Water Supply The Role of Government

Chennai – RWH a Case study

Santha Sheela Nair IAS (R) Vice Chairman (Planning Commission), Govt. of Tamil Nadu

222

Both Government and Civicbody concerned play a rolein water supply.

Water Supply

333

Role of State Government & Civic Body

Role of State Government

Provide Policy

Enable Legislations

Financial Resources

Role of Local Government / Civic Body

Implementation

Supply of services

Raising Resources

Mobilization of Human / Financial

4

Chennai……… History – Local Body

Seven Wells - 1866 Redhills-1872 Poondi-1944

1866 100% usage started from local Ground water sourcesby local body

1867 To 1966 (100 yrs) Strategies got shifted to use Surface water from distant sources

1969 - 1987 Surface water not sufficient and again chose augmentsupply by the use of ground water

1988 to Till date Due to large demands and dwindling Ground water,again had to depend more on surface water whichchanged the mix.

90% Surface water + 5% Ground water & 15%Desalinated water

5

Regulation on sinking of new wells

Registration of existing wells

Issue of licenses to extract water for non domestic use

Issue of licenses for transportation through goods vehicle

Scheduled Area: Chennai city & Adjacent 243 Revenue villages in Tiruvallur &

Kancheepuram Districts. As per Amendment 59 additional villages

added totaling to 302 villages

Competent Authority : Chennai City - Metro water

Scheduled Villages - Respective District Revenue Officials

After 1997 no licenses were issued

Ground water Regulations Act implemented by Civic Body (Metro water)

CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT 27 OF 1987 Amended during Oct 2002

Chennai……… History – 1987 – State Govt.,

6

SOUTHERN COASTAL AQUIFER YEARWISE MINIMUM & MAXIMUM WATER

LEVEL FROM 1983 - 2012

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

2010

DE

PT

H IN

'M

ET

RE

S'

Water level in m

Drought 1987 Drought 1994 Drought 2004

Water level improvement after the implementation

of Act

Challenge – Depleting Ground water level in well fields

Solution - Ground water (Regulation) Act

Result - Rise of water level from 8.00 m to 2.10 m- Stabilization of ground water level- Only Law in India, implemented in Chennai by Civic Body (Metro Water)

IMPLEMENTATION - IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT – SOUTH OF CHENNAI

Chennai……… History – 1988 – Local Body

7

BA

Y O

F B

EN

GA

L

NORTH

TO PONNERISEA WATERINTERFACE LINE

BURRIED CHANNEL

ZONE OF FRESHWATER INJECTION

LOCATION OF INJECTION

LEGEND PULICAT

SALTPAN

KATTUR

LAKSHMIPURAM ANICUT

VAYALUR

NANDIAMBAKKAM

ATTIPATTU

TO

CH

EN

NA

I

MINJURWELL FIELD MINJUR

VALLUR ANICUT

SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY AT DEEPER AQUIFER IN OBSERVATION WELLS (AROUND 30 M)

OBSERVATION WELL NUMBERE.C

. VA

LU

E I

N M

ICR

O M

OH

S /

CM

PRIOR TO INJECTION OF RAIN WATER

AFTER INJECTION OF RAIN WATER

1A 4A 5A 6A 10A 11A 12A 14A 15A0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

7

SEA WATER INTRUSION STUDIES

Chennai……… History – 1990 – Local Body

8

Macro level initiatives of Rain water Harvesting –Construction of Check dams

Introduction of Rain water Harvesting asmandatory requirement in Multi-storiedbuildings

Phase-I - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS

DROUGHT –1993 – Local Body

9

KANNIGAIPERWELL FIELD

POONDI

WELL FEILD

AREA BOUNDARY

CHENNAI METROPOLITAN

FLOOD PLAINS

TAMARAPAKKAM

WELL FIELDS

WELL FEILD

WELL FIELDPANJETTY

MINJURWELL FEILD

POONDI

RESERVOIR

SRIPERUMPUDURTANK

CHEMBARAMBAKKAMTANK

PORURLAKE

REDHILLSRESERVOIR

CHOLAVARAMTANK

1. MELSEMBEDU 2. VELLIYUR 3 JAGANATHAPURAM

Construction of Check Dams

Chennai……… History – 1992-95 – Local Body

1010

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

DE

PT

H IN

'ME

TR

ES'

YEARS

Average water level in 'm' Melsembedu Average water level in 'm' Velliyur

Average water level in 'm' Jagannathapuram

Year of Construction of Checkdam

Impact on water level fluctuation due to construction of Check Dams

111111

Call for Roof top Rain Water Harvesting

Provision of RWH structures is mandatory foravailing new Water/Sewer Connections

After this provision of RWH only 13% of thehouses provided Rainwater Harvesting

Amendments made in the Ground waterRegulations Act / Building Rules forimplementing rainwater harvesting

Phase-II - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS

Chennai… May 2002 – State Govt.,

• Provision of Rainwater harvesting

Structure in existing buildings (Tiled,

Sloped, Ordinary buildings and multi

storied buildings) one year from the

11th Oct.2002.

