We are REALLY excited to talk paper vs. plastic!
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Transcript of We are REALLY excited to talk paper vs. plastic!
We are REALLY excited to talk paper vs. plastic!We love packaging!
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Paper vs. Plastic
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Paper feedstock
• The primary raw materials used for paperboard production include wood chips, residual material from softwood dimensional lumber production, and recovered paper or paperboard products.
• Additional inputs include chemicals for cooking liquors, additives such as starch and aluminum sulfate, sizing agents such as natural resins or synthetic sizing, and pigments and latex used for coatings (StoraEnso 2008).
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Pulp Conversion
• First, the wood is broken down into cellulose fibers by chemically dissolving the lignin that binds the wood fibers together (chemical pulping).
• After which, the slue is bleached, which serves to remove additional lignin from the fiber and lightens the pulp.
• Common bleaching chemicals include chlorine dioxide and to alesser degree oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and enzymes such as xylanase.
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Paper Making • The papermaking process begins at the wet end of the
papermaking machine where a layer of furnish consisting of about 99% water and 1% pulped fiber is dispersed evenly onto a continuously moving wire screen.
• As the furnish moves through the process more and more water is removed and the paper is formed as it moves through a series of rollers.
• Once the fiber mat is established on the screen, the remainder of the process smoothes the paper through calendaring and removes water using vacuums and presses, followed by final drying.
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Environmental Considerations
• Pulp and papermaking requires large inputs of water, energy, chemicals, and wood resources, and produces various wastes and emissions that must be controlled or treated (U.S. DOE 2005).
• Impacts on the environment can come from toxic and hazardous chemicals in air and water emissions, thermal and wastewater loading to natural waterways, odor–causing chemicals, air pollutants from combustion, and solid wastes (U.S. DOE 2005).
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Monomer Production Process
• Both natural gas and petroleum are extracted from the earth for the production of plastic.
• After extraction, these materials are transported to a gas processing plant or oil refinery where they are mixed with naphtha prior to the steam cracking process.
• The extreme heat used in the process reduces or ‘cracks’ the molecule size of the natural gas or oil, forming lighter and more reactive hydrocarbons like ethylene and other monomers such as propylene.
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Polymer Production Process, Ex: PP• PP is typically formed in either liquid or gas phase propylene
reactions. • Liquid propylene polymerization is carried out at pressure of
about 365-510 psi and a temperature of 140-175 F. The process requires a reactor for the propylene monomer, hydrogen, and catalyst.
• As the propylene monomer flows through the reactor, about 50% of it reacts and becomes polypropylene polymer.
• The unreacted propylene is recycled back to the reactor. The polypropylene polymer is fed into a pelletizer to form pellets.
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Environmental Considerations
• Oil and natural gas are the primary sources of energy for resin production; however, 10-15% of energy required for resin production is embedded in the polymer available for later recovery.
• Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are the major greenhouse gases emitted during resin production; however, over 75% of C02 emissions are related to fossil fuel use (Franklin 2007).
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HDPE LDPE LLDPE PP PET GPPS HIPS PVC ABS Fiber-Based Packaging Materials
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2
4
6
8
10
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Energy Required for Production of Common Packaging Polymers and Fiber-Based Packaging Materials (Franklin Associates, a Division of ERG, 2007 & U.S. DOE, 2005)
Material Type
Mill
ion
Btu
per 1
,000
lbs
of m
ater
ial p
rodu
ced
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PET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS PLA0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Overall Emissions/Waste Generated in Polymer Production(Franklin 2007. Brown and Cole 1993, APME 2005/6 & NAPCOR 2006)
Air EmissionsWater DischargesSolid Waste
Polymer Type
Lbs
of w
aste
gen
erat
ed p
er 1
,000
lbs
of re
sin
prod
uced
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Multipl
e with
in SIC
Cod
e 26*
Paperb
oard
Mills
Paper
Mills
Pulp M
ills
Paper
Coated
& La
minated
, nec
*
Paper
Coated
and L
amina
ted, P
acka
ging
Folding
Pap
erboa
rd Box
es
Conve
rted P
aper
Produc
ts, ne
c*
Sanita
ry Foo
d Con
taine
rs
Bags:
Plastic
, Lam
inated
, & C
oated
Fiber C
ans,
Drums &
Sim
ilar P
roduc
ts
Bags:
Uncoa
ted P
aper
& Mult
iwall
Corrug
ated &
Soli
d Fibe
r Box
es
Sanita
ry Pap
er Prod
ucts
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
TRI Data: Pulp and Paper Production Air Emissions and Surface Water Discharges(U.S. EPA 1996)
Total Air EmissionsSurface Water Discharges
Industry
Lbs
of E
mis
sion
s/Di
scha
rges
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Container and Packaging MSW Data, 2007 (U.S. EPA 2008)
Paper & Paperboard52%
Plastic17%
Glass15%
Wood11%
Steel3%
Aluminum 2%
Paper & PaperboardPlasticGlassWoodSteelAluminum
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Container and Packaging % Recovery, (US EPA 2008)
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Paper vs. Plastic COMPASS LCACS-002 plastic: 36.854 g of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) converted using Thermoforming with Calendering
CS-002 corrugated: 96.544 g of Corrugated converted using Production of Corrugated Container
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