WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION Volume IIWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION Volume II Sixth Edition...
Transcript of WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION Volume IIWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION Volume II Sixth Edition...
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WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION
Volume II
Sixth Edition
Chapter Page
12 Iron and Manganese Control ........................................................................... 1
13 Fluoridation..................................................................................................... 27
14 Softening ......................................................................................................... 69
15 Specialized Treatment Processes........................................................................ 121
16 Membrane Treatment Processes(Membrane Filtration and Demineralization)................................................... 155
17 Handling and Disposal of Process Wastes ......................................................... 227
18 Maintenance.................................................................................................... 255
19 Instrumentation and Control Systems.............................................................. 373
20 Safety............................................................................................................... 439
21 Advanced Laboratory Procedures ..................................................................... 491
22 Drinking Water Regulations ............................................................................ 535
23 Administration ................................................................................................ 609
Appendix
Comprehensive Review Questions and Suggested Answers ............................... 705
How to Solve Water Treatment Plant Arithmetic Problems .............................. 727
Abbreviations................................................................................................... 768
Water Words.................................................................................................... 769
Index ............................................................................................................... 849
Index 849
INDEX
A
Abbreviations, instrumentation, 383ABC (Association of Boards of Certification), 630Accident
causes, 447prevention, 448, 473reports, 485, 486, 682, 683, 684
Accountable, 621Accuracy, instrumentation, 388Acetic acid (glacial), 448Acid feed systems, 42, 207Acids
chemical handling, 448safety, 448
Action levels, lead and copper, 557Activated alumina, 143, 146, 147Activated carbon, 136, 138, 139, 462Acute health effects, 468, 559, 566ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990), 638Additional reading, 23, 65, 114, 131, 140, 223, 297, 367, 485,
696Administration
advertising positions, 626applications, 626backflow prevention, 659budgeting, 647capital improvements, 649certification, 630communication, 641compensation, 626, 629conducting meetings, 643confined space entry procedures, 680consumer complaints, 646consumer inquiries, 645contaminated water supply, 665contingency planning, 661continuing education, 630controlling, 621cross connection control program, 655–661directing, 619discipline problems, 631disposition of plant records, 691emergency response, 661–668employee complaints, 631equipment repair/replacement fund, 648evaluation, performance, 631financial assistance, 650
financial management, 646–650financial stability, 646first aid, 671functions of a manager, 619harassment, 635hazard communication, 671–680interviewing job applicants, 626, 627, 628interviews, media, 644meetings, conducting, 643number of employees needed, 625operations and maintenance (O&M), 652–661operator certification, 630oral communication, 641organizing, 621orientation, new employee, 629paper screening, 626performance evaluation, 631personnel records, 639planning, 621planning for emergencies, 661plant tours, 646policies and procedures, 629probationary period, 629procurement of materials, 689public relations, 644public speaking, 645qualifications profile, 625rates, water, 649recordkeeping, 688–691records, personnel, 625, 639repair/replacement fund, equipment, 648safety program, 668–688SCADA systems, 654selection process, 628sexual harassment, 635staffing, 624–639supervisor, training, 630telephone contacts, 645tours, plant, 646training, 630unions, 639water rates, 649written communication, 641
Adsorption, 136, 138, 143Ad valorem taxes, 650Adverse effects
hardness, 77iron and manganese, 7
850 Water Treatment
Advertising, job openings, 626Aeration
iron and manganese, 12trihalomethanes, 135–136, 140
Affirmative action, 626Air compressor failure, membranes, 180Air-cooled engines, 358Air cushion chamber, 402, 405Air gap, 655, 658, 661Air release assembly, 109Air supply systems, instrument, 422, 424Air temperatures, fluoridation, 33Alarms
annunciator panel, 421fluoridation, 49instrumentation, 421reverse osmosis, 207
Algae counts, 497Alignment, pumps, 302, 316, 322–326Alkalinity, softening, 77, 80, 90Allocations, water shortage, 695Alternating current (AC), 272Alum, 460Aluminum, regulations, 577Aluminum sulfate, 460Alum sludge, 249Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 546Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 638Ammeter, 276Ammonia, 452Amperage, 273Amplitude, 272Amps, 273Analog
chlorine residual indicator, 417input control, 402instrumentation, 389, 390output control, 402
AnalysisAlso see Laboratory test proceduresiron and manganese, 8, 9
Annual report, 643, 648Annunciator panel, alarms, 421Antimony, 552Applications, job, 626Aquifer, 8Arch, chemicals, 362, 448Arc-mark trademark, 392Arithmetic assignment, 23, 65, 114, 223, 367, 485Arsenate, 142Arsenic
activated alumina, 143, 146, 147best available technology (BAT), 143blending, 143chemistry, 142compliance, 150endocrine effects, 142engineered blending, 143
field test kits, 150granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), 146health effects, 142ion exchange, 144, 145monitoring, 150, 151new source alternative, 142oxidation-filtration, 146physical separation, 143POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry) devices, 143, 146problem, 142process control, 151proprietary media, 146recordkeeping, 151regulations, 552reporting, 151residuals, 149sampling, 150sources, 142treatment, 142typical plant, 148wastewater, 149
Arsenic Rulecompliance, 548MCL, 548monitoring requirements, 548public health benefits, 548
Arsenic treatment plantbackwash, 148brine, 144, 148chromatographic peaking, 144competing ions, 144compliance, 150configuration, 144, 146empty bed contact time (EBCT), 144, 146hazardous waste, 149, 151ion exchange run, 144maintenance, 146, 149monitoring, 150, 151operation, 148pH, 144, 146plans, 149process control, 151Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 148records, 151regenerant, salt, 144reporting, 151resin, 144review of plans and specifications, 149rinse, 148safety, 149security, 149service, 148shutdown, 148specifications, 149spent media, activated alumina, 146startup, 148troubleshooting, 149valves, 148, 149
Index 851
Arsenite, 142Asbestos, 555Assessment bonds, 650Assessment of system vulnerability, 661Association of Boards of Certification (ABC), 630Atmospheres, explosive, 482Atomic absorption, 495Atomic adsorption (AA), 150Audience, communications, 641, 642, 644Audiovisuals, 642Audits, water, conservation, 692Authority, 621Autoclaves, 481Automatic
controllers, 421control system, 391valves, 350
Automation systems, computer, 387Auxiliary electrical power, 293
B
Backflow, 14, 655–661Back pressure, 655–661Backsiphonage, 22, 655–661Backup controls, 387Backwash
filters, 15ion exchange, 104, 107, 148membranes, 167, 175recovery ponds, 237, 239wastewater, 249
Bacteriairon and manganese, 7, 22, 23regulations, 554, 562–572
Barium, 555Bases
chemical handling, 452safety, 452
Basket centrifuge, 245, 246Batch process 35Batch systems, 35, 42Batteries, 272, 295Battery-backed power supplies, 418BBP (bloodborne pathogens) program, 400Bearings, pump, 300, 307, 316, 318Beer’s Law, 496Bellows, pressure measurement, 402, 403Belt drives, pumps, 321Belt filter presses, 234, 241, 244Belts, compressors, 333Bench-scale tests
iron and manganese, 10, 14membranes, 174trihalomethanes, 135, 139, 140
Benefitsemployee, 626, 629softening, 78, 82
Benzene, 562Bernoulli Effect, 409Beryllium, 555Best available technology (BAT), arsenic, 143Best management practice (BMP), conservation, 692, 696Billing inserts, 694Black water, 16Blending
arsenic, 143engineered, 143ion exchange, 112
Block grants, 650Block rate structure, 695Bloodborne pathogens (BBP) program, 400Blown fuse, 275, 276Blue baby (methemoglobinemia), 517, 553, 560Bonds, 650Booster shots, immunization, 481Bourdon tube, pressure measurement, 402, 403Brackish water, 183Breakdown maintenance, membranes, 182Breakers, circuit, 273, 277, 280Breakpoint chlorination, 16Brine
disposal, demineralization, 184disposal, process wastes, 234, 235, 248electrodialysis, 214ion exchange, 104, 105, 108recycle, arsenic treatment, 144, 148reverse osmosis, 194, 207
Bromate, 555Bromide, 129, 134Bubbler tubes, level measurement, 402, 406, 407Budgeting, 647Buildings, maintenance, 366Butterfly valves, 337, 340Bypass, ion exchange, 112, 113Byproducts, disinfection, 165, 554, 573
C
CAD (computer-aided design) system, 661Cadmium, 555Cake formation fouling, 167Calcium carbonate equivalent, 78, 79Calcium carbonate saturation test, 514Calcium hydroxide, 453Calcium test procedures, 497, 498Calculations
