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Water Supply and Sanitation in CambodiaTurning Finance into Services for the Future

May 2015Service Delivery Assessment

This report is the product of extensive collaboration and information sharing between many government agencies and organisations in Cambodia. A core team drawn from the Ministry of Rural Development (Department of Rural Health Care, Department of Rural Water Supply and Department of Planning and Public Relations), and the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft, as well as the Ministry of Public Works and Transport have been key partners with the Water and Sanitation Pro-gram (WSP) of the World Bank in analyzing the sector. The authors acknowledge the valuable contributions made by these organizations, as well as other sector stakeholders, including development partners and NGOs partners in the sector that participated in the workshops and have shared their information, such as UNICEF, ADB, JICA, UN-Habitat, SNV, and others.

The Task Team Leader for the Regional Service Delivery Assessment (SDA) in East Asia and Pacific is Susanna Smets. The following World Bank staff and consultants have provided valuable contributions to the Service Delivery Assessment pro-cess and report for Cambodia: Phyrum Kov, Sopheap Ly, Virak Chan, Kuysrorn Seng, Sandra Giltner and Almud Weitz. This report was peer reviewed by World Bank staff Lixin Gu and Claire Grisaffi, as well as Belinda Abraham from UNICEF.

The report also has benefited greatly from the Cambodia Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Review completed in 2013, which was led by World Bank staff Lixin Gu.

The SDA was carried out under the guidance of the World Bank’s Wa ter and Sanitation Program and local partners. This re-gional work, implemented through a country-led process, draws on the experience of water and sanitation SDAs conduct ed in more than 40 countries in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. An SDA analysis has three main components: a review of past water and sanitation access, a costing model to as sess the ad-equacy of future investments, and a scorecard that allows diagnosis of bottlenecks along the service de livery pathways. SDA’s contribution is to answer not only whether past trends and future finance are sufficient to meet sector targets for infrastructure and hardware but also what specific issues need to be addressed to ensure that fi nance is effectively turned into accelerated and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery.

The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, sup-porting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. WSP’s donors include Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nor-way, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and the World Bank.

WSP reports are published to communicate the results of WSP’s work to the development community. Some sources cited may be informal documents that are not readily available.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound-aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to [email protected]. WSP encourages the dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For more information, please visit www.wsp.org.

© 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank

Water Supply and Sanitation in Cambodia

Turning Finance into Services for the Future

Water Supply and Sanitation in Cambodiaiv

Against a backdrop of strong economic growth and increas-ing household consumption over the past decade, Cambodia has made considerable progress to help people gain access to improved water and sanitation services, most notably in urban areas, where around one fifth of the population lives. As of 2012, according to Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) data, access to improved water supply in Cambodia reached 71%, up from 42% in 2000 and already having met the Mil-lennium Development Goal (MDG) target of 66%. For sanita-tion, improved access increased from 16% in 2000 to 37% in 2012, however, remains not on track to meet the MDG target of 55%.1 Based on these figures, some 4.3 million people are still without access to improved water supply and 9.4 million lack access to improved sanitation.

The Royal Government of Cambodia has adopted alternative national goals, known as the Cambodian MDGs, with 2015 targets set for each subsector. In the case of rural sanitation the target is very modest at 30%, however this target could probably be met as rural access was estimated to be 25% in 2012. The National Strategic Development Plan 2014-18 contains more ambitious targets of 60% improved access for rural and 85% of piped access for urban water supply respectively, and 60% for rural sanitation by 2018. Universal access targets have officially been adopted by 2025 for the rural sectors in the National Strategic Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (RWSSH) 2014-2025.2

Despite recent impressive gains in access, disparities remain especially between urban and rural populations, illustrated by only 25% of rural people having access to sanitation, as compared to 82% in urban areas. Moreover, inequalities be-

Strategic Overview

tween the poorest and better-off groups of society remain large. For example, among the poorest income quintile of the rural population only 12% has access to improved sanitation, while in the richest rural quintile this is five times as much at 59%. In urban areas, with overall good levels of improved access, 86% of the population in the richest quintile enjoys piped water supply services, as compared to 34% for the poorest quintile, while overall levels of service in rural areas are much lower with only 5% access to piped services.3

Over the past decade, government has initiated a decentralization and deconcentration (D&D) process, with the aim of increasing responsiveness of service delivery, improve efficiencies and enhance accountabilities. While reforms are progressing, the respective mandates of the three tiers of government are not yet clearly defined, accountability systems are unclear and the real empowerment of citizens has not, so far, become a reality.4 The endorsement of the policy framework for social accountability in July 20135 and its consequent implementation plan is expected to enhance citizen empowerment, accountability and local service delivery. A positive recent development within this context is the current investigation, with support of ADB and WSP, to assign rural sanitation and rural water scheme maintenance to sub-national administrations as a mandatory function, however, implementation6 of pilots has not yet started.