• Separation of bath and wash basin

water and reuse – multi storied and

public buildings

AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN TAMILNADU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITES BUILDING RULES – 1972.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE…… 11th Oct. 2002

AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN GROUND WATER ACT OF 1987

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE…… 24th Oct. 2002

Inclusion of additional villages to the list ofscheduled villages in the Act.

Revision of fine amount from Rs.1,000/- toRs.5,000/-

Mandatory requirement of RainwaterHarvesting in all buildings.

No extraction of ground water forswimming pools, industrial uses and othernon-potable purposes.

Restrictions to the depth of bore wells.

No water body, Public or Private, to beutilized for any other purpose, such as landfill, garbage dumps, building activities etc.,

“For effective conservation of rain water, no approval to

the construction or reconstruction or addition or

alteration to a building ( other than a hut) including

houses constructed by Government for below poverty

line families under the poverty alleviation programme

or building constructed by any agency under the control

of the Government, shall be given, if the applicant for

construction, alteration or addition to such a building

does not contain provision for water conservation and

rain water harvesting”

Amendment to the Tamilnadu Panchayat

Buildings Rules. …2002

151515

Ordinance issued by theGovt. of Tamil Nadu on19.07.2003 making itmandatory for allbuildings in the state tohave Rain WaterHarvesting structuresby 31.08.2003.

Phase-III - Chennai… 19th July 2002 - State Govt.,

16

Dissemination of information on RWH

Establishment of Rain Centre

Organization of Seminars/ Workshop

Massive rallies and Human Chains

Advertisement through Papers / Dailies

Booklets / Pamphlets

Posters and Wall Paintings

Door to Door campaign

INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body

171717

Creation of Rain Centre by CMWSS Board - Chennai

Creation of Rain Centre by TWAD Board - Chennai

Rain Centre created by Akash Ganga Trust an NGO Organization, Chennai

INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body

18

Reaching out to the people

Chief Minister’s appeal letter to the elected representative

Empanelment of Service Providers

Involvement of SHG’s, NGO’s

Technical guidance offered by TWAD and CMWSSB on the lithology and soil types in different areas and the types of RWH needed .

Celebrity endorsement & Films on RWH

Count down in dailies

INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body

19

INVOLVEMENT OF MEDIA …

Regular coverage in newspapers, articles, press releases.

Appeals to the citizens for rain water harvesting.

Print & Visual media as forum for regular interactions between government, civic body and citizens.

Success stories and achievements of rain water harvesting.

202020

Information on RWH on various Government agencies’ websitesTWAD Board - www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.comChennai Metrowater- www.chennaimetrowater.com

Installation of RWH structures in the buildingsconstructed by:TNSCB, TNHB, TN Police Housing Corp, PWD etc.

• District Collectors to implement Rainwater Harvesting• All Municipalities & Town Panchayats to implement RWH

From Chennai to rest of the State

Government Campaign Continues….

212121

Ordinance issued on 19.07.2003 making itmandatory for all buildings in the State to have RainWater Harvesting structures by 31.08.2003.and100% compliance with in two months

Second phase of Rain Water Harvesting to capturerun off water in open spaces

First State in the country to have 100% coverage inRain Water Harvesting.

