Water Systems Student Pages!!Science Experiment Lab report!

Blue Planet Frozen Seas Worksheet!OCEAN MOVEMENT!

Why is the Ocean Salty0001!Why is the Ocean Salty0002!Why is the Ocean Salty0003!

OCEAN MOVEMENTS WORD SEARCH!OCEAN ZONES diagram!

wordmap organizer!Blue Planet the Deep worksheet!

frayer organizer!What Happens to Heat Energy Reaching the Great Lakes!

How Do the Great Lakes Affect Temperature!Paris climate!

montreal-climate-chart!Conserving Water!

Do Rocks Last Forever experiments!Earth’s Changing Surface!!!

!SCIENCE EXPERIMENT WORKSHEET

Name: _______________________________________Grade: ______________________

Project Title: _____________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem (Ask a Testable Question):_____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Hypothesis (Prediction: what I think will happen): ________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Plan the Experiment (Rough Draft): __________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Equipment and materials (List the Materials): __________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Procedure (What I plan to do): _______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

!!!Record Data and Observations: _____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Interpret Data and Observations: _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion (What I found out by doing this experiment): ___________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Apply Findings (How can the results of the experiment be used): ____________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

!Attach notes, measurements, photos, tables or graphs to this sheet.

!!

!Blue Planet – Frozen Seas !From Blue Planet Worksheets http://www.aurumscience.com/blue_planet.html !Background The seas surrounding the arctic and Antarctic are the coldest and harshest. Very few organisms are able to survivefor long periods in these ecosystems. The ones that are able have specific adaptations and behaviors to combat theelements. Questions These questions are written in sequence with the frozen seas episode. !1. What is a polynya? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why does the Bowhead whale shown stay close to the polynya, even though there is no food for it there? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What strategy do Beluga whales use to maintain their polynya? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The relationship between polar bears and sea gulls (or arctic foxes) is best described as: (choose one) a. Mutualism b. Commensalism c. Parasitism 5. Why do harp seals give birth on pack ice instead of land? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Describe one adaptation of the harp seal. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Hooded seals have the shortest nursing period – four days of any known mammal. Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What predatory adaptation did God give polar bears? How do ring seals, their prey, counter this? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. How are Brṻnnich’s guillemots physically different from the penguins of the antarctic? Why is this important in the Arctic? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Bowhead whales are the only large sea mammals that remain in the arctic all year. How do they feed? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is molting, and why do the walrus need to do it? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Surviving in the Antarctic is extremely difficult. What advantage do Emperor Pen-guins have that animals in the less-harsh Arctic do not? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. How do Weddell seals maintain access to the air when the sea is frozen? What is the drawback to this technique? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. How are krill able to survive through the harsh winter?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. Zavodovski Island has the world’s largest penguin colony. What geographic feature makes this island so attractive as a breeding site? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. The number of mammals in the seas around Antarctica increases dramatically in the spring. What changes occur that allow the ecosystem to support these organisms? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. Leopard seals are a top predator. What does this mean? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ !

!!Analysis This is a food web from an Antarctic community. What do the arrows represent? Who are the primary producers of this community? What would happen if one or more of the organisms at the base of the food web were to disappear?

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!Word Map:

!Blue Planet DVD – Deep Ocean 1. Why is a submersible needed to descend to the bottom parts of the ocean? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. As the submersible approaches the twilight zone (300m deep), what changes in light and temperature occur? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

3. How is the deep sea squid different than its relatives that stay near the surface? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

4. Hatchet fish are able to make themselves virtually invisible in the dark zone. De-scribe two specific aspects of their body design that allows this kind of camouflage. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

5. Why do so many of the animals in the dark zone have red pigment? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

6. What do animals like the hairy angler depend on instead of sight to locate prey? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

7. There are two huge challenges to living in the dark zone: findingfood, and a mate. Describe how the deep sea angler accomplishes both a.Attracting Prey, b. Locating a

Mate. ! ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

8. Most of the bioluminescence produced at this level of the ocean is blue. Some

predators, however, are able to produce red light. Which is more of an advantage?

