Is inflation targeting useful in a period of financial chaos? Indeed, was it ever useful?
We do not perceive the world how it really is, but as it is useful for us to perceive it.
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Transcript of We do not perceive the world how it really is, but as it is useful for us to perceive it.
We do not perceive the world how it really is,
but as it is useful for us to perceive it.
PerceptionPerceptionThe process of organizing and interpreting information we get from our senses
•enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
In transformingsensations into perceptions,
we create the meaning
Selective AttentionSelective Attention
• Any moment we focus our awareness on only a limited aspect of all that we experience
• Example– directions video
Cocktail Party EffectCocktail Party Effect
• Ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many
Visual CaptureVisual Capture
The dominance of vision over other sense modalities, such that what is felt or heard conforms to what is seen.
Perceptual IllusionsPerceptual Illusions
• Once we have attended to certain stimuli, how do we organize them into meaningful perceptions?
• Dalmatian Picture
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Visual CaptureVisual Capture
• When vision competes with other senses, vision usually wins- known as visual capture
• For example- watching a movie, in theatres we believe the sound is coming from the screen where people are talking, when really, it’s not
Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization
• To transform sensory information into meaningful perceptions, we must organize it
• We must perceive objects as distinct from their surroundings, see them as having a meaningful and constant form, and discern their distance and motion.
GestaltGestalt
• German scientist became intrigued with how the mind organizes sensations into perceptions
• Given a cluster of sensations, the human perceiver organizes them into a gestalt
• Described principles by which we organize our senses into perceptions
Gestalt Psychology• Gestalt means “an organized whole”• These psychologists were concerned with how
and why we GROUP objects together.• They stated that humans can not help but
perceive stimuli in groups rather than individual or isolated elements
This explains why we see a cube and not a set of isolated holes or circles
Perceptual Organization: Gestalt
Grouping the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli
into coherent groups Grouping Principles
proximity--group nearby figures together similarity--group figures that are similar continuity--perceive continuous patterns closure--fill in gaps connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are
seen as unit when connected
Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles
ProximityProximity
• We group nearby figures together.
Proximity
• Grouping nearby figures together
3 sets of parallel lines not six separate lines
SimilaritySimilarity
• Figures similar to each other we group together.
Similarity
• Grouping together figures that are similar to each other
9 separate shapes9 separate shapesOrOr
Two columns and oneTwo columns and oneColumn?Column?
ContinuityContinuity
• We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
Continuity
• Perceiving smooth continuous patterns not discontinuous ones
ConnectednessConnectedness
• When they are uniform and linked, we perceive spots, lines, or areas as a single unit
Perceptual Organization: Perceptual Organization: ClosureClosure
We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object
Closure
• Filling in gaps to create a complete, whole object
Perceptual Organization
Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
Warm-UpWarm-Up
1. What is perception?
2. Give an example of bottom-up processing
3. Explain Gestalt Psychology and give one example of grouping.
4. Explain Cocktail Party Effect
PerceptionPerceptionOur perceptions are affected by Our perceptions are affected by
the biology of our sensory the biology of our sensory systems, but also by our previous systems, but also by our previous
experiences and cultural experiences and cultural expectations.expectations.
Or in other words our…Or in other words our…
SchemasSchemas
Take a moment to write down a few adjectives to describe each person based
on their pictures.
A B
Which one is better looking?Which one is better looking?
Perception is also often based Perception is also often based on…on…
Perceptual SetPerceptual Set A bias to perceive one thing and not another when A bias to perceive one thing and not another when
looking at things in our worldlooking at things in our world Sort of the same thing as a mental setSort of the same thing as a mental set So in some ways it can cause us to make errors in So in some ways it can cause us to make errors in
judgments when we are trying to perceive the world judgments when we are trying to perceive the world through our sensesthrough our senses
• What you see in the center is influenced byyour perceptual set
What do you see?What do you see?
Perceptual Set
Bill Clinton and who?
Perceptual Set-Schemas
Which is the real Madonna?
Perceptual Set-Schemas
• When we hold the eyes as a constant it is difficult to identify the correct Madonna. Now that the image is rotated it is easy to tell the difference.
Perceptual IllusionsPerceptual IllusionsUsed to reveal how we normally organize Used to reveal how we normally organize
and interpret sensationsand interpret sensations
Optical or Visual IllusionsOptical or Visual IllusionsDiscrepancies between the appearance of a Discrepancies between the appearance of a
visual stimulus and its physical realityvisual stimulus and its physical reality
Form Perception
• Figure-Ground
Relationship • When we look at objects we
see the object as the figure and its surroundings as the background – Airplane in the sky
Depth PerceptionDepth Perception The ability to see objects in three The ability to see objects in three
dimensions although the images that dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional.strike the retina are two dimensional.
Allows us to judge distance.Allows us to judge distance.
Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual OrganizationDepth PerceptionDepth Perception
Visual CliffVisual Cliff
Used to test infants depth perception
How do we transform two-How do we transform two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional objects to three-
dimensional perception?dimensional perception?
Binocular CuesBinocular Cues: : depth cues that depend on two depth cues that depend on two
eyeseyes
•Monocular CuesMonocular Cues: •depth cues that depend on one eye
Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Binocular cues retinal disparity
images from the two eyes differ
closer the object, the larger the disparity
convergence neuromuscular
cue two eyes move
inward for near objects
Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Monocular Cues relative size
smaller image is more distant
interposition closer object blocks distant object
relative clarity hazy object seen as more distant
texture coarse --> closefine --> distant
Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Monocular Cues (cont.) relative height
higher objects seen as more distant
relative motion closer objects seem to move faster
linear perspective parallel lines converge with distance
relative brightness closer objects appear brighter
Linear Perspective
Parallel lines seem to converge with distance.
Linear Perspective at WorkLinear Perspective at Work
•Relative SizeRelative Sizeif we know that two objects are similar in size, the if we know that two objects are similar in size, the
one that looks smaller is farther awayone that looks smaller is farther away
Relative Size
InterpositionInterpositionif something is blocking our view, we perceive it if something is blocking our view, we perceive it
as closeras closer
Motion PerceptionMotion Perception
What tools do we use to perceive What tools do we use to perceive motion…motion…
Stroboscopic movementStroboscopic movement Perceiving continuous movementPerceiving continuous movement ExampleExample
• MoviesMovies
Flip Book Example
Phi Phenomenon• An illusion of movement created when two or more
adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.
CataractsCataracts
•Definition: an eye disease in which the lens becomes covered in an opaque film that affects sight, eventually causing total loss of sight.
ESPESPThree types of ESP:
1. Telepathy- mind to mind communication
2. Clairvoyance- perceiving events as they are taking place
3. Precognition- perceiving future events
Also associated with ESP, psychokinesis (“mind over matter”