chemical feeders, 363fluoridation, 60–65ion exchange softening, 110–113lime–soda ash softening, 82, 87, 93–98reverse osmosis, 188–198trihalomethanes, 132
Calibrationchemical feeders, 362curve, spectrophotometer, 496
852 Water Treatment
Calibration (continued)equipment, 425measurement process, 389
California Urban Water Conservation Council (CUWCC), 692, 696
Call date, 650Capital improvements, 649Capital planning, 649Carbonate hardness, 77, 83Carbon dioxide, 83, 90, 457Carbon tetrachloride, 562Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 400, 448, 457, 459,
471, 671Cartridge filters, 207, 215, 218Casing, pumps, 302, 307Categories, instrumentation, 417–431Cathodic protection, 366Caustic soda
chemical handling, 453softening, 84, 87
Cavitation, pumps, 304, 305CCR (Consumer Confidence Report), 603Cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, 167, 173, 186Central processing unit (CPU), 427, 428Centrifugal pumps, 298, 306, 328Centrifuges, 244, 245, 246Certification, operator, 630Chain drives, pumps, 322Chart recorders, 417, 419Charts, fluoridation, 49–51Check valves, 316, 318, 337–350Chemical analyzer, 415Chemical feeders
acid feed systems, 42batch systems, 35, 42calculating doses, 60–65, 85, 93–98calculations, 363calibration, 362chemical storage, 361chlorinators, 365day tank, 35, 44diaphragm pumps, 35, 36dose, 97, 363drainage, 361dry chemical, 363dry feeders, 35, 39–41, 59, 363electronic pumps, 35, 38, 52feed rate, 93–97, 363gas, 362gravimetric feeders, 35, 41instrumentation, 414liquid, 362maintenance, 20, 58, 362metering, 362, 363operation, 49peristaltic pumps, 35, 37, 52positive-displacement pumps, 35, 36saturators, 35, 42, 43, 58
shutdown, 58solid, 362solution feeders, 35, 42solution preparation, 49startup, 49storage, chemical, 361, 463volumetric feeders, 35, 39, 40, 42
Chemical feed rate, instrumentation, 414Chemical flush system, 220Chemical handling
acetic acid (glacial), 448acids, 448activated carbon, 462alum, 460aluminum sulfate, 460ammonia, 452bases, 452calcium hydroxide, 453carbon dioxide, 457caustic soda, 453chlorine, 455Chlorine Manual, 456drains, 463ferric chloride, 460ferric sulfate, 460ferrous sulfate, 460fluoride compounds, 461gas-detection equipment, 469gases, 455gas mask, 457–458hydrochloric acid, 451hydrofluoric acid, 451hydrofluosilicic acid, 449hypochlorite, 454muriatic acid, 451nitric acid, 451potassium permanganate, 461powdered activated carbon, 462powders, 461, 462safety, 448safety shower, 449, 450, 451salts, 459self-contained breathing apparatus, 456–458, 482sodium aluminate, 461sodium carbonate, 454sodium hydroxide, 453sodium silicate, 454storage, 361, 463sulfur dioxide, 457sulfuric acid, 451
Chemical metering pumps, 308, 362, 363Chemical reactions
lime–soda ash softening, 83–86THM, 129, 133
Chemicalslabeling, 463laboratory, 480
Chemical storage, 149, 361, 463
Index 853
Chemistryarsenic, 142softening, 79trihalomethanes, 129, 133
CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 269, 485, 662Chloramination, 571Chloramines, 138, 139Chloride
regulations, 577test procedures, 498, 499
Chlorinationiron and manganese, 10–12, 14, 18, 21reverse osmosis, 207
Chlorinators, 10–12, 365Chlorine, 129, 133, 134, 136, 139, 455Chlorine dioxide, 135, 138, 139Chlorine Manual, 456Chlorine residual substitution, 569Chlorite, 556Chloroform, 129, 135“Christmas Tree” arrangement, reverse osmosis, 194, 197, 207Chromatographic peaking, 144Chromium, 556Chronic health effects, 559Circuit breakers, 273, 277, 280Circuits, 272, 274Circular-chart recorders, 418, 420Civil rights, 626Classification, fire protection, 464Cleaning
membranes, 167, 211safety, 467stacks, 220tanks, 236, 238, 239
Clean-in-place (CIP), membranes, 177Closed-loop control system, 391, 392CMMS (Computer-based Maintenance Management System),
661Coagulants, 90Coagulation/sedimentation/filtration, 135, 136Code requirements, fuel storage, 360Coliform
Colilert™ system (ONPG-MUG), 564Colisure test, 564community water system, 551, 565compliance, 566laboratory procedures, 564MCL, 554, 563membrane filter technique (MF), 564monitoring frequency, 565, 566multiple-tube fermentation (MTF), 564noncommunity water system, 565notification requirements, 566presence-absence (P-A), 563, 564reporting requirements, 566routine and repeat sampling, 565rule, 563–567
sampling plan, 564sanitary survey, 563
Colilert™ system (ONPG-MUG), 564Colisure test, 564Collecting samples, 8, 558, 580–591Collection of sludges, 234Collection systems, wastewater, 248, 249Colloidal suspensions, 7Colloids, 206Color
iron and manganese, 7regulations, 577removal, 90test procedures, 500
Colorimeter, 8, 9Commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII), conservation,
694Commodity rates, 693Communication, 641–643Community water system, 551Compensation, 629Competing ions, arsenic treatment, 144Compilation of Quick Reference Guides, EPA, 548Complaints
customer, 646employee, 631procedure, 631
Compliancearsenic, 150Arsenic Rule, 548
Compounds, fluoride, 34, 59Compressors
belts, 333controls, 333drain, 333filter, 332fins, 332lubrication, 332maintenance, 332types, 332unloader, 332use, 332valves, 332, 334
Computer-aided design (CAD) system, 661Computer automation systems, 387Computer-based Maintenance Management System (CMMS),
661Computer control system, 418, 427, 428, 429Computer lockup, membranes, 180Computer recordkeeping systems, 690Concentration polarization, 194Concrete tanks, 366Conditioning of sludges, 235Conducting meetings, 643Conductivity, 521Conductors, 274Configuration, arsenic treatment plants, 144, 146
854 Water Treatment
Confined spaceentry permit, 399, 470, 681procedures, 468–471, 680safety hazards, instrumentation, 397–400
Conservationaudits, water, 692best management practice (BMP), 692, 696commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII), 694commodity rates, 693coordinator, 695elements of programs, 692–696high-efficiency clothes washers, 693large landscape, 693leak detection, 692metering, 693need, 691pricing, 695public information programs, 694public relations, 644residential plumbing retrofits, 692residential water surveys, 692school education programs, 694system water audits, 692water audits, 692water waste prohibition, 695wholesale agency assistance programs, 694
Consumercomplaints, 646inquiries, 645
Consumer Confidence Report (CCR), 603Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule
information included, 551public health benefits, 551purpose, 550
Contaminants, unregulated, 547Contaminated water supply
contamination, 665–668countermeasures, 666Cryptosporidium, 666emergency contaminant limits, 665emergency treatment, 666, 667lethal dose 50 (LD 50), 666maximum allowable concentration (MAC), 666protective measures, 666response, 666toxicity, 665treatment, emergency, 666, 667
Contingency planning, 661Continuing education, 630Contract negotiations, 639Control
electrical, 149, 327iron and manganese, 7, 8loop, 387, 389, 392panels, 149, 393, 478pumps, 319room, 429, 430
systems, 387–401, 427, 428, 429Also see Instrumentation
trihalomethanes, 131, 134, 139Controllers
automatic, 421modulating, 422pump, instrumentation, 422, 423
Controlling, administration, 621Controls, backup, 387Conventional filtration, 549Cooling systems, engines, 357–359Coordinator, conservation, 695Copper, 556, 577Coprecipitation, 143Corrective maintenance
administration, 652membranes, 182
Corrosion control, lead and copper, 557, 558Corrosivity
lead and copper, 557Lead and Copper Rule, 548secondary contaminants, 577
Couplings, 302, 323–326Coverage ratio, 646, 649CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 400, 448, 457, 459, 471,
671CPU (central processing unit), 427, 428Cranes, 468Crenothrix, 578Criteria for avoiding filtration, 568Cross connection, 312, 655–661Cross-flow filtration, 166, 171Cryptosporidium, 165, 549, 562, 571, 666CT calculations, 758–767CT values, 570, 573, 758–767Current, electrical, 272, 273, 274, 276, 280, 477, 478Current imbalance, 276–278Customer
complaints, 646inquiries, 645
Cuvette, 495Cyanide, 556Cycle, electrical, 272
D
Dangerous air contamination, 397Dateometer, 321Day tank, 35, 44DCS (Distributed Control System), 427D/DBP (Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts) Rule, 549,
573Dead-end filtration, 167, 170Debt service, 646Decant, 237Dechlorination, 14Decibel, 472
Index 855
Deficiency, oxygen, 400Deionization, 165Delegation, 621Demand-initiated regenerating (DIR) models, 695Demineralization
Also see Electrodialysis and Reverse osmosis (RO)brackish water, 183brine disposal, 184distillation, 184, 185electrodialysis, 184, 185, 213–223feedwater, 184freezing, 184, 185ion exchange, 184, 185membranes, 165mineralized waters, 183processes, 184, 185reverse osmosis, 184, 185, 186salinity, 183seawater, 183total dissolved solids, 183
Derivative, controller adjustment, 392Desalination, 165Desiccant, 432Design review
electrodialysis, 220fluoridation, 47
Dewatering of sludges, 234, 235, 240Dial indicators, 325, 326Diaphragm, pressure measurement, 402, 403, 404Diaphragm-operated valves, 350, 351Diaphragm pumps, 35, 36Diarrhea, “traveler’s,” 5621,2-Dichloroethane, 5611,1-Dichloroethylene, 561Diesel
engines, 354–358fuel storage, 360
Differential pressure, flow sensing, 408, 409, 412, 413Digital, instrumentation, 389, 390Digital readouts, 417Direct current, electrodialysis, 215, 216, 220Direct current (DC), 272Direct filtration, 549Direct hydrostatic pressure, level measurement, 402Directing, administration, 619Dirty water
black water, 16iron and manganese, 7red water, 16, 23
Disciplinary problems, 631Discrete control, 402Discrete I/O (input/output), 402Discriminatory hiring, 625, 626Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (D/DBP) Rule, 549,
573Disinfection, CT values, 570, 573, 758–767Disinfection alternatives, 138, 571