Implementation of Rain Water Harvesting

222222

Rain Water Harvesting - 1

Thatched Roofs

23

Rain Water Harvesting - 2

In Slums

24

Rain Water Harvesting - 3

25

Rain Water Harvesting - 4

In school Buildings

26

Rain Water Harvesting – 4A

IN SCHOOL BUILDINGS

27

Rain Water Harvesting - 5

Roads

Multi storied buildings

28

Rain Water Harvesting - 6

29

Rain Water Harvesting - 7

Residence of Prime Importance – The Governor’s Residence

30

Rainwater Harvesting Methods

31

Developing Landscapes through roof top rain water harvesting - A Classic Example

323232

PEOPLES’ PARTICIPATION

NSS students of all college students

Centre for science and Environment

National Rainwater Harvesters’ Network

Exnora International

Resident’s Welfare Associations

Rotary International

33

RAINWATER HARVESTING HELPED IN CHENNAI FLOOD MITIGATION

34

ROAD SIDE RAINWATER COLLECTION THROUGH RECHARGE WELL

35

RAINWATER COLLECTION THROUGH STORM WATER DRAIN

36

IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING –WATER LEVEL

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

New

Washerm

anpet

Tondia

rpet

Valla

lar

Nagar

Georg

e T

ow

n

Chin

thadripet

Chepauk

Myla

pore

Besant N

agar

Thiruvanm

iyur

Kola

thur

MK

B N

agar

Pulia

nth

ope

Villiv

akkam

Anna N

agar

Pura

saiw

akkam

Chetp

et

Nungam

bakkam

Royapettah

T.N

agar

Virugam

bakkam

K.K

.Nagar

Said

apet

Guin

dy

Tara

mani

Vela

chery

Water level in 'mts' July '03 Water level in 'mts' Sep'12

Location of Observation wells

Wa

ter

lev

els

in

'm

ts'

37

IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING –WATER QUALITY

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

New

Washerm

anpet

Tondia

rpet

Valla

lar

Nagar

Georg

e T

ow

n

Chin

thadripet

Chepauk

Myla

pore

Besant N

agar

Thiruvanm

iyur

Kola

thur

MK

B N

agar

Pulia

nth

ope

Villiv

akkam

Anna N

agar

Pura

saiw

akkam

Chetp

et

Nungam

bakkam

Royapettah

T.N

agar

Virugam

bakkam

K.K

.Nagar

Said

apet

Guin

dy

Tara

mani

Vela

chery

Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (July '03) Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (Sep '12)

Tota

l Dis

solv

ed S

olid

s in

'ppm

'

38

Quality changes Before and After implementation of Rainwater Harvesting

3325

1835

1785

1650

1500

1300

989

580

410

380

360

320

900

540

400

360

350

325

4890

2700

2550

2250

2100

1600

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010

year

Valu

es in

'ppm

'

Total Solids Chlorides as 'Cl' Total Hardness Conductivity

ParametersValues in ‘ppm’ during

1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010

Total Solids 3325 1835 1785 1650 1500 1300

Chlorides as 'Cl' 989 580 410 380 360 320

Total Hardness 900 540 400 360 350 325

Conductivity 4890 2700 2550 2250 2100 1600

3939

Form for Declaration of installation and maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting

structures - CMWSSB

40

Way Forward………

Move from State civic body, private suppliers toneighborhoods, citizens, households as the base forsecuritizing drinking water availability.

A movement towards involvement of Engineers, builders,architects, planners, environment activists, scientists, hydro-geologists & householders as ‘Stakeholders’ in a Metropolitancity water supply system.

Role of Government / Local / State in providing Legislativeframework:

Reward & punitive action,

Dissemination of information,

Promotion of State’s intent in achieving sustainability both inmonetary as well as environmental terms in the provision ofdrinking water.

414141

“Underneath the verandah in front of the room

in which the Mahatma was born, in the space

enclosed by the three wings of the house, is

an underground reservoir, 20 feet long, 20 feet

wide and 15 feet deep, with a capacity of

20 thousand gallons, for storing rainwater for

domestic use. The well water in Porbandar,

owing to its vicinity to the sea, is brackish,

hard and unfit for cooking. Rainwater was,

therefore, collected and stored in the

underground reservoir for use the year round.

The terrace on the top floor, carefully washed

before the first monsoon showers, served as

catchments for the water, running down a pipe

straight into the tank. A heap of lime at the

mouth of the pipe served to filter and purity the

water”.

In this house five generations of

Gandhis lived and prospered.

- Mahatma GandhiVol 1(The Early Phase) by Shri Pyarelal

424242

FROM SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS – SCARCITY TO SECURITY

DEMOCRATIZING

AND

DECENTRALISING

CITY WATER MANAGEMENT

FOR

METROPOLITAN CITIES

A

WIN - WIN

Meeting the Gap &

Demand

Drought Proofing Recharging of Aquifers

Roof Top Harvesting –

Sustainable supply -

Household

Decrease in Saline

water ingression

Improved Water Quality

Increased Water

availability

Saving of Power

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

WIN

4343