The National Strategic Plan for RWSSH has not yet been operationalized into a National Action Plan. This multi-year operational plan with budget for funding by government and development partners under a programmatic approach7 is ex-pected to be realized by mid 2015. Major bottlenecks in the

1 JMP (2014) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation – Update 2014. 2 The NSDP 2014-2018 specifies a target of 80% access to improved sanitation for the urban population, however as per JMP (2014) estimates this is already achieved (82% by 2012); the NSDP is not clear about the definition that applies to this target.3 CSES (2011) Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 20114 World Bank (2013) Voice, Choice and Decision: A Study of Local Governance Processes in Cambodia. 5 World Bank (2014) Demand for Good Governance Policy Note, January 2014 - The Strategic Plan for Social Accountability in Sub-National Democratic Development; and 6 World bank (2014) Demand for Good Governance Policy Note, August 2014 - An Implementation Plan for Subnational Social Accountability in Cambodia7 World Bank (2012) Cambodia Water and Sanitation Sector Review

Service Delivery Assessment v

rural subsectors relate to both inadequate capital and opera-tional resources, leaving the Ministry of Rural Development mandate for rural water supply and sanitation largely unfunded. Robust and adequate systems, resources and human capaci-ties are lacking for monitoring, community mobilization, and the required comprehensive technical and managerial post-construction support to sustain rural water scheme operation.

In the urban sector, Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority, which has extended reliable and affordable services to 85% of Phnom Penh residents, has been the main driver of prog-ress in the sector. The NSDP 2014-2018 sets out an ambi-tious reform agenda to develop the necessary legal and reg-ulatory framework, and support public utilities—other than Siem Reap and Phnom Penh—to become autonomous, op-erate on commercial principles and expand services. Howev-er, to date, the implementation of previous policies has been limited. With support of development partners, the focus is shifting from project investments towards a complementary focus on building institutional and human capacities of water service providers. While the private water operators sector is growing, challenges remain concerning their technical and managerial performance, as well as accessing finance for expansion and new scheme development. Regulation and sector monitoring remains weak with limited capacities and available resources within the Department of Potable Water Supply of the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft, the de-factor regulator. While appreciating good service delivery in Phnom Penh, the scorecard focusses on the challenges in other urban areas in view of government targets, and hence reflects key bottlenecks in developing and sustaining servic-es through both public and private water providers.

The urban sanitation sector has been characterized by project-based investments in critical flood protection measures, as well as sewer systems in Phnom Penh and two other towns. As indicated in the Cambodia Water and Sanitation Sector Review,8 a strategic vision and coherent institutional framework—at national and service provider

level—is required to address the entire sanitation value chain: collection, management, treatment and disposal of fecal waste, including networked sewers, waste water and septage treatment, and fecal sludge management solutions for on-site solutions. The fact that the urban sanitation sector is still in early stages of development is reflected in a scorecard that illustrates the key bottlenecks in terms of the enabling policy environments, as well as the challenges to expand and increase service levels in a sustainable way.

As part of this Service Delivery Assessment, unofficial targets were developed for the urban subsectors namely universal access by 2025,9 as the rural subsector already have such officially endorsed targets. In order to reach the 2025 goals for rural and urban subsectors, about US$92 million would be required each year for capital spending in water supply infrastructure and about US$119 million annual on capital spending for sanitation, which includes the development of new facilities, as well as replacement of existing infrastruc-ture. For water supply, this is about 2.7% of the 2014 national budget of US$3.4 billion, and for sanitation about 3.5%.10 The total for water supply and sanitation of US$211 million per year in order to reach 100% coverage by 2025 is about 1.4% of total 2013 GDP of $15.25 billion.11 About US$24 mil-lion per year on average would be needed to finance op-eration and maintenance of current and future infrastructure. Moreover, additional software financing is needed, especially in the rural subsectors, for community mobilization, capacity building, promotion and operational expenditures.

This SDA has been conducted as a multi-stakeholder pro-cess under the joint leadership of the Ministry of Rural Devel-opment (MRD), the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT), the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (MIH). These discussions led to a set of recommended priority actions re-quired to meet water supply and sanitation challenges, reach the goals, and ensure that finance is effectively turned into services. Indicative implementation horizons are provided to guide the sequencing of the priority actions.

