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Water Systems Plumbing Systems CNST 305 Environmental Systems 1 Dr. Berryman 3aWater SystemChapter...
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Transcript of Water Systems Plumbing Systems CNST 305 Environmental Systems 1 Dr. Berryman 3aWater SystemChapter...
Water Systems
Plumbing Systems
CNST 305 Environmental Systems 1Dr. Berryman
3a Water System Chapter 8; Appendix B (Wentz) and 8.1- 8.3 (Toa)
4.11 Analysis and Design of Construction Systems - Mechanical (6 hrs)
Earth’s Water Supply
97% of the earth’s water is inaccessible. Mostly in the polar caps or ocean water
That 3%… Aquifers Cisterns Rivers/Lakes
Aquifers – Water Table
Water Table
Drilled Well
Nebraska Aquifers 0’ – 260’
Cost to drill a well - $8.00/ft + pump ($2500 for 1.5 hp submersible)
Water Quality Based on
Physical characteristics• Limited amount of suspended material
(cloudiness, clarity, acceptable taste, odor, temp)• Measured in turbidity units (<5 TU)
Chemical Characteristics• Limited to the amount of dissolved matter• Preferred hardness
(< 200ppm or <11.7 grains per gallon) Biological and Radiological Characteristics
• Should be practically free of bacteria, viruses, and radioactive material
Water Analysis Sulfate
• Over 300 – 500 ppm produce a laxative effect for those that have not adapted
Nitrate• Over 10 ppm – health problem for infants• > 50 ppm – very undesirable, health risks
Fluoride• Control tooth decay at 0.9 – 1.5 ppm• Concentrations over 3.0 cause mottling of
the teeth
1 ppm = mg/l = 1 mg/kg divide by 17.1 to get grains per gallon (gpg)
Water Analysis (cont.) pH
• Between 6.5 – 8 is acceptable
Iron and Manganese• Stain cloths and plumbing fixtures• Problems (iron>0.3 ppm;manganese>0.2 ppm)
Sodium• Problem w/ salt diets (more than 100 ppm not
desired)
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Carbonate Calcium Carbonate
Desirable <200 ppm• Less than 100 ppm: – soft water• 100 – 200 ppm: reasonably soft• 200 – 300 ppm: avg hardness• 300 – 400 ppm: very hard• Over 400 ppm: extremely hard
Too hard• More soap required to produce lather• Causes rings in bathtubs and sinks• Chemical deposits in pipes• Poor laundry results• Hard water not considered detrimental to health
Water Quality Improvements Sedimentation Coagulation (or flocculation “floc”) Aeration Disinfection Fluoridation Filtration Softening
RO systems• Micro pre-filter• Carbon pre-filter• RO membrane• Carbon post filter
residential commercial
Water Softeners The most common
method for point-of-entry (POE) treatment is cation exchange. A cation is a positively charged ion, both the hardness minerals calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are cations. To remove them from water the hardness cations are exchanged with sodium ions (also a cation).
There are four components to a softener unit: a control valve (1), a saline tank (2), a resin bed (3), and a resin tank (4). The resin tank holds the resin bed, the brine tank holds water and dissolved salt solution (brine). The control valve sits on top of the tank.
Cross Connections Any connection or arrangement
between two otherwise separate piping systems, one of which contains potable water and the other contains water of questionable safety, whereby flows from one system to the other.
FILM
Cross Connection Prevention Check Valves Air Gaps Vacuum
Breakers Backflow
Preventors Double check
valve system w/ vacuum breakers