Why?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

9. Bioluminescence is also used by prey, such as the shrimp and copepods to escape predators like the gigantocyprus. Describe two examples shown. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

10. Animals like the firefly squid will migrate up and down the different layers of the ocean depending on the time of day. Explain why. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

11. Why are there no plants below 500 meters? What do animals at this depth depend on for food instead? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

12. Why do the echinoderms that live at this depth, such as sea stars and sea urchins, travel in herds? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

13. The mushroom coral polyps have the largest tentacles of any coral in the ocean. Why is it so important for coral at this depth to have large tentacles? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

14. What unusual ability do sea cucumbers and polychaete worms have at this depth to help them find food? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

15. Large predators are rare at this depth, but there are a few. Give one example. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

16. Hag fish have a mostly cartilaginous skeleton. How do they get enough force to tear flesh from the grey whale carcass? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

17. What is the depth of the Mariana trench? ______________________________________________________________________

18. Tripod fish have two types of specialized fins. Explain where they are, and what

they do.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

19. What unusual ability does the dumbo octopus have that helps it conserve energy? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

20.Why are the polychaete worms living near the underwater volcanic vent called Pompeiiworms? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

21. The organisms that live around the underwater volcanic vents are completely inde-pendent of the sun. What forms the basis of their food web? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

22. An underwater lake with a sort of tidal action is shown at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico. How is this possible underwater? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

23. What does the life in this underwater lake survive on? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

!

! !Taken from Aurum Science.com

!

Frayer Organizer:

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!Conserving Water !Reducing Runoff Pollution There are many ways to use water wisely outdoors and prevent pollution while you save money on water bills. !Hand Water Garden Plants

Try hand watering individual garden plants instead of using sprinklers that cover a wide area. This keeps water where it is needed: on your favourite plants and away from weeds. Remember that weeds need water too! !Use Mulch

Mulch is any loose material placed over the soil to control weeds and conserve soil moisture. Mulch can make weed pulling much easier and prevent water from evaporating.

Straw, dried grass clippings, compost, wood chips, coconut fibre, and shredded leaves all make excel-lent choices for mulch.

Place cardboard or a few layers of newspapers under mulch to prevent weed growth. Fresh newspa-per or cardboard and fresh mulch can be added every few years as the old layers break down into com-post and nutrients. !Trees

Trees need water too! In the city, stormwater is quickly whisked away to sewers or surface waters by hard surfaces like asphalt and concrete. This does not allow for water to soak down into tree root zones.

Place a hose at the base of a tree and let it drip over the root zone for 12 to 24 hours depending on the size of the tree. You may have to move the hose several times in order to water the entire root zone. The root zone will be approximately the same size as the circumference of the tree canopy.

Watering trees once per year and during drought conditions will help keep them healthy and prevent pests and diseases. !Pools

Use pool covers to keep pool water warm and prevent evaporation. !Washing Cars

Use a bucket with some soapy water instead of letting the hose run constantly. !Native Plants Use native groundcovers, wildflowers, trees and shrubs whenever possible. !

!Do Rocks Last Forever? We think rocks last forever. The boulder we played on in our parents’ front yard when we were children is still there for our grandchildren to enjoy. The rock steps to the church are still in use a hundred years later, and the gravestones in the cemetery still mark where our ancestors were laid to rest. These rocks, to us, have lasted forever. But, if you look closely, change is taking place.

This change is called weathering. The term weathering refers to the destructive processes that change the character of rock at or near the Earth’s surface. There are two main types of weather-ing: mechanical and chemical. Processes of mechanical weathering (or physical disintegration) break up rock into smaller pieces but do not change the chemical composition. The most com-mon mechanical weathering processes are frost action and abrasion. The processes of chemical weathering (or rock decomposition) transform rocks and minerals exposed to water and atmos-pheric gases into new chemical compounds (different rocks and minerals), some of which can be dissolved away. The physical removal of weathered rock by water, ice, or wind is called erosion.

Weathering is a long, slow process, which is why we think rocks last forever. In nature, mechani-cal and chemical weathering typically occur together. Commonly, fractures in rocks are enlarged slowly by frost action or plant growth (as roots pry into the fractures). This action causes more surface area to be exposed to chemical agents. Chemical weathering works along contacts be-tween mineral grains. Crystals that are tightly bound together become looser as weathering prod-ucts form at their contacts. Mechanical and chemical weathering continue until the rock slowly falls apart into individual grains.

