Watershed management
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Transcript of Watershed management
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Topic : Application of Remote Sensing in Watershed
Management and Desertification
ByRajashree Naik2014MSES0122ND Semister
1st yearDepartment of Environmental Science
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Definition• A hydrological unit• Topographically delineated area drained by a
stream system, fromwhich runoff resulting from precipitation flow past from a point into single stream.
• Development is not confined just to agriculture lands but covers entirecatchment's area.
• Watershed approach links upstream anddownstream areas.
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Watershed Development Approach- Integrated and multi-disciplinary approach.
- To suggest possible exploitation of resources within the limits of tolerance.
- Approach is Preventive, Progressive, Corrective & Curative.
• Objectives -• Conservation of Soil and Water• Improved ability of land to hold water• Maintaining adequate vegetative cover for controlling soilerosion• Rain water harvesting and ground water recharging.
• Benefits -• Promotes economic and social development of community• Employment generation and other income generation• Ecological balance
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Components of Watershed
• Area• Drainage• Perimeter
• Watershed boundary• Length of the stream
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Capability of Remote Sensing for Watershed Attributes Information
Attribute Attribute ParameterSize Area
Shape Geometric form, shape index, formfactor
PhysiographyMean elevation, av. Slope, relief& slope length
Drainage Drainage pattern & density, streamorder
Geology Rock types
Soil Texture, moisture, capability
Landuse Present , wasteland, surface water
Groundwater Potential
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WATERSHED DEMARCATION AND SELECTION
Method: Separation of the major drainage area; principal drainagebasin and sub-basin; watershed
CATEGORIES DELINEATION SYSTEM
Region ………… 1.5-12 lakhs sq km
Basins ………… 0.3- 3.0 lakhs sq km
Catchment …………. 0.1 - 0.5 lakhs sq km
Sub catchment ……. 2000 - 10000 sq km
Watershed …………. 500 - 2000 sq km
Sub-watershed …….. 50 - 500 sq km
Mini Wateshed ……. 10 - 50 sq
km
Micro watershed …… 5 - 10 sq km
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15/04/2023
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Watershed Codification• Region : 4• Basin : E
• Catchment:5• Sub Catchment : A
• Watershed:6• Sub watershed : C• Mini watershed:2
• Micro watershed : a
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15/04/2023
Indicators for Impact Assessment
Natural Resources Surface Runoff
Water Resource Development
Ground Water level/Yield
Change in Irrigated Area
Crop Diversity
Crop Yield
Crop intensity
Fodder Availability
Afforestation
Climate Change & Biodiversity
Land Use Change
Socio Economic
Employment Opportunity
Migration Status
Economic potential of Household Income
BPL Family
Animal Husbandry
Impact on Milk yield
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15/04/2023
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE TAKING UP IMPACT STUDIES
1. SATELLITE IMAGES SHOULD BE OBTAINED ONLY AFTER CONSIDERABLE TIME AFTER IMPLEMENTATION( 6-10 YEARS)
2. CONDITIONS SHOULD BE SIMILAR FOR PRE AND POST TREATMENT RAINFALL- QUANTUM,DISTRIBUTION, ETC SOWING SEASON- EARLY/DELAY
3. AVAILABILTY OF SATELLITE DATA FOR REQUIRED DATES
4. RESOLUTION OF SATELLITE DATA-
SHOULD BE SAME FOR PRE AND POST
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DESERTIFICATION• Assessment of current state of desertification• Analyses of land degradation processes• Selection of basic indicators of desertification• Mapping of degraded land and other related natural
resourses• Evaluating the impact of land use change and
rehabilitating measures taken• Monitoring and mapping is done
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Example• River : Rogue River• State : Oregon• Country : United States• Watershed : Applegate river(tributary of Rogue)• Length:82mtr long• Study area:5,00,000acres• Analysis type : Multiscale Image analysis1. Valley segment scale:1:24,0002. Stream reach scale:1:12,000
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Geospatial technology used• Landsat TM Satellite-30mtr pixel• Digital Elevation Model(DEM)-10mtr pixel (3-D representation-raster ; vector-obtained
through photogrametry;LIDAR)• Digital Orthophoto Quad(DOQ)-1mtr pixel computer generated picture; image displacement
removed , combines features of original photo and georeferenced map)
• Digital colour-infrared camera imagery-1ft pixel (thousands of pictures taken)
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Digital Camera Imagery• DCIR :Infrared remote control(allows onscreen display• Camera System: Kodak DCS-420
Georegistered digital colored infrared camera imagery
overlaid on a DOQ and prepared for analysis
DEM derived stream work
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Valley segment scale
• Used Arc/Info 7.2 AML Program• Valley segment scale:1:24,000• Hydrology info collected :Vegetation General description of upland and riparian vegetation
are appropriate at Valley-segment –assessment-scale
Made a database storing info about sereal stages, canopy closure and size etc..
Vegetation summaries generated to establish relationships between various data obtained
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Result of Valley scale analysis by LANDSAT TM imagery
SUCCESSIONAL STAGES APPLEGATE ACRES
GRASS 1294
SHRUB 280
EARLY SERIAL 1695
LOW DENSITY FOREST 244
11 to 17 inch DBH 722
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Stream Reach Scale• Stream reach scale:1:12,000• A single valley segment along the main stream was
selected• Required finer resolution and more detailed
information than valley segment scale• DCIR camera imagery provide such closeups
HYDROLOGYSpecial Hydrology application was developed using
combined manual $ computer assisted image processing
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HYDROLOGY APPLICATION
DEEP
SHALLOW
VERYSHALLOW
MODERAT
E
SEDIMENT
BARS
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• Stratified aquatic and terrestrial landscape using computer onscreen digitizing techniques
• Then performed an unsupervised classification on aquatic portion of digital camera imagery
• Labelled each resulting classes• Finally smoothed classification by using low
pass filters to minimise the occurrence of isolated pixels
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Final hydrological map showing relative water depth with a ground photography
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Manual Interpretation• Used ARC/TOOLS to view and delineate vegetation
polygons manually onscreen as GIS DATA LAYERS
• Assessed landscape vegetation at variety of scales to formulate MAP and eventually digitised individual vegetation patches no finer than 1:2000.
• This limited scale improved map unit consistency
• Eliminated the possibility of creating insignificantly small polygons
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Computer assissted Interpretation• Resource Specialist also attempeted coputer assited
classification of vegetation for STREAM reach scale
• Though the resulting land over patterns generally matched features in the imagery,the vegetation type were mislabelled and this proved unreliable
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Final vegetation map demonstrating polygon line precision with details
Deciduous -50%
Blackberry-40%
Dry Grass-10%
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PROJECT COMPONENTS
REMOTE SENSING
DATA ACQUITION
IMAGE INTERPRE
TATION
DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
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THANK YOU