Disinfection byproducts, 165, 554, 573Displacers, level measurement, 402Disposal of
records, 691sludges, 234, 235, 249spent brine, 106, 234, 249
Disposition of plant records, 691Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 173, 174Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 165, 167Dissolved oxygen (DO)
samples, 502saturation table, 505test procedures, 502
Distillation, 184, 185Distributed Control System (DCS), 427Divalent, 7, 77DO (dissolved oxygen)
See Dissolved Oxygen (DO)Documentation, administration, 625Dose, chemical feeders, 97, 363Downflow saturators, 45Drainage waters, plant, 251Draining tanks, 236, 238, 239Drains
chemical feeders, 361chemical handling, 463compressors, 333
Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (DWCCL), 547Drinking water regulations
See Regulations, drinking waterDrinking Water Standards, 548, 552–575, 576–580Driving equipment, pumps, 327Drowning, 484Dry chemical feeders, 35, 39–41, 59, 363Drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249Duplex motor control panel, 393Dust, fluoridation, 59DWCCL (Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List), 547Dynamic types of pumps, 299
E
Eccentric valves, 337–339E. coli, 562, 565, 566Effective range, instrumentation, 389Effects of
fluoride, 33iron and manganese, 7trihalomethanes, 129
Efficiency program, water, 693Electrical
control panels, 149energy consumption, 429hazards, 271, 392, 477probes, level measurement, 402, 405symbols, 383–386
Electrical conductivity (EC), 151
856 Water Treatment
Electrical equipmentadditional reading, 297alternating current (AC), 272ammeter, 276amplitude, 272amps, 273auxiliary electrical power, 293batteries, 272, 295blown fuse, 275, 276breakers, 273, 277, 280circuit breakers, 273, 277, 280circuits, 272, 274conductors, 274control panels, 478controls, 327current, 272, 276, 280, 477, 478cycle, 272direct current (DC), 272electric motors, 282–290, 319–320electromotive force (EMF), 272emergency lighting, 294fundamentals, 272–280fuses, 272, 275, 276, 280ground, 281ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 478hazards, 271hertz, 272instrumentation, 478insulation, motors, 284insulation resistance, 279insulators, 274kirk-key, 294lighting, emergency, 294limitations, 271magnetic starters, 281–282maintenance, 267, 271, 319megger, 279megohm, 279meters, electrical, 274motor insulation, 284motors, 272, 282–290, 319–320motor starters, 281, 477nameplate, 272, 284ohm, 273ohmmeters, 279Ohm’s Law, 273overload relays, 280panels, control, 478phase, 272power requirements, 274, 328protection devices, 280recordkeeping, 267, 268, 285, 290safety, 212, 269, 271, 296, 392, 477standby power generation, 293starters, 281, 477switches, 272, 275switch gear, 280, 295tag, warning, 270
testers, 274thermal overloads, 280transformers, 273, 277, 281, 295, 477transmission, 295voltage testing, 274–276, 477volts, 272, 274, 295warning tag, 270watts, 273
Electrical troubleshooting, 274–280Electric motors, 282–290, 319–320Electrode tab, 221Electrodialysis
Also see Demineralization and Reverse osmosis (RO)additional reading, 223advantages, 213arithmetic assignment, 223brine, 213cartridge filters, 215, 218chemical flush system, 220cleaning stacks, 220description, 213, 214design, 220direct current, 215, 216, 220electrode tab, 221electrodialysis polarity reversal (EDR), 214, 220energy requirements, 213feedwater quality, 215flow diagram, 215, 218fouling, 213Langelier Index, 213log sheet, 221, 222membranes, 213–223multicompartment units, 215, 217operation, 213, 220, 221pH, 220piping, 220power supply, 220pressures, 220pretreatment, 215principles, 214pumping equipment, 220recordkeeping, 221, 222safety, 221scaling, 213, 220specifications, 220stack, 213, 215, 220stages, 213temperature, 220three-cell unit, 215, 216
Electrodialysis polarity reversal (EDR), 214, 220Electrolyte, 294Electromedia process, 15Electromotive force (EMF), 272Electronic chemical pumps, 35, 38, 52Elements, primary, instrumentation, 417Elements of conservation programs
audits, water, 692best management practice (BMP), 692, 696
Index 857
Elements of conservation programs (continued)commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII), 694commodity rates, 693coordinator, 695high-efficiency clothes washers, 693large landscape, 693leak detection, 692metering, 693pricing, 695public information programs, 694residential plumbing retrofits, 692residential water surveys, 692school education programs, 694system water audits, 692water audits, 692water waste prohibition, 695wholesale agency assistance programs, 694
Emergenciesadministration, 661–668contaminated water supply, 665–668phone numbers, 269preparation for, 485, 621, 661–668procedures, 269, 485, 666response plan, 621, 661–668safety, 485team, 269
Emergencyarsenic reporting, 151lighting, 294maintenance, 652response plan, 621, 661–668response procedures, 429treatment, 666, 667
Employeebenefits, 626, 629evaluation, 631–633orientation, 629pride, 630problems, 631, 639
Employee-management relationship, 639Employees, number, 625Employer policies, 629, 636Empty bed contact time (EBCT), 144, 146End bells, 282Endemic, 33Endocrine effects, arsenic, 142Energy
conservationSee Conservation
consumption, electrical, 429requirements, electrodialysis, 213
Enforcement, regulations, 545Engineered blending, 143Engines
air-cooled, 358cooling systems, 357–359diesel, 354–358fuel storage, 360
fuel system, 354–357gasoline, 352governor, 357lubrication, 352maintenance, 352, 358operation, diesel, 354problems, 352running, 352standby, 360starting, 352, 353, 358troubleshooting, 352, 358water-cooled, 357
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR), 549Enrichment, oxygen, 400Entry permit, confined space, 399, 470, 681EPA Compilation of Quick Reference Guides, 548EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline [(800) 426-4791], 548EPA’s WaterSense, 696Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 638Equipment
calibration, 425failures, membranes, 177, 180gas detection, 469laboratory safety, 480–481records, 690repair/replacement fund, 648safety, operator, 447, 481, 482–484, 670service card, 267, 268test, 425
Equivalent weight, 79Establishment, regulations, 547–552ESWTR (Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule), 549Evaluation, performance, 631–633Evapotranspiration, 693Explosive
atmospheres, 482gas mixtures, 400
Extinguishers, fire, 464–466Eye protection, 483
F
Fail-safe design, 392Failure, motors, 285–290Falls, hazards, 401Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), 638Feasibility analysis process, 131Federal Register, 129, 131, 139, 573Feedback, controller, 389, 392Feeders, chemical
See Chemical feedersFeed rate, chemical, 93–97, 363Feedwater
demineralization, 184electrodialysis, 215, 220reverse osmosis, 207
Fees, user, 647Ferric chloride, 460
858 Water Treatment
Ferric sulfate, 460Ferrous sulfate, 460Field test kits, arsenic, 150Filter
backwash wastewater, 249compressor, 332maintenance and inspection, membranes, 181membranes, uses, 175presses, 245, 247
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)application, 549public health benefits, 549purpose, 549recycle flows, 549thickener supernatant, 549
Filtration, iron and manganese, 14, 15, 18–21Financial
assistance, 650management, 646–650stability, 646
Fins, compressors, 332Fire protection
classification, 464exits, 467extinguishers, 464–466facilities, 401flammables, storage, 467hoses, 466prevention, 464storage, flammables, 467
First aidacetic acid, 449, 451alum, 460aluminum sulfate, 460ammonia, 453calcium hydroxide, 453carbon dioxide, 457chlorine, 455–456equipment, 450ferric chloride, 460ferric sulfate, 460ferrous sulfate, 460, 461fluoride, 60, 461hydrochloric acid, 451hydrofluosilicic acid, 449, 451hydrogen fluoride, 451hypochlorite, 454lime, 453nitric acid, 451potassium permanganate, 461powdered activated carbon, 462safety program, 671sodium aluminate, 461sodium carbonate, 454sodium silicate, 454sulfur dioxide, 459sulfuric acid, 451, 452
Flammables, storage, 467
Flanges, pumps, 300, 302Flavor rating scale, 526Float, level measurement, 402Flow measurements, 406–414Fluoridation
additional reading, 65air temperatures, 33alarms, 49arithmetic assignment, 65batch mix, 35, 42calculating doses, 60–65charts, 49–51chemical feeders, 35–48
Also see Chemical feederscompounds, 34, 59day tank, 35, 44downflow saturators, 45dust, 59effects on teeth, 33, 556, 557, 578first aid, fluoride, 60fluoride ion, 34formulas, 60hydrofluosilicic acid, 34, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52importance, 33log sheets, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56maintenance, 58operation, 49overfeeding, 47, 54poisoning, fluoride, 59programs, 33public notification, 58records, 49, 53, 55, 56safety, 59safety equipment, 49, 59sanitary defects, 59saturator, 35, 42, 43, 46, 59shutdown, 58sodium fluoride, 34, 35sodium fluorosilicate, 34sodium silicofluoride, 54solution preparation, 49specification review, 47startup, 49systems, 35, 42training, 60treatment charts, 49–51underfeeding, 58upflow saturators, 43, 45, 46
Fluoridecompounds, 34, 59, 461fluorosis, 556, 557, 578ion, 34levels, 556, 557, 578regulations, 556, 557, 578test procedures, 506
Fluxdecline, 188reverse osmosis, 186, 188
Index 859
FmHA loans, 650FMLA (Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993), 638Foaming agents, 578Foot protection, 483Foot valves, 316, 341Forklifts, 475, 476Formation of THMs, 129, 133, 134, 136Fouling
cake formation, 167electrodialysis, 213irreversible, 167membrane, 167pore blockage, 167reversible, 167
Freezing, demineralization, 184, 185Fueling vehicles, 473Fuel storage
code requirements, 360diesel, 360gasoline, 360liquid petroleum gas (LPG), 360natural gas, 360