8 World Bank (2012) Cambodia Water and Sanitation Sector Review9 This includes 90% access to piped water supply services and an ambitious 50% to sewer and treatment for sanitation10 2014 annual approved budget of US$3.4 billion (source: IMF)11 2013 estimated GDP US$15.25 billion (source: http://data.worldbank.org/country/cambodia)

Water Supply and Sanitation in Cambodiavi

Sector-wide

short term medium term long term

Strengthen decentralization in the water and sanitation sector by clarify-ing functions for sub-national administrations, providing operational guidance and developing the required legal framework

√ √

Develop an overall legal and institutional framework (water law) for the water and sanitation sector which redefines the institutional mandate for urban sanitation and establishes an independent regulator

√ √ √

Adopt and implement a capacity building strategy hosted with local institutions and design a pooled financing mechanism for development partners support

√ √

Establish better monitoring systems, reporting access and usage of ser-vices, service quality, sustainability, institutional WASH, and equity, and publish information through ministerial websites

√ √

Carry out high-level advocacy using platforms such as Technical Work-ing Groups and Cambodia Development Council to increase funding allocations, especially for the rural sector

√

Improve the tracking of budget allocations and expenditure on water supply and sanitation for rural and urban sub-sectors through program-based budgeting and the government’s Financial Management Informa-tion System, including better tracking at sub-national level over time

√ √

Institutionalize coordination and planning between Ministries of Health, Education and Rural Development to improve WASH facilities in institu-tions, such as health centers and schools

√ √

Priority actions for rural water supply


Clarify the roles of government agencies and sub-national administra-tions at provincial, district and commune level under the decentralization reform and test this through a pilot

√ √

Develop a National Action Plan for rural water supply with focus on sus-tainability and cost-effectiveness of different technology options (based on a review of technologies)

√

Establish district rural water supply functionality plans linked to local and national investment planning process

√

Develop professional post-construction technical and managerial sup-port systems to ensure sustainability of community-managed schemes, possibly involving the private sector

√ √

Promote expanded role of private sector in piped water service delivery in rural growth centers, through facilitating access to finance and lever-aging private sector investment grants

√ √

Safeguard water quality through treatment, water quality management and risk assessment at source, as well as household water treatment and storage programs

√ √ √

Increase enforcement for water quality regulations and carry out point-of-consumption water quality surveys

√ √

Develop national management information system for rural water supply and sanitation

√ √

Implementation horizon: short-term 2015-2016; medium-term 2016-2018; long-term 2018 and beyond.


Service Delivery Assessment vii

Priority actions for urban water supply


Develop full legal framework (water law) that clarifies and redefines insti-tutional roles, including that of regulator

√ √ √

Develop policy, guidelines and instruments for economic regulation, including pro-poor tariff setting and connection policies (beyond those existing at project level)

√

Following the model of Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority, transform public water works into autonomous utilities and transition all investment and service provision responsibilities

√

Develop a long-term sector development and investment plan, with em-phasis on equity considerations (e.g. social connection fund)

√

Improve service performance and efficiencies of public and private op-erators through at-scale training programs by - to-be-established - utility training center and Cambodia Water Association’s training services

√ √

Introduce competitive granting of licenses for private operators to in-crease transparency, leverage commercial finance, and ensure value for money

√

Develop capacities of Department of Potable Water Supply for expedit-ing licensing and economic regulation regime, bringing all unlicensed operators under its supervision

√ √

Develop an umbrella association for all public and private operators to promote best practices and continued support to professionalizing of the sector

√ √

Priority actions for rural sanitation and hygiene


Establish National Action Plan for rural sanitation and hygiene, that in-cludes community-wide targets, and pro-poor implementation guidelines (e.g. on use of smart subsidies/incentives)

√

Based on pilot, develop necessary legal framework, implementation guidance, and financial management mechanisms and sources for func-tional assignment of sanitation to subnational level

√ √

Carry out high-level advocacy to increase funding allocations, especially for program and operational costs (software) such as for community-led total sanitation, behavior change, and monitoring

√ √

Develop and implement a roadmap for government to facilitate and strengthen the private sector role in sanitation service delivery

√

Test and scale-up approaches for integration of sanitation and hygiene in nutrition and social protection programs

√ √

Carry out evaluations and facilitate sector learning on poor-inclusive sanitation service delivery and develop harmonized financing guideline

√

Continue innovation and R&D for low-cost product and services espe-cially for challenging environments, waste collection and emptying and other WASH products

√ √

Develop a national management information system for rural sanitation and water supply

√ √



Water Supply and Sanitation in Cambodiaviii

Priority actions for urban sanitation and hygiene


Carry out options study and high-level dialogue to build consensus on urban sanitation institutional framework (e.g. look at combined utility for urban water and wastewater)

√

Develop comprehensive urban sanitation strategy, focused on low-cost solutions for collection, management, treatment and disposal of fecal waste (wastewater treatment, as well as fecal sludge management)