We often think of weathering as destructive and a bad thing because it ruins buildings and stat-ues. However, as rock is destroyed, valuable products are created. The major component of soil is weathered rock. The growth of plants and the production of food is dependent on weathering. Some metallic ores, such as copper and aluminum, are concentrated into economic deposits by weathering. Dissolved products of weathering are carried in solution to the sea, where they nour-ish marine organisms. And finally, as rocks weather and erode, the sediment eventually becomes rock again–a sedimentary rock.

Two experiments to illustrate the effects of mechanical and chemical weathering are presented below.

Plaster and Ice (Mechanical Weathering) What you need: Plaster of paris, water, a small balloon, two empty pint milk cartons (bottom halves only), a freezer.

What to do: 1. Fill the balloon with water until it is the size of a ping-pong ball. Tie a knot at the end.

2. Mix water with plaster of paris until the mixture is as thick as yogurt. Pour half of the plaster in one milk carton and the other half in the other.

3. Push the balloon down into the plaster in one carton until it is about ¼ inch under the sur-face. Hold the balloon there until the plaster sets enough so that the balloon doesn’t rise to the surface.

4. Let the plaster harden for about 1 hour.

5. Put both milk cartons in the freezer overnight.

6. Remove the containers the next day to see what happened.

What to think about: What happened to the plaster that contained the balloon? What happened to the plaster that had no balloon? Why is there a difference? Which carton acted as a control? Why? How does this experiment show what happens when water seeps into a crack in a rock and freezes?

What should have happened: The plaster containing the balloon should have cracked as the water in the balloon froze and ex-panded. Explain that when the water seeps into cracks in rocks and freezes, it can eventually break rocks apart.

A Sour Trick (Chemical Weathering) What you need: Lemon juice, vinegar, medicine droppers, two pieces each of limestone, calcite, chalk, and quartz

What to do: 1. Put a few drops of lemon juice on one piece of each of the four rock types.

2. Put a few drops of vinegar on the other piece of each of the four types.

3. Look and listen carefully each time you add the lemon juice or the vinegar.

What to think about: What happens when you put lemon juice on each rock? What happens when you put vinegar on each rock? Did the lemon juice and vinegar act the same way on each rock? Why did some of the rocks react differently? What does this experiment have to do with weathering?

What should have happened: Lemon juice and vinegar are both weak acids. The lemon juice contains citric acid and the vine-gar contains acetic acid. These mild acids can dissolve rocks that contain calcium carbonate. The lemon juice and vinegar should have bubbled or fizzed on the limestone, calcite, and chalk, which all contain calcium carbonate. There should not have been a reaction on the quartz, which does not contain calcium carbonate. Explain that water commonly contains weak acids that dis-solve rocks containing calcium carbonate and other minerals.

!Copyright © 2003-2008 by Calvin& Rosanna Hamilton

III. EARTH’S CHANGING SURFACE !A. Weathering Before showing this segment, ask: “What do you think weathering is? How does it oc-cur?” Main Points to Learn Weathering breaks down rocks physically or chemically, but it doesn’t remove them from their original location. Physical weathering causes rocks to break down without changing the chemical com-position. Chemical weathering changes the chemical composition of a rock; it is often the result of water mixing with other materials. !After showing this segment, ask “What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering?” B. Water Erosion Before showing this segment, ask: “What is erosion?” and “Why do you think water is a major agent of erosion?” !Main Points to Learn Erosion is the force that moves material from one point to another, causing changes to the landscape. Water is a major agent of erosion. It breaks down the land in one place and builds it up in another through the process of deposition. Water played a large role in the formation of the Grand Canyon. Afterward, ask: “What is deposition?” and “How did water help form the Grand Canyon?” “How did this explanation about the formation of the Grand Canyon differ from what you read in The Ocean Book?” !C. Erosion by Gravity and Ice Before viewing this segment ask: “How is gravity an agent of erosion?” and “How does wind cause erosion?” Main Points to Learn Gravity works with running water to pull soil and rock downstream, which can result in a landslide. Glaciers, another agent of erosion, move across the land, cutting and scraping against the planet’s surface and changing its face. Wind, especially in dry climates, wears down particles and moves them from place to place.

After showing this segment, ask “What are landslides?” and “How do glaciers change the landscape?” !!