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www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential
WCDMA RNP&RNO
Concept
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential 2
WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Nominal Planning
WCDMA Final Design
WCDMA RNP Principles and Procedures
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RNP Definition
According to deployment and evolution requirements, as well as cost-effectiveness
consideration, generate the amount of Network Elements (NE), NE configuration, and
Transmission design between different NE.
Network Planning Scope
Core networkfocus on CN element dimension and configuration.
Radio networkfocus on RAN element dimension and configuration
Transmission network
focus on link dimension and
configuration between network elements.RNS
RNCRNS
RNC
Core Network
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu Iu
Iur
Iub IubIub Iub
Definition & Scope
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WCDMA network planning solution
WCDMA Radio network planning (NodeB/RNC)
WCDMA Transmission network planning (Iu/Iur/Iub)
WCDMA Core network planning (CS/PS domain)
WCDMA RNP tools development
U-NetHuawei
Network KPI
Pilot pollution
Soft-handover ratio and probability
Access probability of
different services
Best Server Distribution
CE dimension
Estimation result
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Objectives of network planning
The RF Design of wireless system revolves four
main principles. These principles are Coverage,
Capacity, Quality and Cost. And further, adapt to
the future network development and expansion.
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Planning issues Planning should meet current standards and demands and also comply with future
requirements.
Uncertainty of future traffic growth and service needs.
High bit rate services require knowledge of coverage and capacity enhancementsmethods.
Real constraints
Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for old operators.
Environmental constraints for new operators.
Network planning depends not only on the coverage but also on load.
Objectives of Radio network planning
Capacity:
To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and delay.
Coverage:
To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of the service in the entire
service area. Quality:
Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the required QoS.
Costs:
To enable an economical network implementation when the service is established and acontrolled network expansion during the life cycle of the network.
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Realize 11 frequency reuseThe capacity per WCDMA cell is soft for
it is related to environment and neighbor
cell interference.
Supports multiple services with differentspeed rate and QoS, and each service
has different coverage range.
Adopts cellular network structure andfrequency planning to guarantee
intra/inter-frequency interference
Users supported can be calculated from
carriers and timeslots if the interference
meets the requirements.
Provides voice service
Difference between WCDMA and GSM
GSM WCDMA
64K 12.2K144K384K
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WCDMA RNP procedure overview
Capacity
Quality Coverage
Interference
Final design
preparation
Dimensioning Nominal Planning
Site survey
Deployment
Detailed planning& pre-optimization
Preliminary design
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WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Preliminary Design
WCDMA Cell Planning
CONTENTS
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Input & Output
Coverage related
Coverage area
Coverage probability
Capacity related
Traffic model
Service model
User density
Quality related
QoS requirements
GoS requirements
Demodulation
threshold
System
dimensioning
Number of sites
System configuration
Sector structure
Number of carriers
Cost on network
construction
Site cost
Equipment cost
Input Output
Coverage design
Capacity design
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Output from Huawei RND
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Receiver Sensitivity
PDCH_Max
Minimum Required Signal Strength
EiRP
PUE_Max
Slow Fading Margin
Penetration Loss
TX RX
Duplexer
Antenna
UE
PL_DL
PL_UL
Body Loss
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for Background
Noise
TX RX
Duplexer
Cable
Antenna
Node B
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for Background
Noise
Soft HandoverArea
SHO Gain
WCDMA Link Budget
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Network Dimension flow chart
DU ??km^2
U ?? km^2SU ??km^2
RA ??km^2HW ??km
Geographical information
DU km2
U km2
SU km2RA km2
HW km2
Adjust
UL loading
Downwards
UL cell range
with specific
UL loading
Service-specific Information
Service Type, Proportion
Service Density
Service Forecast
DL Loading
in specific
circumstancesCell Range
Y (Capacity-limited)
COST231-HATA,...
Applicable Propagation Model
COST231-HATA, ...
If the upper limit
of configuration
be reached
Large than
Less than (Coverage-limited)
Shrink the Cell
Cell Loading vs.
Maximum Allowable Value
N
Add the amount of configuration
(sectorization, carriers,...)
Equal to
SiteConfiguration
Cell Range
Number of Site
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Capacity & Coverage Trade Off
The coverage for a WCDMA system is generally limited by the uplink. This is because the
maximum output power of the mobile is lower than for the base station, so the base station can
reach longer than the mobile can.