Fuel systems, engines, 354–357Functions of a manager, 619Fund, repair/replacement, 648Fuse puller, 275Fuses, 275, 276, 280
blown, 275, 276
G
Gaschemical feeders, 362detection equipment, 469explosive mixtures, 400masks, 456–458
Gaseschemical handling, 455safety, 455
Gasolineengines, 352fuel storage, 360
Gate valves, 334, 335Gear train guard, 396General obligation bonds, 650Geobacter, 142Geographic Information System (GIS), 661GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter), 471, 478Giardia lamblia, 165, 562, 568–571GIS (Geographic Information System), 661Glassware, laboratory safety, 480Globe valves, 336, 348, 350, 351Gloves, 483Goals, utility, 621Governor, engines, 356, 357Grant programs, 650Granular activated carbon, 138, 140Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), 146
Gravimetric chemical feeders, 35, 41Graywater use, 696Greensand, iron and manganese, 14, 18–21Greensand filters, 146Grievances, 631, 639Ground, electrical, 281Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 471, 478Ground Water Rule (GWR), 550, 563Group 1 and Group 2 THM treatment techniques, 139, 140Groups, protected, 628GWR (Ground Water Rule), 550, 563
H
Handling of chemicalsSee Chemical handling
Handling process wastes, 233, 234, 235Hand protection, 483Harassment, 635, 636Hard hat, 484Hardness, water, 77–79, 82, 83, 515
Also see SofteningHardness leakage, 105Hazard communication, 671–680Hazardous gases, 455, 468Hazardous waste, arsenic treatment, 149, 151Hazards
drowning, 484electrical, 271, 392, 477falls, 401gases, 455, 468instrumentation
confined spaces, 397–400electrical, 392explosive gas mixtures, 400falls, 401mechanical, 396oxygen deficiency or enrichment, 400pneumatic, 396
laboratory, 480–481maintenance, 467
Head protection, 484Health effects
arsenic, 142bacteria, 562fluoride, 33, 556, 557, 578iron and manganese, 7nitrite, 560primary contaminants, 553secondary contaminants, 576trihalomethanes, 129
Health regulations, 545, 551, 553, 576Hepatitis B vaccination, 400Hertz, 272Heterotrophic bacteria, 554, 564High-efficiency clothes washers, 693Hiring procedures, 624–629History of drinking water laws, 545
860 Water Treatment
HMI (human machine interface), 421, 427, 428Hollow-fiber membranes, 166, 167Hollow fine fiber, reverse osmosis, 202, 204, 206Homeland defense, 663–665Horizontal centrifugal pumps, 298, 299, 306, 328Horn, alarm, 421Hoses, fire, 466Hot plates, 481Human factors, safety, 687Human machine interface (HMI), 421, 427, 428Hydrated lime, 83, 453Hydrochloric acid, 451Hydrofluosilicic acid, 34, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 449Hydrogen fluoride, 451Hydrogen sulfide, 579Hydrolysis, 194, 196, 206Hydrostatic pressure, level measurement, 402Hygroscopic, 361Hypochlorite, 454
I
ICR (Information Collection Rule), 573IESWTR (Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule),
571Imbalance
current, 276–278voltage, 277
Immediate threats to health, 559, 562Immunization, booster shots, 481Impeller
flow measurement, 408, 410pumps, 298, 307
Improvements, capital, 649Improving system management, 620Indicators, instrumentation, 417Inferential flow-sensing techniques, 408–414Information Collection Rule (ICR), 573Injury
See AccidentInorganic chemicals, regulations, 552–560Input/output (I/O) control, 402Inquiries, pre-employment, 627, 628Insoluble compounds, 7Inspection
pumps, 330, 331tanks, 366walk-through, membranes, 175, 180
Instrument air system, 422, 424Instrumentation
abbreviations, 383accuracy, 388alarms, 421analog, 389, 390annunciator panel, alarms, 421automatic control system, 391backup controls, 387
battery-backed power supplies, 418Bourdon tube, 402, 403bubbler tubes, 402, 406, 407calibration
equipment, 425measurement process, 389
categories, 417–431chemical feed rate, 414closed-loop modulating control, 391confined spaces, 397–400control loop, 387, 389, 392control systems, 387–401digital, 389, 390discrete control, 402effective range, 389electrical
equipment, 478hazards, 392symbols, 383–386
fail-safe design, 392feedback, controller, 389, 392flow measurements, 406–414importance, 387indicators, 417inferential flow-sensing techniques, 408–414input/output (I/O) control, 402laboratory, 425level measurements, 402, 403linearity, 389loop, control, 387maintenance, preventive, 431–433measured variables, 402–416measurement, 387–401measurement process, 388mechanical hazards, 396motor control stations, 389, 392National Fire Protection Association Standard 820, 401ON/OFF control, 402operation and maintenance, 431–433orifice plate, 409, 412, 413panel instruments, 417power, 416, 418precision, 388pressure measurements, 402preventive maintenance, 431–433primary elements, 417process instrumentation, 414recorders, 418rotameter, 407, 408, 409safety, 397–400, 478safety hazards, 392–401sensitivity, 389sensors, types, 402–416signal transmitters/transducers, 414snubbers, 402, 405span, 389standardization, 389
Index 861
Instrumentation (continued)standby power generators, 418symbols, electrical, 383–386totalizers, 418types of sensors, 402–416ultrasonic devices, 402, 406, 408variables, measured, 402–416Venturi tube, 412, 413, 414VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter), 425, 426
Insulation, motors, 284Insulation resistance, 279Insulators, 274Interface, operator, 389Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR),
571Interim regulations, 551Interlock, instrumentation, 396Interview
job, 626, 627, 628media, 644
Inventory, 689Ion exchange
arsenic, 144, 145demineralization, 184, 185iron and manganese, 12resin, 12, 99, 102, 104, 135, 138run, 144softeners, 99–102trihalomethanes, 135, 138wastes, 249
Ion exchange softeningAlso see Lime–soda ash softening and Softeningair release assembly, 109backwash, 104, 107blending, 112brine, 104, 106, 108bypass, 112, 113calculations, 110–113description of process, 99–102disposal of spent brine, 106formulas, 110hardness leakage, 105iron and manganese problems, 105, 107limitations, 105maintenance, 106monitoring, 105operation, 102–105recordkeeping, 114resin, 99, 102, 104rinse, 103, 105, 108sanitary defects, brine storage tanks, 107service, 102, 103, 107shutdown, 108split treatment, 112startup, 108testing, 105troubleshooting, 107
wastes, 249zeolite, 99
Iron, regulations, 578Iron (total), test procedures, 509Iron and manganese
additional reading, 23adverse effects, 7aeration, 12analysis, 8, 9arithmetic assignment, 23bacteria, 7, 22, 23bench-scale tests, 10, 14breakpoint chlorination, 16chlorination, 10–12, 14, 18, 21collecting samples, 8color, 7colorimetric testing, 8control, 7, 10dechlorination, 14dirty water, 7divalent, 7effects, 7electromedia process, 15ferrous ion, 7filtration, 14, 15, 18–21formulas, 17–19, 735greensand, 14, 18–21health effects, 7ion exchange, 12ion exchange problems, 105jar tests, 19limits, 7maintenance, 16, 20measurement, 7, 8, 17monitoring, 16, 21need to control, 7objections, 7occurrence, 7operation, 18–21oxidation, 12, 14permanganate, 14, 18–20pH, 13, 18, 19, 20phosphate treatment, 10–12polyphosphate treatment, 10–12problems, ion exchange, 105proprietary processes, 15red water problems, 16, 23regulations, 578reservoirs, 7samples, 8sludge handling and disposal, 249stains, 7, 8tastes and odors, 7troubleshooting, 20, 21, 22zeolite, 14
Iron-based adsorption, 146Irreversible fouling, 167
862 Water Treatment
J
Jar tests, softening, 93–97Job duties, 619Job interview, 626, 627, 628Jogging, 288
K
Kemmerer-type sampler, 502, 503Kirk-key, 294
L
Labeling chemicals, 463Labeling hazards, 674Laboratory instrumentation, 425Laboratory safety
autoclaves, 481biological considerations, 481booster shots, immunization, 481chemicals, 480equipment, 480–481glassware, 480hazards, 480–481hot plates, 481immunization, booster shots, 481pipet washers, 481radioactivity, 481sterilizers, 481water stills, 481
Laboratory test proceduresalgae counts, 497calcium, 497, 498calcium carbonate saturation test, 514chloride, 498, 499coliform, 564color, 500dissolved oxygen, 502fluoride, 506iron (total), 509manganese, 512marble test, 514metals, 516nitrate, 517odor, 524pH, 520specific conductance, 521sulfate, 521taste and odor, 524total dissolved solids, 529trihalomethanes, 528
Lagoons, process wastes, 237Lag time, 392Landfills, sanitary, 249, 250Langelier Index, 80, 134, 213, 516Large landscape conservation, 693
LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate), 578Lead, 557Lead and Copper Rule
action level (AL), 548corrosion control treatment (CCT), 548corrosivity, 548lead service line replacement (LSLR), 548public health benefits, 548purpose, 548regulations, 557–559water quality parameter (WQP), 548
Lead service line replacement (LSLR), 548Leakage, hardness, 105Leak detection, 692Legionella, 554, 568LEL (lower explosive limit), 400, 401Lethal dose 50 (LD 50), 666Let’s Build a Pump!, 298–306Level controls, 327Level measurements, 402, 403Library, maintenance, 269Lifeline rates, 695Lighting, emergency, 294Lime, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89Lime sludge, 249Lime–soda ash softening
Also see Ion exchange softening and Softeningalkalinity, 90application of lime, 89benefits, 82calculation of dosages, 85, 93–98carbon dioxide, 83, 90caustic soda softening, 84, 87chemical reactions, 83–86coagulants, 90color removal, 90formulas, 85handling lime, 89hardness removal, 83hydrated lime, 83jar tests, 93–97lime, 83, 89lime softening, 86, 87limitations, 78, 82marble test, 91National Lime Association, 90partial lime softening, 86permanent hardness, 83polyphosphate, 86, 91quicklime, 83, 91recarbonation, 84, 85, 86, 90recordkeeping, 93safety, 89, 91slake, 83, 91sludge, 92, 249split treatment, 86–89stability, 80, 84, 90
Index 863
Lime–soda ash softening (continued)storage of lime, 89supersaturated, 83temporary hardness, 83