√

Develop a long-term urban sanitation investment plan, identify funding sources, and support city-wide sanitation master planning (including drainage and flood protection)

√

Test and develop policy instruments for improved fecal sludge manage-ment, including promotion of private sector in septage collection, incen-tives and regulations for disposal

√ √

Build capacity of relevant actors in urban sanitation value chain, includ-ing for city-wide sanitation master planning, management of wastewater treatment plants and fecal sludge management

√ √

Tackle the elimination of open defecation among the poorest households in informal slum areas through targeted approaches

√

Improve sector coordination and programmatic support using a com-bined urban water supply and sanitation/waste water sub-Technical Working Group as platform

√


Service Delivery Assessment ix

Contents

Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................................................................iiStrategic Overview .............................................................................................................................................................ivContents ........................................................................................................................................................................... viiiAbbreviations and Acronyms ..............................................................................................................................................ix

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 12. Sector Overview: Coverage and Trends....................................................................................................................... 23. Reform Context ............................................................................................................................................................ 94. Institutional Framework .............................................................................................................................................. 135. Financing and its Implementation .............................................................................................................................. 176. Sector Monitoring and Evaluation .............................................................................................................................. 217. Subsector: Rural Water Supply .................................................................................................................................. 238. Subsector: Urban Water Supply ................................................................................................................................ 279. Subsector: Rural Sanitation and Hygiene .................................................................................................................. 3210. Subsector: Urban Sanitation and Hygiene ................................................................................................................. 3611. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 40

Annex 1: Scorecard and and Explanation ........................................................................................................................ 43Annex 2: Assumptions and Inputs for Financial Model .................................................................................................... 70

Water Supply and Sanitation in Cambodiax

ADB Asian Development BankAFD Agence Francais de Developpement (French Development Agency)BORDA Bremen Overseas Research and Development AssociationCAPEX Capital ExpenditureCLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation CMDGs Cambodia Millennium Development Goals D&D Decentralization and DeconcentrationDEWATS Decentralized Wastewater Treatment SystemDP(s) Development Partner(s)FSM Fecal Sludge ManagementGDP Gross Domestic ProductGSF Global Sanitation FundJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyJMP UNICEF-WHO Joint Monitoring ProgramMDG Millennium Development GoalsMEF Ministry of Economy and FinanceMIH Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (formerly Industry, Mines and Energy) MOE Ministry of EnvironmentMOH Ministry of HealthMOI Ministry of InteriorMOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and MeteorologyMOEYS Ministry of Education, Youth and SportMPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRD Ministry of Rural Development NCDD National Committee for Sub-National Democratic DevelopmentNGO(s) Non-government Organization(s) NSDP National Strategic Development Plan (2014-18)ODA Official Development AssistancePDIH Provincial Department of Industry and Handicraft (formerly Industry, Mines and Energy)PDRD Provincial Department of Rural DevelopmentPEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability PIP Project Investment PlanPPWSA Phnom Penh Water Supply AuthorityRGC Royal Government of CambodiaSDA(s) Service Delivery AssessmentSIP Sector Investment Plan SNV Netherlands Development OrganizationSRWSA Siem Riep Water Supply AuthorityTA Technical AssistanceWASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene WB-WSP World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Service Delivery Assessment 1

1. Introduction

Water and sanitation Service Delivery Assessments (SDAs) are taking place in seven countries in the East Asia Pacific region under the guidance of the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and local partners. This regional work, implemented through a country-led process, draws on experience of water and sanitation SDAs conducted in more than 40 countries in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia.

The SDA analysis has three main components: a review of past water and sanitation coverage, a costing model to assess the adequacy of future investments, and a score-card that allows diagnosis of bottlenecks along the service delivery pathway. SDA’s contribution is to answer not only whether past trends and future finance are sufficient to meet sector targets for infrastructure and hardware but also what specific issues need to be addressed to ensure that finance is effectively turned into accelerated and sustainable wa-ter supply and sanitation service delivery. Bottlenecks can in fact occur throughout the service delivery pathway—all the institutions, processes, and actors that translate sec-tor funding into sustainable services. Where the pathway is well developed, sector funding should turn into services at the estimated unit costs. Where the pathway is not well developed, investment requirements may be gross under-estimates because additional investment may be needed to ‘unblock’ the bottlenecks in the pathway.

The scorecard looks at nine building blocks of the service delivery pathway, which correspond to specific functions classified in three categories: three functions that refer to enabling conditions for putting services in place (policy de-velopment, planning new undertakings, budgeting), three actions that relate to developing the service (expenditure of funds, equity in the use of these funds, service output), and three functions that relate to sustaining these services (facility maintenance, expansion of infrastructure, use of the service). Each building block is assessed against specific indicators and is scored from 0 to 3 accordingly. The score-

card uses a simple color code to indicate building blocks that are largely in place, acting as a driver for service de-livery (score >2, green); building blocks that are a drag on service delivery and that require attention (score 1–2, yel-low); and building blocks that are inadequate, constituting a barrier to service delivery and a priority for reform (score <1, red).