Capacity is generally limited by the downlink. This is because better receiver techniques can be
used in the base station than in the mobile. Since most forecasts predict an asymmetric load
where the users download data to a larger extent than sending, the downlink will be most
important from a capacity point of view.
Capacity and coverage is closely related in a WCDMA system. When traffic increases, the levelof interference in the system increases. To compensate for this, the mobile has to increase its
output power in order to defeat the increased noise, or in already at max power, make the
connection closer to the base station.
Due to the increase of traffic, the effective cell area has shrunk. This behavior is known as cell
breathing. In an FDMA or TDMA-system this problem does not arise, since coverage and
capacity is largely independent.
To reduce cell breathing interference margins are included when dimensioning the network,
which has the effect of increasing site density.
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Coverage Limited Uplink
Capacity limited scenario
In this case the system load is higher than the initial value used to compute the cell range.
This means that either the cell capacity must be increased or the cell size decreased. The
first option is to increase the cell capacity by adding additional carriers or PA. If the
system loading remains above the maximum permitted level then the cell range must be
reduced such that there are fewer users loading the cell. A reduction in cell range is made
and the system load re-calculated until the actual system load matches the maximumpermitted system load. This then defines the final cell range
Coverage limited scenario
In this case the system load is lower than the initial value used to compute the cell range.
This means that the rise in interference floor used in the link budget calculation was to
pessimistic. To achieve a match between the actual system load and that value in the link
budget, the complete process is repeated with a lower value of permitted system load.
This will lead to a lower increase in interference floor, a greater cell range and thus more
users in each cell and a higher actual system load.
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Coverage Limited UplinkUsing a propagation model like for example Okumura-Hata, it is possible to convert a change
of the interference level into a changed site density, compared to a reference case.
Table below shows the change in number of sites if the interference margin in the link budgetis changed. A negative dB value means that the link budget is worse compared to the
reference case, and thus more sites are needed.
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Relation of Uplink and Downlink Load
Downlink load is always higher
than uplink load due to:
asymmetry in user traffic
different Eb/No values in
uplink and downlink
orthogonality in downlink
overhead due to soft-
handover
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
UL Load [%]
DL
Load[%]
Increasing
asymmetry
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WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Nominal Planning
WCDMA Final Design
CONTENTS
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Nominal Planning
Based on the result of network dimension, preliminary design
present Information of theoretical sites including following :
Site coordinates.
Engineering parameters such as Antenna height, azimuths and tilts.
Radio parameters such as scrambling code ,transmit power of different
channels, etc.
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Preliminary design flow chart
Radio
Network
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Report
Contract
Initial sites
choosing
System
simulation
Target
Size
Phase No.
Available sites
information
Site adjustment?
Y
N
Bidding
Document
Sites importingPropagation
model
Nominal planning report
(Including: search ring and
Theoretical site specification)
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About simulation
Unlike GSM network, in CDMA coverage and capacity are too inter-related to
be predicted accurately, so we introduced Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate
the performance of a radio network.
EcEc/Iopilot pollution distribution
Soft (softer) handover area analysis
UE transmit power
Eb/No, access successful rate of each service
Monte Carlo is a static simulation
During Monte Carlo simulation, the performance of the network is analyzed over various
instances in time (snapshot), where UEs are in statistically determined places with the
given traffic model. The ability of each terminal to make its connection to the network is
calculated through an iterative process.
WCDMA simulation
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Setup
network
Design
Run Pilot
Field
Strength
Prediction
Pilot
Level
OK?
Traffic
Forecast
Avail?
Run UMTS
Traffic
simulation
Setup fixed
Load values
Make predictions(Services)
PerformanceRequirements
Fulfilled?
Neighbors planning&Scrambling code
allocation
RNP Input &
Equipment
configuration
Neighborhood
planning criteria
Scrambling code
allocation criteria
Outputparameters
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
Traffic modelSimulation flow-chart
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Simulation output
Simulation output
Pilot coverage (Ec, Ec/Io) in the targetareas
Best server plot
Coverage probability distribution of eachservice
Access failure distribution and statistic ofeach service
Continuous coverage areas of eachservice
Cell load distribution of downlink anduplink
Pilot pollution distribution
Soft handover areas statistic of each
service
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WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Nominal Planning
WCDMA Final Design
CONTENTS
Fi l D i fl h t
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Final Design flow-chart
Site list
Radio network
preliminary plan
report
New site or not2G site or not
Output SearchRings
Identifytheoreticalsite
Confirm site
conditions
or not
Site survey report
Meet site
requirements
or not
Yes
Site survey
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Noise test Noise test report
Based on the preliminary design report,
we conduct more detailed cell planning.