Lime softening, 86, 87Limitations
ion exchange softening, 78lime–soda ash softening, 82softening, 78
Limits, iron and manganese, 7Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS), 578Linearity, instrumentation, 389Liquid chemical feeders, 362Liquid petroleum gas (LPG), 360List, priority, 547Listening skills, 641Loan funding programs, 650Location of sampling points, 583Lockout devices, 397Lockout/tagout procedure, safety, 269, 478, 479Log removals, 761Log sheets
electrodialysis, 221, 222fluoride, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56reverse osmosis, 209, 210
Long-term capital improvements, 649, 650Loop, control, 387Lower explosive limit (LEL), 400, 401LPG (liquid petroleum gas), 360LSLR (lead service line replacement), 548Lubrication
compressors, 332engines, 352maintenance, 309–311mechanical equipment, 309–311pumps, 300, 309–311valves, 336
M
Magneticflow sensing, 408, 411starters, 281–282
Maintenanceadministration, 652–661arsenic plant, 149buildings, 366cathodic protection, 366chemical feeders, 20, 58, 362chlorinators, 365cleaning, 467compressors, 332concrete tanks, 366cooling systems, 358–360corrective, 652cranes, 467, 468diesel engines, 354–358
electrical equipment, 271, 319electric motors, 282–290emergency, 652engines, 352, 354equipment service card, 267, 268fluoridation, 58gasoline engines, 352hazards, 467inspection, tanks, 366ion exchange softeners, 106iron and manganese, 16, 20library, 269lubrication, 309–311manholes, 471manuals, 269manufacturers, 267, 268, 269mechanical equipment, 298motors, 282–290painting, 467POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry), 146power tools, 471predictive, 652preventive, 267, 312, 652preventive, instrumentation, 431–433program
membranes, 181, 182treatment plants, 267
pumps, 298, 312–326recordkeeping, 267, 689reservoirs, 366safety, 467–472, 477service record card, 267, 268steel tanks, 366tanks, 366tools, power, 471types, 652valves, 334, 336, 337, 341, 472vehicles, 473, 474welding, 472
ManagementSee Administration
Manager’s responsibilities, 619, 624, 652Also see Administration
ManganeseAlso see Iron and manganeseaeration, 12greensand systems, 14, 18–21limits, 7manganous ion, 8oxidation, 14regulations, 578test procedures, 512
Manholes, 471Manmade radioactivity, 574Manuals, maintenance, 269Manufacturers, 269Marble test, 22, 91, 514
864 Water Treatment
Mass media, 644Mass spectrometry (MS), 150Maximum allowable concentration (MAC), 666Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) (primary standards)
chlorine residual substitution, 569development process, 547disinfection byproducts, 573fluoride, 556, 557, 578inorganic chemicals, 547, 552–560manmade radioactivity, 574microbial contaminants, 547, 562–572natural radioactivity, 574organic chemicals, 545, 546, 547, 560radiological contaminants, 547, 574trihalomethanes, 129, 554, 573turbidity, 547, 554, 569types, 547
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG), 551MBAS (methylene-blue-active substances), 578MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level)
See Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) (primary standards)
MCLG (Maximum Contaminant Level Goal), 551Measure, standard, 388Measured variables, instrumentation, 402–416Measurement
chemical feed rate, 414flow, 406instrumentation, 387–401iron and manganese, 7, 8, 17level, 402pressure, 402process, 388safety, 686
Mechanical equipmentcentrifugal pumps, 298electric motors, 282–290hazards, 396Let’s Build a Pump!, 298–306lubrication, 309–311maintenance, electric motors, 282–290maintenance, pumps, 298repair shop, 298seals, 316
Media, news, 644Meetings, conducting, 643Megger, 279Megohm, 279Membranes
air compressor failure, 180backwashing, 167, 175bench-scale studies, 174breakdown maintenance, 182cellulose acetate (CA), 167, 173cleaning, 167clean-in-place (CIP), 177computer lockup, 180corrective maintenance, 182
cross-flow filtration, 166, 171dead-end filtration, 167, 170electrodialysis, 213–223equipment failures, 177, 180filter
maintenance and inspection, 181technique, 564uses, 175
filtration, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173fouling, 167hollow-fiber, 166, 167maintenance program, 181, 182membrane filter technique, 564monitoring, 177, 180operational procedures, 177operation and maintenance, 174–180operator logbook, 180performance, 188performance monitoring, 177pilot-scale studies, 174polypropylene (PP), 167POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry), 165pressure vessels, 166, 168, 174pretreatment, 167, 174, 175preventive maintenance program (PMP), 181process failures, 177, 180properties, 188pump station failure, 180recordkeeping, 180, 181regeneration, 177reverse osmosis (RO), 165, 186, 188, 202, 211routine maintenance, 181SCADA system, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181standby engine generator, 177submerged flow, 166, 172, 173, 174threads, 166treatment processes, 165–182troubleshooting, 177, 180, 181walk-through inspection, 175, 180water quality monitoring, 180
Mercury, 559Metals, test procedures, 516Metering
chemical feeders, 362, 363conservation, 693
Meters, electrical, 274Methemoglobinemia (blue baby), 517, 553, 560Microbial contaminants, 547, 552, 554, 562–572Microbial organism fouling, 206Microfiltration (MF), 165, 167Microwave, level sensors, 406Mineralized waters, 183Mineral rejection, 188, 189, 191Modulating controller, 422Modulating control systems, 389Monitoring
arsenic, 150, 151, 548coliform frequency, 565–566
Index 865
Monitoring (continued)ion exchange softening, 105iron and manganese, 16, 21membrane performance, 177process wastes, 233, 252regulations, 558, 565, 570, 574, 577requirements, Arsenic Rule, 548secondary contaminants, 577SWTR, 570trihalomethanes, 129, 133, 139, 573wastes, 233, 252water quality, membranes, 180
Motorcontrol circuit operation, 395control stations, 389, 392electrical, 271, 282, 478electric motors, 282–290failure, 285–290induction, 290insulation, 284pump, 282, 307safety, 478starters, 281, 477troubleshooting, 285–290
Mottled teeth, 33Multicompartment units, electrodialysis, 215, 217Multimeter, 274, 425, 426Multiple-tube fermentation, 564Muriatic acid, 451
N
Nameplate, 272, 284Nanofiltration (NF)
membranes, 165reverse osmosis, 190
National Electrical Safety Code, 212National Fire Protection Association Standard 820, 401National Labor Relations Act, 640National Lime Association, 90National Safety Council, 685National Secondary Drinking Water Standards
See Secondary Drinking Water StandardsNatural gas, 360Natural organic matter (NOM), 165, 167Natural radioactivity, 574Negotiations, contract, 639Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU), 569Nessler tubes, 8, 500New employee orientation, 629News media, 644New source alternative, arsenic, 142Nitrate
health effects, 553, 559regulations, 553test procedures, 517
Nitric acid, 451Nitrite, 560
Noise protection, 472Noisy pump, 328Noncarbonate hardness, 83, 84Noncommunity water system, 552Non-permit confined space, 398Nontransient noncommunity water system, 552North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code,
694Notification, 58, 566, 602NP4, 142NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)
Permit, 106, 233NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit), 569Number of employees needed, 625
O
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) regulations, 398, 669
Odorregulations, 579test procedures, 524
Offset, instrumentation, 392Ohm, 273Ohmmeter, 279Ohm’s Law, 273Olfactory fatigue, 449ON/OFF control, 402ONPG-MUG test (coliforms), 564Open-loop control system, 392Operating ratio, 646, 649Operation
arsenic plant, 148chemical feeders, 49diesel engines, 354electrodialysis, 213, 221fluoridation, 49greensand, 18–21instrumentation, 431–433ion exchange softeners, 102–105iron and manganese, 18–21motor control circuit, 395reverse osmosis, 205–212safety
See Safetyvalves, 334, 336
Operational checks, instrumentation, 433Operational procedures, membranes, 177Operation and maintenance, membranes, 174–180Operations and maintenance (O&M), 652–661Operator certification, 630Operator interface, 389Operator logbook, membranes, 180Operator protection
Also see Safetyatmospheres, explosive, 482drowning, 484equipment, safety, 450, 482
866 Water Treatment
Operator protection (continued)explosive atmospheres, 482eye protection, 483first-aid equipment, 671foot protection, 483gas-detection equipment, 469gloves, 483hand protection, 483hard hat, 484hazardous gases, 455, 468head protection, 484noise, 472personal protective equipment (PPE), 400respiratory protection, 456–458, 482safety equipment, 450, 482safety program, 668–688self-contained breathing apparatus, 456–458, 482traffic, 473water safety, 484
Optimum level, fluoride, 35Oral communication, 641Organic chemicals, regulations, 547, 553, 560Organizational plan, 621, 622Organizing, administration, 619, 621Orientation, new employee, 629Orifice plate, instrumentation, 409, 412, 413ORP (oxidation-reduction potential), instrumentation, 414OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) regulations, 398,
669Osmosis, 186, 187Overfeeding fluoride, 47, 54Overload relays, 280Overrange protection, pressure, 402Oxidation
arsenic, 142iron and manganese, 12, 14trihalomethanes, 135, 136
Oxidation-filtration, arsenic, 146Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), instrumentation, 414Oxygen
deficiency, 400, 468, 482enrichment, 400saturation table, 505
Ozone, 135, 138, 140
P
Packingpumps, 303, 312, 313, 314valves, 334
Painting, 467Panel instruments, 417Panels, control, 478Paper screening, 626Para-Dichlorobenzene, 562Partial lime softening, 86