Since this is a national assessment, an attempt has been made to present a balanced picture taking in to account the fact service provision in Phnom Penh is much better than in the rest of the country. For the urban subsector, this means that often the scoring is reflective of the situation outside of Phnom Penh, to clearly articulate the bottlenecks.

The SDA analysis relies on an intensive, facilitated consulta-tion process, with government ownership and self-assess-ment at its core. Through the SDA process, an evidence-based analysis has been conducted to better understand what undermines progress in water supply and sanitation and what the Royal Government of Cambodia can do to accelerate progress. A series of meetings throughout 2013 and urban and rural subsector workshops with core stake-holders, together with reviews of available data, budgets and reports has provided the information on which the anal-ysis in this report is based. Sources of evidence are refer-enced at the end of this report.

The analysis aims to help the RGC to assess how it can strengthen pathways for turning finance into water supply and sanitation services in each of four subsectors. Specific priority actions were identified and have been presented for validation to government decision makers and other sector stakeholders. This report, produced by WSP in collaboration with the Government and other stakeholders, evaluates the service delivery pathway in its entirety, locating the bottlenecks and presenting priority actions to help address them during the current five year National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018.

Water Supply and Sanitation in Cambodia2

2. Sector Overview: Coverage Trends

12 Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia Inter Census Population Data (2013). Final Report.13 Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics, Jan 2011 Analysis of Census Results, Population Projections of Cambodia p.19; other sources of population estimates, such as World Bank puts the expected 2013 population at 15.14 million. http://data.worldbank.org/country/cambodia14 World Bank (2013). Where have all the poor gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013. Phnom Penh. World Bank. 15 http://data.worldbank.org/country/cambodia, viewed Aug 2014.16 World Bank (2013). Where have all the poor gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013. Phnom Penh. World Bank. 17 Demographic Health Survey (2010) National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF Macro. 2011. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Phnom Penh, http://www.measuredhs.com/publications/publication-FR249-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm

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Context

The recent Cambodia Inter-Census Population Survey (2013)12 estimated the total population in 2013 to be 14.7 million people, of which around 21% or 3.2 million were liv-ing in urban areas and 11.5 million in rural areas. Urbaniza-tion is taking place at considerable speed and is expected to further accelerate over time, with more than a third of Cambodians living in towns and urban centers by 2025, as indicated by population analysis study of the National Insti-tute of Cambodia in 2011.13 Between 2004 and 2011, Cam-bodia’s GDP per capita (in constant 2000 US$) grew 54.5 per cent, while the poverty rate dropped from 52.5% to 20.5 %.14 The most important drivers of poverty reduction have been better prices of rice for farmers, better wages

for agricultural workers, increases in salary jobs for urban workers and better income for non-agricultural businesses for rural households. Despite this tremendous achievement, the majority of people escaped poverty only slightly and re-mains highly vulnerable, even to small shocks, which could quickly bring them back in poverty. Poverty remains highest in rural areas, where it stood at an estimated 22% in 2012, as compared to 4% in Phnom Penh and 9% in other urban areas. Cambodia’s estimated Gross Domestic product for 2013 is US$15.3 billion, with a Gross Net income per capita of around US$950.15 Investments and public expenditure in health and education improvements have also provided a favorable environment for the poor, resulting in an impres-sive relative improvement of its Human Development Index. However in absolute terms, as of 2011 with an HDI of 0.523, it remains to rank among the worst in the region and the 139th worst in the world.16 One of the persistent challenges related to poor water, sanitation and hygiene is stunting, which continues to prevail in Cambodia, especially in rural areas and among the poor. As of 2010, 40% of under-five year old children remained stunted.17

Coverage: Assessing Past Progress

The positive developments in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction have been accompanied by an in-crease in access to water supply and sanitation in both rural and urban settings (See Figure 2.1). In the case of urban wa-ter supply, access to an improved source rose from 48% in 1990 to 94% by 2012, with two thirds having a house con-nection. Regarding sanitation, urban access to improved


facilities rose from 18% to 82% over the same period, while open defecation dropped from 66% to 7%. In rural areas, access to an improved water source rose from 20% in 1990 to 66% in 2012, while for sanitation it increased from no access at all to 25%, as per the latest JMP data for 2012.18