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For each theoretical site, a physical site will be acquired in this phase through
following steps:
Define search areas
Site ranking
Identify candidate sites
Site acquisition
Site Survey
A suitable physical site
Give adequate radio coverage.
Have connectivity into the transmission network.
Be aesthetically and politically acceptable to the local community.
Have power nearby, good access and a co-operative owner.
A3rd
D1st
C2ndB- Unsuitable
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Site Survey report
The surveyor will prepare a report listing the options, and
following items will included in the report:
Accurate grid reference.
Accurate height of structures or available antenna windows.
Photographs of the site.
360 panoramic photos from site or if obstructed from nearby
location/structure.
From site survey report, RNP engineers can derive
appropriate site location, antenna type,height, azimuth, down tilt, etc.
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Verification by system simulation
It is an iterative process to
verify the final design untilall the requirements are
fulfilled
Coverage prediction
RNP
Planningresults
Are
Requirement
s Fulfilled?
Traffic distribution System simulation
WCDMA RNP output
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WCDMA RNP output
LAC, RAC, SAC Plan
Neighbor relation plan (intra-frequency, inter-
frequency, and inter-system) Frequency plan
Scrambling code plan
Power allocation for each channel
Handover parameters
Access control parameters
Other radio parameters
After performance verification by simulation, we produce with more detailed contents. In order to guide the project
implementation, the report should also include following items
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Main Topics WCDMA RNP Principles and Procedures
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
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To enhance network performance
--- e.g. coverage/accessibility/mobility
To resolve specific issues
--- e.g. interference/coverage
To improve subscribers QoE
--- e.g. service quality/drop calls
To enhance network stability
--- e.g. traffic increase/upgrade
Network Optimization Target
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WCDMA Optimization Overview
Pre-Launch Optimization ( L1-Optimisation)
- Initial step to fine tune and optimise WCDMA network based on L1 (Physical layer) when
network have low load. (or unload)
- Optimisation is mainly based on drive test measurement and aim to verify and improve
on coverage design ( CPICH EcNo, CPICH RSCP), SC planning, neighbour planning
and parameter settings related to call setup ,call drop and mobility performance
- To ensure on the readiness of network before launch, optimiser also need to verify on
hardware stability ,system capacity (enough to handle the forecast load) and QOS of all
services.
Post-Launch Optimization
- Further step to optimise network when there is an actual load ( RT and NRT).
- Optimisation is based on both traffic statistic and drive test measurement. There will be
more parameters tuning e.g. load control, admission control , package scheduler and
also mobility management.
O ti i ti th h t Lif C l
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Construc t ion phase
TroubleshootingBooming phase
Potential Seeking
Mature phase
Balancing
Time
Subs.Number
RF plan review
Single site verification
Pre-launch optimization
KPI analysis ComplaintsDT & CQT
Customized and
differentiated
services
Billing strategies
Drop call
Congestion
Poor quality
Access failure
RF adjustment
Para. adjustment
Maintenance and upgrade
Network expansion
.
Investment
Return
Commercia l
launch
Optimization throughout Life Cycle
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Network Optimization Phases
RF optimization
Y
N
NY
Single site verification
80sites in the
cluster ready?
Service test and
parameter optimization
Routine drive test andstats. analysis
Acceptance criteria
satisfied?