Parts, valves, 334Pathogenic organisms, 552Payback time, 648, 649Percentile, 90th, lead and copper, 559Performance evaluation, 631–633Performance monitoring, membranes, 177Peristaltic pumps, 35, 37, 52Permanent hardness, 83Permanganate, potassium
See Potassium permanganatePermeability constants, 188Permeate, 188, 202Permeate projections, computerized, 192, 193Permit-required confined space, 398Permits
confined space entry, 681NPDES, 106, 233
Personal protective equipment (PPE), 400Personnel records, 625, 639Pesticides, 553pH
arsenic treatment, 144, 146effects on
electrodialysis, 220reverse osmosis, 194, 196, 206, 207softening, 80, 81trihalomethanes, 134
meter, 415regulations, 579test procedures, 520
Phase, electrical, 272Phosphate treatment, 10–12Physical separation, arsenic treatment, 143Pilot-scale studies, membranes, 174Pink water, 16, 20Pipet washers, 481Piston pumps, 306Pitot tube, 408Plan, organizational, 621, 622Planning
administration, 619, 621emergencies, 621, 661
Plans, arsenic plant, 149Plant
drainage waters, 251maintenance, 467operations data, 688records, 688–691tours, 646
Pneumatic bubbler tubes, level measurement, 402Pneumatic hazards, 396Pneumatic instrumentation, 406, 422Poisoning, fluoride, 59Pole shader, 288Policies and procedures, administration, 629Policy statement, safety, 479, 669, 670
Index 867
Polymers, 149Polyphosphate treatment
iron and manganese, 10–12reverse osmosis, 206, 207softening, 86, 91
Polypropylene (PP) membranes, 167Ponds, process wastes, 237Population decline, 621Pore blockage fouling, 167Positive-displacement pumps, 35, 327, 331Potassium permanganate
handling, 461iron and manganese, 14, 18–20safety, 461trihalomethanes, 135, 136, 139
POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry)arsenic, 143, 146maintenance, 146membranes, 165
Powdered activated carbon, 138, 139, 462Powders, 461, 462Power, instrumentation, 416, 418Power failures, 418Power requirements, 274, 328Power supply, electrodialysis, 220Power tools, 471PPE (personal protective equipment), 400Precision, instrumentation, 388Precursors, THM, 129, 133, 134, 136Predictive maintenance, 652Pre-employment inquiries, 627, 628Pre-entry checklist, confined space, 399Preparation for emergencies, 485, 661Presence-absence (P-A), 564Present worth, 649Pressure measurements, 402Pressures, electrodialysis, 220Pressure vessel, membranes, 166, 168, 174Pretreatment
electrodialysis, 215membranes, 167, 174, 175reverse osmosis, 205
Prevention of fires, 464Preventive maintenance
administration, 652instrumentation, 431–433
Preventive maintenance program (PMP), membranes, 181Pricing, conservation, 695Pride, employee, 630Primary Drinking Water Standards
bacteria, 562disinfectants and disinfection byproducts, 573establishment, 545–552inorganic chemicals, 552–560MCLs, 553–554microbial standards, 562–571
organic chemicals, 560radioactivity, 574regulations, 545treatment techniques, 552
Primary elements, instrumentation, 417Primary standards, measurements, 388Prime, pumps, 327, 328Priority alarms, 430Priority list, 547Probationary period, 629Probes, level measurement, 402, 405Problem employees, 631Procedures, operational, membranes, 177Process computer control system, 427Process control, arsenic, 151Process failures, membranes, 177, 180Process instrumentation, 414Process variables, 388, 402, 414Process wastes
alum sludge, 249backwash recovery ponds, 237, 239backwash wastewater, 249basket centrifuge, 245, 246belt filter presses, 241, 244brine, 234, 235, 248centrifuges, 244, 245, 246cleaning tanks, 236, 238, 239collection of sludges, 234collection systems, 248, 249conditioning, 235decant, 237dewatering of sludges, 234, 235, 240disposal of sludges and brines, 234, 235, 249draining tanks, 236, 238, 239drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249filter backwash wastewater, 249filter presses, 245, 247handling, 233, 234, 235ion exchange wastes, 249iron sludge, 249lagoons, 237landfills, 249, 250lime sludge, 249monitoring, 233, 252need for handling and disposal, 233NPDES Permit, 106, 233ponds, 237processing alternatives, 235, 236Public Law 92-500, 233reporting, 252sand drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249sand filter, 249sanitary landfills, 249, 250scroll centrifuge, 244, 245septic wastes, 252sewers, 248, 249
868 Water Treatment
Process wastes (continued)sludge pumps, 252sludge volumes, 234solar lagoons, 237, 240sources, 234supernatant, 240tanks, draining and cleaning, 236, 238, 239temperature effects, 235thickening, 235vacuum filters, 245, 248vacuum tank truck, 239, 240, 249volumes of sludges, 234wastewater collection system, 248, 249Water Pollution Control Act, 233Winklepress, 244
Procurement of materials, 689, 690Procurement records, 689Productive meetings, 643Profile, qualifications, 625Program, maintenance, 267Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 148Progressive cavity pumps, 308, 318Propeller meters, 408, 410Propeller pumps, 318Property taxes, 650Proportional-band, controller adjustment, 392Proprietary media, arsenic, 146Proprietary processes, iron and manganese, 15Protected groups, 628Protection devices, electrical equipment, 280Protective measures, water supply, 666Prussian blue, 336Public health benefits
Arsenic Rule, 548Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule, 551Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR), 549Lead and Copper Rule, 548Radionuclides Rule, 550Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, 549Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, 549Total Coliform Rule (TCR), 549
Public information programs, conservation, 694Public Law 92-500, 233Public notification, fluoride, 58Public relations, 644–646Public speaking, 645Public water systems, 551Pump controllers, instrumentation, 422, 423Pumping equipment, electrodialysis, 220Pump maintenance
alignment, 300, 302, 316, 322–326bearings, 316, 318belt drives, 321chain drives, 322check valves, 316, 318, 337–350controls, 319couplings, 323–326
dial indicators, 325, 326electric motors, 282–290, 319–320foot valves, 316, 341mechanical seals, 316packing, 303, 312, 313, 314preventive maintenance, 312progressive cavity pumps, 318propeller pumps, 318reciprocating pumps, 317shear pin, 317, 325shutdown, 316, 327variable speed belt drives, 323wearing rings, 316
Pump operationcentrifugal pumps, 328–331discharge, 328driving equipment, 325, 327electrical controls, 325, 327inspection, 330, 331level controls, 325, 327noisy pump, 328positive-displacement pumps, 35, 331power requirements, 328prime, 325, 327, 328rotation, 328shutdown, 325, 327, 329starting, 325–331troubleshooting, 327
Pumpsalignment, 300, 302, 316, 322–326bearings, 300, 307, 316, 318casing, 302, 307cavitation, 304, 305centrifugal pumps, 298, 306, 328chemical metering, 308, 362, 363couplings, 300, 323–326displacement, 299dynamic types, 299electric motors, 282–290flanges, 300, 302horizontal centrifugal pumps, 298, 299, 306, 328impeller, 298, 307Let’s Build a Pump!, 298–306lubrication, 300, 309–311maintenance
See Pump maintenancemotors, 271–293packing, 303, 312, 313, 314piston type, 306progressive cavity, 308, 318reciprocating, 306, 317rings, wearing, 303screw flow, 308seal, 303shaft, 300, 307sleeves, 300, 307stuffing boxes, 303
Index 869
Pumps (continued)suction, 300, 302, 303, 304vertical centrifugal pumps, 306wearing rings, 303
Pump station failure, membranes, 180Purchase order, 647, 689, 690
Q
Qualifications profile, 625Questions
management, 620pre-employment, 627, 628
Quicklime, 83, 91, 453Quick Reference Guides, Compilation of, EPA, 548
R
Radio, 644Radioactivity, 574Radiological contaminants, 547, 574Radionuclides Rule, 550Radon, 575Range, instrument, 389Rate of flow, 406Rates, water, 649Recarbonation, 84, 85, 86, 90Reciprocating pumps, 306, 317Recognition, employee, 629, 630Recorders, 418Recordkeeping
accident reports, 682arsenic, 151bacteriological, 602chemical, 602computer, 690disposition of records, 691electrical equipment, 267, 268, 285, 290electrodialysis, 221, 222equipment, 690fluoridation, 49, 53, 55, 56inventory, 689ion exchange softening, 114lime–soda ash softening, 93maintenance, 689membranes, 180, 181operations data, 688personnel, 625, 639plant, 688–691process wastes, 252procurement, 689purchase order, 647, 689, 690purpose, 688requisition, 647, 689, 690retention of records, 602, 691reverse osmosis, 207, 209, 210safety, 682
sanitary survey, 602softening, 93types of records, 688variance and exemptions, 602
Recovery, reverse osmosis, 194, 207Recycle flows, 549Red water problems, 16, 22Regenerant, salt, arsenic treatment, 144Regeneration, membranes, 177Regulations, drinking water
arsenic, 552bacteria, 554, 562–572barium, 555cadmium, 555chloride, 577chlorine residual substitution, 569chromium, 556coliforms, 554, 563–567color, 577community water system, 551copper, 556, 577Drinking Water Standards, 548, 552–575, 576–580establishment, 547–552filtration, 568–571fluoride, 578foaming agents, 578Giardia lamblia, 562, 568–571health, 545, 551, 552, 553–554, 576immediate threats to health, 559, 562inorganic chemicals, 552–560iron, 578lead, 557maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), 547, 552–575membrane filter, 564mercury, 559microbiological contaminants, 547, 554, 562–571monitoring, 558, 565, 570, 574, 577multiple-tube fermentation, 564natural radioactivity, 574nitrate, 553, 559nitrite, 560nontransient noncommunity water system, 552notification, 566, 602odor, 579organic chemicals, 547, 553, 560pH, 579Primary Drinking Water Standards, 552–575radioactivity, 574radiological contaminants, 547, 574reporting procedures, 566, 591required sampling, 558, 564, 565, 566, 570, 574, 577, 580–
591Safe Drinking Water Act, 580sampling points, 583sampling procedures, 580–591Secondary Drinking Water Standards, 576–580selenium, 560
870 Water Treatment