Overall improved water supply in Cambodia reached 71% in 2012, up from 22% in 1990, already having met the Millen-nium Development Goal (MDG) target of 66%. For sanitation, total improved access increased from 3% in 1990 to 37% in 2012; however, it remains not on track to meet the MDG tar-get of 55%, while open defecation rates have dropped from 88% to 54% in the same period. The Royal Government of Cambodia has adopted alternative national goals, known as the Cambodian MDGs, with 2015 targets set for each sub-sector. In the case of rural sanitation the target is very mod-est at 30% and could probably be met as rural access was estimated to be 25% in 2012. The most recent targets—de-fined at the subsectoral level—are reflected in the National Strategic Development Plan 2014-18 and are more ambi-tious: 60% improved access for rural water supply and 85% of piped access for urban water supply respectively by 2018. For sanitation, only the rural access target of 60% by 2018 has been identified, while for urban sanitation it is reported that access is expected to stay at least 80% (> 80%). Uni-versal access targets have officially been adopted by 2025 for the rural sectors in the National Strategic Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 2014-2025.19 Partici-pants in this Service Delivery Assessment—most of whom were from government agencies—agreed that the target of universal access by 2025 should be applied to both urban and rural subsectors for the purposes of the SDA analysis. Although not formally endorsed, they are reflected in the graphs throughout this report.

As can be seen in Figure 2.1, and also in the subsector chap-ters, official government reported data tend to be different as JMP reported data, which relies on a statistical analysis using country survey data and uses slightly different defini-tions.20 The most recent government reported data is found in the National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 and has been reflected in the Table 2.1. Although not explicitly mentioned in the NSDP, reported progress and planned ac-cess for urban water supply mainly refers to piped supply,

18 JMP (2014) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation – 2014 update19 The NSDP 2014-2018 specifies a target of 80% access to improved sanitation for the urban population, however as per JMP (2014) estimates this is already achieved (82% by 2012); the NSDP is not clear about the definition that applies to this target, however it seems that this refers to piped water supply access20 The JMP definition for improved water supply includes all rainwater sources to be improved, although the Cambodia definition only considers rainwater to be improved if it is stored in a tank of more than 3000 litres.

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Figure 2.1 Progress in water supply and sanitation access


however, for rural the definitions of improved water supply are not described in detail. This difference in approach ex-plains the higher access rates as reported by JMP. In addition to the pronounced disparities between urban and rural, there are also large inequalities in access by income status of the population. For example, among the poorest income quin-tile of the rural population only 12% has access to improved sanitation, while in the richest rural quintile this is five times as much at 59%. In urban areas, with overall good levels of improved access, 86% of the population in the richest quin-tile enjoys piped water supply services, as compared to 34% for the poorest quintile, while overall levels of service in rural areas are generally much lower with only 5% access to piped services.21

Investment Requirements: Testing the Sufficiency of Finance

Given the 2025 goals set by government in the National Stra-tegic Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 2014-25 and the request to assume universal targets for 2025

in the urban subsectors, the SDA costing tool estimates the investments required to meet the targets of universal access to improved water and sanitation services by 2025. It also facilitates a comparison of these requirements with recent and projected sector investments in order to provide a big picture situation of the funding situations. Annex 2 provides a detailed description of the methodology of the costing as well as the input data that have been used as assumptions.

The analysis derives capital expenditure (CAPEX) require-ments, representing hardware costs of new facilities as well as replacement costs of existing facilities (as an average annual amount over their economic life cycle). Estimated CAPEX requirements are further disaggregated between domestic funded, externally funded (by development part-ners) and investments that are assumed to be contributions by households. Key inputs in the estimation of investment requirements are (a) base year and target year access rates, (b) population projections, (c) unit costs of different technol-ogies/facilities and (d) assumed technology mix at the base year and target year for each of the different subsectors.

Table 2.1 Cambodia: access to water supply and sanitation, current status and targets

21 CSES (2011) Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2011

Status Targets

2012(NSDP)a

2012(JMP)b

2015(CMDG)c

2018(NSDP)a

2025d

(RWSSH Strategy/SDA target)

Water supply national 51%e 71% - 100%

Rural 47% 66% 50% 60% 100%

Urban 69% 94% 80% 85% 100%

Sanitation national 36%e 37% - 100%

Rural 25% 25% 30% 65% 100%

Urban >80% 82% 74% >80% 100%

a Source: National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 Royal Government of Cambodia b JMP Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation – Update 2014 c RGC 2003. National Policy on Water Supply and Sanitation, Royal Government of Cambodia; MDGs are formulated for national level accessd For rural official targets as per the National Strategy; for urban subsectors these are targets agreed to be used in the SDAe These are imputed figures using subsector reported progress and a 20%-80% population division between rural and urban. Urban sanitation has not been reported on other than >80% in its current progress and projections beyond 2012


