WATERBORNE DISEASES&

EFFECTIVE WAYS TO CURB THEM

S.ThamizharasanR.MuraliSREC

HOW MANY ARE AT RISK?

1.1 Billion people lack “improved” drinking water supply

HOW MANY ARE DYING ?

1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases ,

with vast amount of children under the age of five

-WHO

“Dehydration from diarrhoea is still a constant threat to the world’s

children, accounting for almost 3 million deaths each year.”

USAID Save the Children Program

EVERY DISEASE IS DANGEROUS ,

BUT

UNCOMMON DISEASES ARE MORE DANGEROUS

CAUSES

Pathogenic microorganisms

Especially PROTOZOAS

Contamination

• Main Cause - Pollutants

• Leading cause for death

and diseases

Pathway of Contamination

WATER DISEASESCAUSED BY:PROTOZOA

GIARDIA LAMBLIA

ENTAMEBA HISTOLYTICA

Clinical Diseases:

Diarrhoea (steatorrhea)

Weight loss

Constipation

Fatigue

Diagnosis:

Identify trophozoites and cysts by microscopicexamination of stool

TrophozoitesCyst

DRUG AGAINST GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Mode Of Action:

• Inhibits Oxidoreductase.

• Effective Against All Anaerobic Organisms

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

Clinical Disease:

• A. Intestinal:

Diarrhoea

Dysentery (bloody diarrhoea)

• B. Extra-intestinal:

Liver abscess (most common site)

Lung abscess

Brain abscess (highly fatal)

Diagnosis

• Identify trophozoites and/or cysts in feces. Cannot distinguish E. histolytica from

E. dispar bymorphology unless cytoplasm contains RBCs

CYSTTROPHOZOITES

Drugs of Choice

• Intestinal:

Metronidazole and Iodoquinol

• Extra-intestinal

High doses of Metronidazole

CONTROL & PREVENTION

Global Community Individual

GLOBAL LEVEL PREVENTION

• Public health infrastructure

• Standardized surveillance of waterborne diseases outbreaks

• Guidelines for investigating and reporting waterborne diseases

COMMUNITY LEVEL PREVENTION

• Impacts at all levels through Media

• Very powerful , when all the other prevention methods fail

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL PREVENTION

A simple rule of thumb

Boil it , Cook it , Peel it or Forget it

MORE CHALLENGES

• Chlorine Resistant Microbes

• Climate changes

• Economic Barriers for sanitizing large amounts of water

THE ANSWER

• Unmet human needs for water

• Education

• Commitment to elimination of specific waterborne diseases

• Research

The FUTURE ??

• Even if , by the year 2020 , the proportion of people who are unable to afford or lack access to safe drinking water is halved , between 34 and 76 millions people , mostly children , will die from preventable waterborne diseases

- WHO

REFERENCES

• WHO

• USAID

• UNICEF

• Prof. RAYMOND CHANG , (CHINA)