Regulations, drinking water (continued)setting standards, 545silver, 579solvents, 560sulfate, 579total dissolved solids (TDS), 580treatment techniques, 552trihalomethanes, 129, 139, 573turbidity, 547, 551, 569zinc, 580
Regulations, OSHA, 398, 669Regulatory agencies, safety, 669Rejection, mineral, 188, 189, 191Repair/replacement fund, 648Repair shop, 298Replacement cost, 648Reporting
arsenicemergency, 151routine, 151special, 151violations, 151
procedures, 566, 591safety, 485, 486, 682waste disposal, 252
Report writing, 641–643Representative sample, 131Required sampling, 558, 564, 566, 570, 574, 577, 580–591Requisition system, 647, 689, 690Reservoirs, 7, 366Reset, controller adjustment, 392Residential plumbing retrofits, 692Residential water surveys, 692Residuals, arsenic, 149Resin
arsenic ion exchange, 144ion exchange, 12, 99, 102, 104, 135, 138
Respiratory protection, 456–458, 482Responsibilities, safety, 447, 668Responsibilities of managers, 619, 624Responsibility, 621Retaliation, 638Retrofits, residential plumbing, 692Revenue bonds, 650Reverse osmosis (RO)
Also see Demineralization and Electrodialysisacid feed system, 207additional reading, 223alarms, 207arithmetic assignment, 223brine, 194, 207calculations, 188–198cartridge filters, 207chlorination, 207“Christmas Tree” arrangement, 194, 197, 207cleaning membrane, 211colloids, 206
components, 199concentration polarization, 194definition, 186feed, 207flow diagram, 187, 208flux, 186, 189flux decline, 188hollow fine fiber, 202, 204, 206hydrolysis, 194, 196, 206layout, 201log sheet, 209, 210membranes, 165, 186, 188, 202, 211microbial organisms, 206mineral rejection, 188, 189, 191operation, 205–212osmosis, 186, 187permeate, 188, 202pH effects, 194, 196, 206, 207polyphosphate treatment, 206, 207pretreatment, 205pumps, 199recordkeeping, 207, 209, 210recovery, 194, 207rejection, mineral, 188, 189, 191safety, 211scalants, 206spiral wound, 202, 203suspended solids, 205temperature effects, 194, 195, 196, 206threshold treatment, 206troubleshooting, 211tubular, 202turbidity, 205types of plants, 202
Reversible fouling, 167Review of plans and specifications, arsenic plant, 149Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 671–680Rings, wearing, 303Rinse, ion exchange softening, 103, 105, 108, 148Rotameter, 407, 408, 409Rotation of pump operation, 328Rotor, 282Route, sampling, 585Routine arsenic reporting, 151Routine maintenance, membranes, 181Routine sampling, 558, 565RTK (Right-To-Know) laws, 671–680Rules
coliform, 563–567copper, 557lead, 557surface water treatment, 549, 568–572
S
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 545, 546, 580, 591Safe Drinking Water Hotline [(800) 426-4791], 548
Index 871
Safe procedureshazard communication, 671–680right-to-know laws, 671–680worker right-to-know laws, 671–680
Safetyaccident
causes, 447, 668prevention, 447, 473reports, 485, 486, 682, 683, 684
acetic acid (glacial), 448acids, 448activated carbon, 462additional reading, 485alum, 460aluminum sulfate, 460ammonia, 452arsenic plant, 149atmospheres, explosive, 482autoclaves, 481bases, 452biological considerations, 481booster shots, immunization, 481calcium hydroxide, 453carbon dioxide, 457caustic soda, 453check, vehicles, 473, 474chemical handling, 211, 448chemicals, laboratory, 480chemical storage drains, 463CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 485chlorine, 455Chlorine Manual, 456classification, fires, 464cleaning, 467confined spaces, 397–400, 468–471, 680, 681control panels, 478costs, 686cranes, 468current, 477, 478dangerous air, 468definition, 447drains, 463drowning, 484education, 682electrical equipment, 212, 269, 271, 296, 392, 477electrodialysis, 221emergencies, 485, 671equipment
fluoridation, 49, 59laboratory, 480–481operator protection, 447, 481, 482–484, 670personal protective equipment (PPE), 400shower, 449, 450, 451
exits, 467explosive atmospheres, 482extinguishers, fire, 464–466eye protection, 483
ferric chloride, 460ferric sulfate, 460ferrous sulfate, 460, 461fire protection, 464first aid, 60, 671flammables, storage, 467fluoridation, 59fluoride compounds, 461foot protection, 483forklifts, 476fueling vehicles, 473gas-detection equipment, 469gases, 455gas masks, 456–458glassware, 480gloves, 483ground-fault circuit interrupter, 471, 478handling chemicals, 448hand protection, 483hard hat, 484hazardous gases, 455, 468hazards
empty digesters, 365instrumentation, 392–401laboratory, 480–481maintenance, 467
head protection, 484homeland defense, 663–665hot plates, 481human factors, 687hydrated lime, 453hydraulic equipment, 212hydrochloric acid, 451hydrofluosilicic acid, 60, 449, 461hydrogen fluoride, 451hypochlorite, 454immunization, booster shots, 481injury frequency rate, 686injury severity rate, 686instrumentation, 397–400, 478laboratory, 480–481lime–soda ash softening, 89, 91lockout/tagout procedure, 269, 478, 479maintenance, 467–472, 477manholes, 471measuring, 686membrane, 221motors, 478muriatic acid, 451National Safety Council, 685nitric acid, 451noise, 472olfactory fatigue, 449operator, 447, 481, 482–484, 670OSHA, 680oxygen deficiency, 468oxygen enrichment, 400
872 Water Treatment
Safety (continued)painting, 467panels, control, 478permit, confined space, 470, 680, 681permit-required confined space, 469personal protective equipment (PPE), 400pipet washers, 481plant maintenance, 467policy statement, 479, 669, 670potassium permanganate, 461powdered activated carbon, 462powders, 461, 462power tools, 471program, 668–688quicklime, 83, 91, 453radioactivity, 481regulatory agencies, 669reporting, 485, 486, 682, 683, 684respiratory protection, 456–458, 482responsibilities, 447, 668reverse osmosis, 211safety check, vehicles, 473, 474safety shower, 449, 450, 451salts, 459, 460seat belts, 473self-contained breathing apparatus, 456–458, 482shots, booster, immunization, 481shower, safety, 449, 450, 451sodium aluminate, 461sodium carbonate, 454sodium fluoride, 60, 461sodium hydroxide, 453sodium silicate, 454softening, 89, 91standard operating procedures (SOPs), 469, 478, 479, 671starters, 477statistics, 686sterilizers, 481stills, water, 481storage, chemicals, 463storage, flammables, 467sulfur dioxide, 457sulfuric acid, 451supervisors, 668, 670, 683, 685tailgate training, 448, 685threat levels, homeland defense, 664tools, power, 471traffic, 473training, 629, 682transformers, 477underwater inspection, 484unsafe acts, 670valves, 472vehicles, 473voltage, 477water, 484
water stills, 481welding, 472
Safety Data Sheet (SDS), 180hazard communication 671–677
Salinity, 183Salts, handling and safety, 459, 460Salt solution characteristics, 12Sampling
arsenic, 150coliform, 564iron and manganese, 8lead and copper, 558points, 583procedures, 580–591schedule, 584trihalomethanes, 131
Sampling procedurescheck sampling, 580collection, 558, 580–585frequency, 558, 564–566, 569, 570, 574, 577, 584–585initial sampling, 580lead and copper, 558location, 583number of samples, coliform, 564plan, 564required sampling, 558, 564, 580route, 585Safe Drinking Water Act, 580
Sand drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249Sand filter, 249Sanitary defects
brine storage tanks, 107fluoridation, 59
Sanitary landfills, 249, 250Sanitary survey, 563, 602Saturators, fluoridation, 35, 42, 43, 46, 59SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems
computer control systems, 427distribution systems, 654membranes, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181treatment plants, 654
Scalingelectrodialysis, 213, 220reverse osmosis, 206
SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), 398, 456–458, 482Schedule, sampling, 584School education programs, conservation, 694Screw flow pumps, 308Scroll centrifuge, 244, 245SDS, 180SDWA (Safe Drinking Water Act), 545, 580, 591Seal, pump, 303, 304Seal cage, 304Seat belts, 473Seats, valves, 336Seawater, 183
Index 873
Secondary Drinking Water Standardsaluminum, 577chloride, 577color, 577copper, 577enforcement, 576fluoride, 578foaming agents, 578hydrogen sulfide, 579iron, 578iron and manganese, 578manganese, 578maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), 576monitoring, 577odor, 579pH, 579silver, 579sulfate, 579total dissolved solids (TDS), 580zinc, 580
Secondary standards, measurements, 388Security, arsenic plant, 149Selection, employees, 628Selenium, 560Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 398, 456–458, 482Sensitivity, instrumentation, 389Sensors, types, 402–416Septic wastes, 251Service, ion exchange softeners, 102, 103, 107, 148Service cost recovery, 695Service line replacement, 559Service record card, 267, 268Set point, 392Sewers, 248, 249Sexual harassment, 635, 636Shaft, pump, 300, 307Shear pin, 317, 325Shop steward, 639Shots, booster, immunization, 481Shower, safety, 449, 450, 451Shutdown
arsenic plant, 148chemical feeders, 58fluoridation, 58instrumentation systems, 432ion exchange softeners, 108pumps, 316, 325, 329
Signaltransducers, 414transmitters, 414, 653
Silver, 579Slake, 83, 91Sleeves, pump, 300, 307Sludge
pumps, 251softening, 92volumes, 234
Snubbers, 402, 405Sodium
aluminate, 461carbonate, 454fluoride, 34, 35fluorosilicate, 34hydroxide, 453silicate, 454silicofluoride, 54
SofteningAlso see Ion exchange softening and Lime–soda ash softeningadditional reading, 114alkalinity, 77, 80, 90arithmetic assignment, 114basic methods, 82benefits, 78, 82calcium carbonate equivalent, 78, 79carbonate hardness, 77, 83chemical reactions, 83–86chemistry, 79hardness, water, 77, 82, 84importance, 78ion exchange softening, 99jar tests, 93–97Langelier Index, 80lime–soda ash softening, 82, 87limitations, 78, 82need, 78noncarbonate hardness, 83, 84permanent hardness, 83pH, 80, 81recordkeeping, 93safety, 89, 91sludge, 92stability, 80, 84, 90temporary hardness, 83total hardness, 77zeolite, 99