New site integrated
Optimization
preparation
Acceptance
N t k O ti i ti Ph
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Network Optimization Phases Single site verification
To verify the functionality of new sites
--- e.g. site installation, basic functions of the cell
RF optimization
To control interference & pilot pollution
To optimize coverage & 3G neighbor lists
Services test & para. optimization
To evaluate network performance
To optimize network parameters
Regular route testing & stats. analysis
To monitor & evaluate network performance
To identify & solve new network issues
--- e.g. issues caused by traffic increase
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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Site Verification Target To verify cell coverage
CPICH RSCP
To investigate interference
NodeB RTWP & CPICH Ec/Io
To verify site installation
e.g. PA/antenna/feeders issues
To check service function
CS call & PS attach/detach
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Site Verification Items
Cell basic information confirm
Item: frequency, SC, LAC/RAC
Tool: engineering UE
Purpose: basic parameters check
Cell coverage verification
Item: CPICH RSCP
Tool: engineering UE or scanner
Purpose: identify equipment issues
--- e.g. PA, antenna, feeder connection, etc
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Site Verification Items Cell interference investigation
Item: NodeB RTWP, CPICH Ec/Io
Tool: NodeB LMT, engineering UE or scanner
Purpose: UL/DL interference investigation
Service function verification
Item: voice (MO/MT), VP (MO/MT)
PS attach/detach, PDP activation
Tool: engineering UE
Purpose: CS/PS service function check
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WCDMA RNO P i i l d P d
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
RF O ti i ti T t
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RF Optimization Target
To optimize coverage
To minimize pilot pollution
To optimize cell dominance
To optimize neighbor cell list
To resolve RF-related drop calls
RF O ti i ti P d
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RF Optimization ProcedureDrive test
Identify RF issues
Identify candidate
cells for changes
Identify nature of
required changes
Determine amount
of changes
Implement changes
Repeat drive test
Finished
N
Problem resolved?
Y
P CPICH M t R f
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P-CPICH as Measurement Reference
Received Signal Code Power (in dBm)CPICH RSCP
received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band(in dB)CPICH Ec/No
received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise
generated in the receiverUTRA carrier
RSSI
CPICH Ec/No =CPICH RSCP
UTRA carrier RSSI
CPICH Ec/No
0: -24
1: -23.5
2: -23
3: -22.5...
47: -0.5
48: 0
Ec/No values in dB
CPICH RSCP
0: -115
1: -114
2: -113
:88: -27
89: -26
RSCP values in dBm
UTRA carrier RSSI
0: -110
1: -109
2: -108
:71: -39
72: -38
73: -37
RSSI values in dBm
Optimization Overview Block A
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Optimization-Overview Block A
Optimization-Overview
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Optimization Overview
Optimization Overview Block A
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Optimization-Overview Block A
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Poor Coverage: Example
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Poor Coverage: Example
Optimization Overview Block B
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Optimization-Overview Block B
Optimization Overview Block C
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Optimization-Overview Block C
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Poor Cell Dominance: Example
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Poor Cell Dominance: Example
Pilot Pollution Minimization
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Pilot Pollution Minimization
-62-64
-66-68 -69
-81
-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 SC5 SC6
RSCP(dBm)
Active Set Pilot Pollution
Margin
Not
Pilot Pollution
Ways to optimize:
(1) Antenna adjustment
(e.g. azimuth or down tilt)
(2) Pilot power
optimization
SHO candidates (A)
Active set size (B)
If A>B, pilot pollution exists
Pilot pollution definition:Pilot pollution will result in:
(1) low signal quality(2) decreased system capacity
(3) Call drops easier
Pilot Pollution: Example
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Pilot Pollution: Example
Summary Of Solutions
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Summary Of Solutions
Down-tilting of interfering cells antenna, whichgenerate pilot pollution
Change CPICH Tx Power: Increase servingcells Tx power but decrease interfering cells Txpower
Change antenna bearing angles of cellsinvolved in pilot pollution
Decrease antenna height of interfering cells andincrease antenna height of victim cell withadequate tilting angle
Change antenna patterns of cells involved in
pilot pollution. Smaller gains for interfering cellsand higher gain for victim cell
Up-tilting of serving cells antenna to extendcoverage radius and to improve unsatisfiedcoverage area
Increase CPICH Tx Power of serving cell
Change Antenna Bearing Angle: Focus themain beam of antenna to coverage holes andlow RSCP area
Increase serving cells antenna height to gethigher effective antenna gain but there is risk tomake undesirable inter-cell interference toadjacent cells
Change Antenna Pattern: Displace with highergain antenna with adequate antenna tilting.
Tuning methods forCoverage Problem Area
Tuning methods forDominance Problem AreaHigh Priority
RF Parameters Optimization
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RF Parameters Optimization
Engineering parameters adjustment
To adjust antenna down tilt
To adjust antenna azimuth
To adjust antenna location
To adjust antenna height
To replace antenna
To replace site
To add new cell
Radio part parameters adjustment To optimize neighbor cell list
Neighbor Cell List Optimization
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Neighbor Cell List Optimization
Data collection: drive test
Data comparison: scanner, UE
Verify from Mapinfo or Nastar
How to optimize?
