WATER & WASTEWATER REUSE:

POTABLE AND NON-POTABLE

Treated Urban Wastewater Reuse

Is The Need Of The Hour

Ranjana Ray Chaudhuri

Department of Regional Water Studies

TERI University

CONTENT

1. Urbanization Trends In India

2. Urban Water And Waste Water Scenario

3. Challenges

4. Some Solutions

URBANIZATION TRENDS IN INDIA

URBAN POPULATION PROPORTION

YearTotal

population(in million)

Urban population

(in million)

Urban population as

% of total pop.

Decennial growth rate -

urban (%)

1971 548 109 19.9 38.23

1981 683 159 23.3 46.14

1991 844 217 25.7 36.10

2001 1027 285 27.8 31.30

2011 1210 377 31.2 31.80

Source: Census of India

4

URBAN POPULATION PROJECTION

5

Projection:

More than 50% of the country’s population will be Urban by 2050

URBAN WATER AND

WASTEWATER SCENARIO

WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER GENERATION CAUSE-

EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

WastewaterWater Source TRANSPORTING

WATER IN AND

OUT OF THE

CITY

Amount of water supply determines

• Amount of waste water generated

• Size and sophistication of

treatment technologies

Discharge of waste water leads to

• Pollution of drinking water resources

(untreated)

• Replenishment of water bodies (treated)

WATER SUPPLY LEVELS

• Avg. supply in urban areas - 128 lpcd with

a range from 14 to 258 lpcd

• Metropolitan cities – avg. 148 lpcd

• Class I cities – avg. 106 lpcd

• Class II towns – avg. 69 lpcd

8

Source: Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste

Management in Urban Areas, NIUA, 2005

CHALLENGES

SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS:Status of notified ULBs (as in 2010)

Water Supply Benchmark Average

% %

1 Coverage connection 100 50

2 Per capita supply 135 lpcd 69.2 lpcd

3 Metering of connections 100 13

4 Non-revenue water 20 33

5 Continuity of supply 24 hrs 3.1 hrs

6 Quality & Treatment 100 82

7

Efficiency of redressal of customer complaints 80 73

8 Cost recovery 100 39

9

Efficiency in collection of charges 90 59

Source: Ministry of Urban Development, NIUA10

URBAN SANITATION SYSTEM AND SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT

Centralized System

Centralized System De-centralized System

Scale • Applicable at city/town scale • Possible at household, institutional, neighbourhood

scale with local water supply arrangements

Planning and cost • Requires planning at regional level considering

overall growth of city. It involves cost and

technology intensive management system.

• Requires local developmental considerations. It is

economical and simple to manage and community

may participate

Implementation • Demands time and coordination among multiple

agencies

• Within local municipal control and local expertise

(may be local institutions)

Human resource • Requires highly skilled manpower for planning,

execution and operation and maintenance

• Requires basic operational skills

Maintenance and

Reuse

• Requires sophisticated maintenance, including

pipe network maintenance

• Local reuse options are possible without much

infrastructure

De-centralized System

WHY?

Sanitation Health &

Environment

Insufficient Infrastructure

Measures

Resource recovery

Policy Framework

Legal & Environmental

NEED FOR SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT

Individual system

• Managed by Households

De-centralized

system

• Managed by Urban local bodies i.e. ULB

Centralized system

• Managed by ULB Requires a dedicated institution for water supply & sanitation with various departments

STATUS OF DELHI’S DRAINS

Projected Water Demand and

Availability of Fresh Water for Bangalore

Year Population Demand Available Shortfall

(Million) MLD MLD MLD

2001 5.4 870 540 310

2007 7.5 1219 840 379

2015 8.8 1720 1500 220

2021 10 2125 1500 615

2036 12.5 2550 1500 1050

Population figures as per BBMP (area is BBMP only)