Population estimates and the urban-rural split were derived from Cambodian government estimates for 2025 (17.5 mil-lion with 65% living in rural areas).22 Access rates for the base year (2012) were derived from JMP (2014),23 and the technology mix distribution was adopted from the Cambo-dia Socio-Economic Survey (2010). Unit costs were derived from estimates provided by government officials during the workshops, and informed by additional project documents. The analysis assumes government targets of universal ac-cess to improved water supply and sanitation by 2025. As per the discussion with government stakeholders, for ur-ban water supply, the expected level of piped water supply coverage was 90%, with the remaining 10% using other improved sources. For rural water supply, there is not yet an aspirational vision for the level of services that governments would like achieve, and for this analysis the technology dis-tribution was held constant.24 For urban sanitation, stake-holders wished to assume that by 2025 50% of the urban population would not only have access to sewers, but also that wastewater treatment is taking place.25

Investment data was collected from publicly available documents and websites,26 and subsequently validated through visits and direct communications with various stakeholders, in 2013. The collected information was di-vided between recent and anticipated investments, which represent the average annual budgets of government, de-velopment partners from 2010 to 2012 and 2013 to 2015, respectively. Expenditures were also disaggregated as fol-lows: (a) sector - water supply or sanitation, (b) location – rural or urban, (c) nature – hardware or software, (d) year, and (e) budget versus actual. To calculate gaps in invest-ment, the study estimated investments for 2013 to 2015

from various potential financing sources (government, de-velopment partners, private sector, and assumed house-hold contribution) to derive an average annual anticipated investment per subsector (based on this 3-year average). This task proved to be challenging for as currently con-solidated information on anticipated investment spending is not easily available, neither is it broken down for various subsectors.

Based on publicly available information, and correspond-ing with development partners, including the usage of the results of a comprehensive donor mapping exercise con-ducted in 2012/2013 in the rural sector produced estimates of capital spending by development partners. Forming comprehensive estimates of government capi-tal spending on water supply and sanitation was difficult. Three different ministries, several autonomous or nearly autonomous utilities have responsibility for capital spend-ing on water supply and sanitation, and local and provin-cial governments can also spend on water and sanitation. In practice, however, it appears that national governments rather than local governments have the largest amount of capital spending in the subsectors, except for utilities such as the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA), that publish their annual financial statement including capital spending. Information supplied by ministries in the form of their Project Investment Plans needed careful interpretation as sources of funds were not always well defined. Develop-ment partner spending projected for 2013-2015 probably reflects an underestimate since some pipelined projects were not yet confirmed at the time of data collection and hence were not yet included.

22 RGC Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics, Jan 2011 Analysis of Census Results, Rept. 12 Population Projections of Cambodia p.19. and 20. 23 Using JMP access rates might have led to conservative estimates for rural water supply as government estimates report a lower access rate; for rural sanitation, it might have led to a slight overestimation of the costs as government estimates are higher than JMP. For urban sectors consistency between JMP and government estimates seems better.24 By keeping the technology mix constant, it is expected that piped services would increase linearly from 5% in 2012 to 8% of total access by 2025. However, it is to be expected that piped services provision will become increasingly viable in areas that are “characterized” as rural and hence this assumption could be adjusted for the purpose of scenario assessment25 Based on CSES (2011), current levels of urban access to septic tanks connected to combined sewer systems is around half. However, there is hardly any treatment capacity in place at this moment. 26 The Council for the Development of Cambodia maintains an online database of Official Development Assistance (ODA) projects that has a wealth of information, listing projects as well as expected development partner expenditures;


Table 2.2 presents the annual averages of the capital expen-diture (CAPEX) requirements and anticipated investments that were estimated for Cambodia. It indicates that national universal access targets will be met if about 560,000 people per year gain access to improved water supply, and around 930,000 people per year gain access to improved sanitation facilities. Despite the expected urbanization, the majority of people requiring new services reside in rural areas, especially for sanitation where 70% of those requiring access live.

The people that will need access to improved services fa-cilities translate to CAPEX requirements of US$92 million per year for water supply and US$119 million per year, for sanitation. Despite the larger service gaps in rural areas, over two third of the required CAPEX is expected to flow to urban areas. This is explained by the higher levels of servic-es and unit costs assumed for urban areas. For water sup-ply, 90% of urban households are expected to benefit from piped services in urban areas, as compared to 8% piped services in rural areas, at much lower unit costs. Similarly for urban sanitation, the 2025 target expects 50% of all ur-ban residents to be connected to sewers with full waste

water treatment capacity, while for rural sanitation the target assumes that all households will use low-cost improved on-site sanitation facilities.