How to optimize neighbor cell List?
(1)Compare coverage difference b/w
Scanner and UE
(2) Add missing neighbor cells
(3) Remove useless neighbor cells
Neighbor list classification:
Intra-freq. neighbor cell list
Inter-freq. neighbor cell list
Inter-RAT neighbor cell list
Neighbor cell list influences:
(1) Service Handover (drop call)(2) Cell Reselection
Drive test (service test):
Drop calls during moving
RF-related Drop Calls
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p
Poor coverage
High interference
Poor UL coverage
Poor dominance
Pilot pollution
Missing neighbors
Problems
Fast change of RF condi t ions usu al ly
caus es drop cal ls, e.g. turn ing a co rner.
Poor RSCP & Ec/Io
Poor Ec/Io or RTWP
UE max Tx power
many SHO events
many cells present
Appearance
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
Para Optimization Target
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Para. Optimization Target
To reduce access failures
To reduce drop calls
To enhance service quality
Para. optim ization
is an impo rtant step
after RF optim ization
Service qual i ty and network resou rces
uti l ization w il l be impro ved after para.
opt imizat ion
Parameters to be Optimized
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Parameters to be Optimized
CCCH power allocation para.
RL maximum power para.
Cell re-selection para.
Intra-freq. handover para.
Inter-RAT handover para.
Power control para.
Access power para.
Other related para.
The influence caused by the cell
parameters adjustment shouldbe analyzed carefully.
Seldom adjusted
An effective way toreduce drop calls
WCDMA RNO P i i l d P d
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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R ti St t A l i T t
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Routine Stats. Analysis Target
To benchmark network performance
To monitor traffic volumes & patterns
To assess impact of parameter changes
To identify poorly performing cells
To provide triggers for network upgrade
decisions
Key Performance Indicators KPI
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Key Performance Indicators, KPI KPIs are a set of selected indicators which are used for measuring the current network
performance and trends.
KPIs highlight the key factors of network monitoring and warn in time of potential
problems. KPIs are also used to prioritise the corrective actions.
KPIs can be defined for circuit switched and packet switched traffic separately and be
measured by field measurement systems and M2000
An example set of KPIs
RRC Setup Complete Ratio
RAB Setup Complete Ratio
RAB Active Complete Ratio
Call Setup Success Ratio
Call Drop Rate
Softer/Soft Handover Fail Ratio
KPI Analysis: RRC Connection setup SR
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KPI Analysis: RRC Connection setup SR
Main reason s for fai led RRC connect ion setups :
(1) poor co verage; (2) low FACH power
KPI Analysis: CS RAB setup SR
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KPI Analysis: CS RAB setup SR
Poss ible reasons fo r RAB Setup fai lures:
(1) poor cov erage; (2) no enough resour ce
KPI Analysis: CS Drop Calls
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KPI Analysis: CS Drop Calls
Typical reason s for d rop cal ls:
(1) poor co verage (e.g . SRB/TRB reset);
(2) Stron g UL /DL in terference
(3) Insuff ic ient handover area
KPI Analysis: Inter-RAT HO SR
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a ys s e O S
Data disc repancies between 3G netwo rk and 2G
netwo rk have direct im pact o n inter-RAT HO SR.
e.g. BSIC wro ng
conf igured
in 3G network
Professional Optimization Tools
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MSC/SSP/VLR
HLR/AC
GMSC/SSP
PSTNPLMNISDN
iManagerTMM2000
GENEXNastar
GENEXAssistant
GENEXProbe
CN
Node B
Node B
Node B
RNC
RNC
Node B
Node B
Node BRNS
RNS
GENEX Probe
AGILENT
QUALCOMM
HUAWEI RNC
p
Performance/alarms
/configurations/
engineering para.Capture test data
AnalysisResult
sharing
RAN autoconfigurationconsole
Summary
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y
UMTS NetworkOpt imizat ion
To provide a more competitive
network for OperatorTo provide better quality of
experience for Subscribers
Trade-off between optimized
coverage, capacity, quality
Ongoing optimization acrossnetwork life cycle
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Thank youwww.huawei.com