NEED FOR REUSE OF TREATED

WASTE WATER

• The gap between supply and demand of water will be very large not

in the very distant future

• In addition, number of WWTP are far less than WTP

• for instance if 600 million people live in urban areas by 2030, then

@100lpd, we will need 60,000 MLD of water and 48,000 MLD of

waste water will be produced. Unless we use a good proportion of

this 48,000MLD for non potable reuse to begin with, the challenge of

water pollution will be very acute in India

• Prevent pollution of water sources is extremely critical in order to

continue to supply water of quality standards

15

SOLUTIONS

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS WILL

INCLUDE

• Reforms in policy for water reuse

• Providing safe sanitation – sewerage

systems

• Restoration of water bodies

• Otherwise Climate change will further

exacerbate the problem, specially in arid and

semi arid areas where depletion of groundwater

along with contamination make the challenge

larger

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 6

SALIENT FEATURES

SOME INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS

INNOVATIVE PPP MODEL IN TREATED

WASTEWATER REUSE

VASANT CONTINENTAL HOTEL, VASANT VIHAR

SEWAGE

TREATMENT

PLANT

(100 KLD

capacity)

RESIDENTIAL

HOUSING (RWA), which

uses the non potable

water through drip

irrigation system for its

gardens

RECYCLED WATER

SUPPLIED THROUGH

RELAID PIPES

SOUTH DELHI MUNICIPAL

CORPORATION

The broad objectives of Sanjay Van (783 acres) urban

forest initiative were to:

The lakes must be revived so that the following may be achieved

Enrich the local ground water regime

Offer a rich biodiversity habitat for aquatic life and avian visitors,

which had degraded due to the drying up of water bodies inside the

forest reserve

Walking and jogging tracks have been set up to allow people to

enjoy the beauty of nature

Cools the micro-climate

Increase soil moisture to increase vegetation growth in the

localized area, ambience has improved

The treated waste water from Vasant Kunj STP is used

Else it would mix with raw sewage downstream and increase the

flow of polluted water through drains

SMART WATER MANAGEMENT THROUGH

TREATED WASTE WATER REUSE

• Smart reuse of treated waste water of average 4.0MLD, by restoring urban forest at Sanjay Van, through system of lakes of size 4000 m2

each (initiative of DDA)

• Biological Oxygen Demand drops, dissolved oxygen levels increase, through bioremediation in the lakes (BOD removal is of the order of 50-60% using phytoremediation).

• Regular monitoring done by TERI University students, upscaling suggested for river Bindal outlet, at Rajaji National park in Dehradun

• Unique PPP initiative in hotel water reuse-100KLD non- potable water from Vasant Continental Hotel is supplied to residential colonies in the vicinity for gardening for the first time in Delhi (it is the first public private initiative between SDMC, Jaypee Hotel, DDA and RWA).

• Involvement of RWA will strengthen urban governance, when RWA’s start functioning as eyes and ears of urban local bodies

• These unique Initiatives will lead to reduction of pollutant loads in surface waters in urban water systems, upscaling is possible

Modelling equations

-Water Quality Modelling has shown significant

fall in BOD and rise dissolved oxygen in lake 4

-Sediment modelling of lake four has shown

encouraging results in organic carbon content

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN PUBLIC

AMENITIES AT MASS TRANSIT TERMINALS

• Capacity gap in public toilets identified at important Inter State Bus

terminals of Delhi like Kashmere Gate and Anand Vihar.

• They are gateway to Delhi from adjacent states, people from all walks of

life come to bus terminals, provision of adequate number of toilets and their

key locations will go a long way in making Delhi’s urban design inclusive

and smart.

• Space identified for provision of public toilets with easy accessibility and

small STP so that waste water is treated and reused in the public toilet

complex.

• Optimization technique (queuing theory has been used to identify the gap

and determine the number of toilets needed).

Funding agency

• TERI University would like to acknowledge

the USAID grant on Urban WASH in which

the innovative solutions component was a

key part in encouraging students to look

for solutions to address WASH challenges

THANK YOU