Softening membrane, RO, 190Solar lagoons, 237, 240Solid chemical feeders, 362Solution feeders, 35, 42Solution preparation, fluoridation, 49Solvents, 560Sonar devices, 402Sources, arsenic, 142Span, instrumentation, 389Special arsenic reporting, 151Special assessment bonds, 650Specification review
electrodialysis, 220fluoridation, 47
Specifications, arsenic plant, 149Specific conductance test procedures, 521Spectrophotometer
absorbance, 495calibration, 496
874 Water Treatment
Spectrophotometer (continued)description, 495iron and manganese analysis, 8percent transmittance, 495standards, 496transmittance, 495units, 495
Spent media, activated alumina, 146Spiral wound membrane, 202, 203Split samples, 150, 151Split treatment
ion exchange softening, 112lime–soda ash softening, 86–89
Square root extraction, 383SRF (State Revolving Fund), 650Stability, water, 80, 84, 90Stack, electrodialysis, 213, 215, 220Staffing
advertising positions, 626applications, job, 626certification, 630compensation, 626, 629disciplinary problems, 631employee-management relationship, 639employee orientation, 629employee problems, 631, 639employees, 624employer policies, 629, 636evaluation, performance, 631–633grievances, 631, 639groups, protected, 628harassment, 635, 636hiring procedures, 624–629interviewing, 626interview questions, 627, 628manager’s responsibilities, 619, 624National Labor Relations Act, 640new employee orientation, 629number of employees, 625orientation, new employees, 629paper screening, 626performance evaluation, 631–633personnel records, 639policies, employer, 629, 636probationary period, 629problem employees, 631profile, qualifications, 625protected groups, 628qualifications profile, 625retaliation, 638selection process, 628sexual harassment, 635, 636training, 630unions, 639
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rulepublic health benefits, 549purpose, 549
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rulepublic health benefits, 549purpose, 549
Stages, electrodialysis, 213Standard deviation, 527Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC) code, 694Standardization, instrumentation, 389Standardized Monitoring Framework (SMF)
benefits, 550contaminants regulated, 550monitoring requirements, 550purpose, 550
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 468, 469, 478, 479, 671Standards, drinking water, 545, 576Standard unit of measure, 388Standby engine generator, membranes, 177Standby engines, 360Standby power generation, 293Standby power generators, 418Starters, electrical, 281, 477Startup
arsenic plant, 148chemical feeders, 49engines, 352, 353, 358fluoridation, 49instrumentation systems, 432ion exchange softeners, 108pumps, 325–331
State Revolving Fund (SRF), 650Stator, 282Steel tanks, 366Sterilizers, 481Stethoscope, 319Steward, shop, 639Stills, water, 481Storage of
chemicals, 361, 463flammables, 467fuel, 360lime, 89
Strip-chart recorders, 418, 420Stuffing boxes, pumps, 303Submerged flow, membranes, 166, 172, 173, 174Suction, pumps, 302, 303, 304Sulfate
regulations, 579test procedures, 521
Sulfur dioxide, 457Sulfuric acid, 451Sulfurospirillum, 142Supernatant, 240Supersaturated, 83Supervising inquiries, pre-employment, 627Supervision, 630Supervisors, safety, 668, 670, 683, 685Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), 427Surface Water Treatment Rules, 549, 568–572
Index 875
Surfactant, 578Surge protection, pressure, 402, 405Switches, electrical, 272, 275Switch gear, electrical, 280, 295Symbols, electrical, 383–386Synthetic organic chemicals, 560Synthetic resins, 135, 136System water audits, 692
T
Tag, warning, 270Tagged off, 397Tagout/lockout procedure, 269, 478, 479Tailgate training, 448, 685Tanks
draining and cleaning, 236, 238, 239steel, maintenance, 366
Target audience, 641, 642, 644Tastes and odors
iron and manganese, 7test procedures, 524
TCE (trichloroethylene), 561TDR (time domain reflectometry) level sensors, 406Teeth, mottling and cavities, 33, 556, 557, 578Telemetering, instrumentation, 653Telephone contacts, 645Television, 644Temperature effects
electrodialysis, 220process wastes, 234reverse osmosis, 194, 195, 196, 206THM formation, 134
Temporary hardness, 83Test and calibration equipment, 425Testers, electrical, 274Testing ion exchange softeners, 105Test procedures
See Laboratory test proceduresThallium, 560Thermal overloads, 280Thickener supernatant, 549Thickening wastes, 235Thin film composite membrane, 188Thread membranes, 166Threshold Odor Number (TON), 524–528, 579Threshold treatment, 206Tier 1 and 2 violations, 566, 602Time domain reflectometry (TDR) level sensors, 406Titrate, 79TON (Threshold Odor Number), 524–528, 579Tools, power, 471Total Coliform Rule (TCR)
MCL, 548public health benefits, 549purpose, 548standards, 563–567
Total dissolved solids (TDS), 183, 185, 529, 580Total flow, 406Total hardness, 77Totalizers, instrumentation, 418Total trihalomethanes, 129, 131, 134, 139, 573Tours, plant, 646Toxicity, 665Traffic, 473Training
administration, 630fluoridation, 60safety, 630, 682
Transducers (signal), 414Transformers, 273, 277, 281, 295, 477Transient noncommunity water system, 552Transmission, electrical, 295Transmitters (signal), 414“Traveler’s” diarrhea, 562Treatment
arsenic, 142emergency, 666, 667processes, membranes, 165–182
Treatment charts, fluoridation, 49–51Treatment techniques, 5521,1,1-Trichloroethane, 561Trichloroethylene (TCE), 561Trihalomethanes
activated carbon, 135, 138, 139additional reading, 131, 140adsorption, 135, 138aeration, 135–136, 140arithmetic assignment, 140bench-scale studies, 135, 139, 140bromide, 129, 134calculations, 132chemical reactions, 129, 133chloramines, 138, 139chlorine, 129, 134, 138, 139coagulation/sedimentation/filtration, 135, 136control strategies, 131, 134, 139disinfection alternatives, 138existing treatment processes, 135feasibility analysis process, 131Federal Register, 129, 131, 139formation, 129, 133, 134, 136formulas, 132, 741, 753Group 1 and Group 2 treatment techniques, 140health effects, 129ion exchange resins, 135, 138maximum contaminant level (MCL), 129, 140, 573monitoring, 129, 133, 139options for control, 134oxidation, 135, 136ozone, 135, 136, 138, 140pH, THM formation, 134potassium permanganate, 135, 136, 139precursors, THM, 129, 133, 134, 136
876 Water Treatment
Trihalomethanes (continued)problem, 129, 131regulations, 129, 139, 573resins, synthetic, 135, 136sampling, 131sources of water, 134synthetic resins, 135, 136temperature, THM formation, 134test procedures, 528total trihalomethanes, TTHMs, 129, 131, 134, 139ultraviolet light, 135, 136variance, 139
Troubleshootingarsenic plant, 149electrical equipment, 274–280engines, 352, 358ion exchange softeners, 107iron and manganese, 20, 21, 22membranes, 177, 180, 181motors, 285–290pumps, 327reverse osmosis, 211
Tubular membranes, 202Turbidity regulations, 547, 551, 554, 569Types of sensors, 402–416Typical plant, arsenic, 148
U
UEL (upper explosive limit), 400, 401Ultrafiltration (UF), 165, 167Ultra-low-flush [flow] toilet (ULFT), 692, 695, 696Ultrasonic devices, level measurement, 402, 406, 408Ultraviolet light, 135, 136Unaccounted for water, 620Unbalanced current, 276–278Underfeeding, fluoridation, 58Underwater inspection, 484Unions, 639Unity of command, 621Unloader, compressor, 332Unregulated contaminants, 547Unsafe acts, 670Upflow saturators, 43, 45, 46Upper explosive limit (UEL), 400, 401Uranium, 574User fees, 647US Terrorism Alert System, 664, 665Utility management, 619
V
Vaccination, hepatitis B, 400Vacuum breakers, 659, 660Vacuum filters, 245, 248Vacuum tank truck, 239, 240, 251
Valvesarsenic treatment plant, 148, 149automatic, 350butterfly, 337, 340check, 316, 318, 337–350compressor, 333, 334diaphragm-operated, 350, 351eccentric, 337–339foot, 316, 341gate, 334, 335globe, 336, 348, 350, 351lubrication, 336maintenance, 334, 336, 337, 341operation, 334, 336packing, 334parts, 334safety, 472seats, 336types, 342use, 334, 337wafer check valve, 337, 340, 342, 347
Variablesmeasured, instrumentation, 402–416process, 388, 402, 414
Variable speed belt drives, 323Variance, THM, 139Variance and exemptions, 139, 602Vehicles
accident prevention, 473forklifts, 476fueling, 473maintenance, 473operation, 473–475safety check, 473, 474seat belts, 473types, 473
Velocity flow sensing, 408, 410Venturi tube, 412, 413, 414Vertical centrifugal pumps, 306Vinyl chloride, 561Violation arsenic reporting, 151Violations, tier 1 and 2, 602Violence, 634Viscosity, 149, 311VOCs (volatile organic chemicals), 553, 560Volatile, 135Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), 553, 560Voltage imbalance, 277Voltage testing, 274–276, 477Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM), 425, 426Volts, 272, 274, 295Volume-related charges, 695Volumes of sludges, 234Volumetric feeders, 35, 39, 40, 42VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter), 425, 426Vulnerability assessment, 661
Index 877
W
Wafer check valve, 340, 342, 347Walk-through inspection, membranes, 175, 180Warning tag, 270Wastewater, arsenic, 149Wastewater collection system, 248, 249Water
safety, 484Water audits, 692Water conservation
See ConservationWater-cooled engines, 357Water efficiency program, 693Water hammer, 329Water Pollution Control Act, 233Water quality monitoring, membranes, 180Water rates, 649Water safety, 484WaterSense, 696Water shortage allocations, 695Water stills, 481Water waste prohibition, 695Watts, 273
Wearing rings, pumps, 303Welding, 472Wholesale agency assistance programs, 694Wilson’s disease, 557Winklepress, 244Wood preservative, arsenic, 142Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 671–680Working conditions, 626Written communication, 641–643
X
(NO LISTINGS)
Y
(NO LISTINGS)
Z
Zeoliteiron and manganese, 14softening, 99
Zinc, 580