 2273

Princeton Applied Research offers extended warranties and/or site service contracts on all its instruments. There are three levels of coverage starting with the basic silver level that is a one-year extension of our free one-year initial warranty. Silver level extended warran-ty includes labor, material, and return shipping. The Gold and Platinum levels offer an increased product protection plan.

info@pari-online.com • www.princetonappliedresearch.com801 South Illinois Avenue, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0895 U.S.A.

(800) 366-2741 or (865) 482-4411 • Fax (865) 483-0396For International Office Locations, Visit Our Website

PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance SpectroscopyPowerCORR Corrosion MeasurementPowerCV Cyclic Voltammetry PowerSTEP Chronoamperomtry/ChronopotentiometryPowerPULSE Electroanalytical SoftwarePowerECHEM Consists of PowereCV,PowerSTEP& Power PULSE