Table 2.2 also shows that anticipated public (domestic and external) CAPEX are about US$30 million per year for wa-ter supply and almost US$9 million per year for sanitation, representing about 0.25% of 2013 GDP, as compared to a required level of CAPEX spending of 1.4% of GDP. Most of these anticipated funding is coming from external sources (around 80% for sanitation and 90% for water supply re-spectively), illustrating the low priority the sector receives in domestic fund allocation. This high reliance on develop-ment partner CAPEX funding in water and sanitation mirrors Cambodia’s overall financing trend. While capital spending as a percentage of total budget expenditures is more or less steady since 2009 at around 40%, the percentage of financing for capital expenditure from external sources has shifted from about 30% in 2009 to about 70% in 2013, with loans as an increasing portion of overall external financing reflecting Cambodia’s preference of using loans for infra-structure.27

27 International Monetary Fund (2013). Cambodia 2012 Article IV Consultation. IMF Country Report no 13/2. page 24

Table 2.2 Coverage and investment figuresa

Coverage(base year

2012)

Target2025

Population requiring access

Annual capital requirement

Anticipated public CAPEX2013-2015

Anticipated household

CAPEX

Annual deficit

Total Public Domestic External Total

% % ‘000/year US$ million/year

Rural water supply 66% 100% 302 31.8 24.1 0.9 5.0 5.9 1.9 24.0

Urban water supply 94% 100% 260 60.1 52.7 2.2 21.5 23.7 3.3 33.1

Water supply total 71% 100% 562 91.9 76.7 3.1 26.5 29.6 5.2 57.1

Rural sanitation 25% 100% 658 32.5 3.5 0.4 2.5 2.9 23.9 5.7

Urban sanitation 82% 100% 275 86.7 71.4 1.6 4.3 5.9 1.5 79.4

Sanitation total 37% 100% 933 119.2 74.9 2.0 6.8 8.8 25.4 85.1

Note: Public Expenditures include domestic (government) and external (development partners and NGOs) sources. Totals may not sum due to rounding. Source: SDA costing (see annex 2)


Subtracting the sum of anticipated CAPEX contributions of the public and households from CAPEX requirements sug-gests deficits of US$57 million per year for water supply and US$85 million per year for sanitation. This implies that projected investments fall far short of the amounts required to meet targets. The expected deficits suggest the need for increasingly higher expenditures throughout the period 2015 to 2025 if the country wishes to achieve its universal targets for water supply and sanitation, especially its pro-jected high levels of services for urban sanitation.

There is some uncertainty over the estimated deficits. Ag-gregate and sector-specific deficits could be reduced by ac-counting for expenditures of utilities and the private sector, as well as not accounted for development partner funds that were unconfirmed at the time of data collection. At the same time, the implied reduction in the deficits may also be par-tially or wholly offset when one considers the fact that the anticipated household CAPEX is an assumed estimate of the amounts that households are expected to contribute. How-

Figure 2.2 Required vs anticipated (2013-2015) and recent (2010-2012) capital expenditure for water supply

ever, it is important to note that encouraging households to invest in improved facilities also entails costs in terms of ef-forts by government and development partners in community mobilization and demand creation to solicit these assumed self-investments by households. This is especially relevant for rural sanitation where over three quarters of the funds is expected to come from households, domestic resources for recurrent expenditures and demand creation activities are minimal, leaving the subsector highly reliant on support from NGOs and development partners.

Figure 2.2 and 2.3 indicate that anticipated investments for 2013-15 in water supply are higher than recent investments28 from 2010-12, although this is not the case for sanitation. While this is a good sign, anticipated investments still fall short of investment requirements. Annual CAPEX require-ments are composed of new and replacement investments. Replacement investments, which represent expenditures for replacing worn-out facilities, are substantial amounts of total annual CAPEX requirements, and would in an ideal scenario

Total investmentrequirement

Anticipatedinvestment

Recentinvestment

Ann

ual i

nves

tmen

t in

mill

ion

US

D

0102030405060

8090

100

70

Other

Replacement

New

Household

External

Domestic

Total water supply



Recentinvestment

Ann

ual i

nves

tmen

t in

mill

ion

US

D

0

20

40

60

100

120

140

80

Other

Replacement

New

Household

External

Domestic

Total sanitation

Figure 2.3 Required vs anticipated (2013-2015) and recent (2010-2012) capital expenditure for sanitation


Table 2.3 Annual operation and maintenance requirements

Subsector O&MUS$million/year

Rural water supply 3.4

Urban water supply 7.0

Water supply total 10.4

Rural sanitation 4.3

Urban sanitation 9.5

Sanitation total 13.8

Source: SDA costing (annex 2)Note: Columns may not add up due to rounding.

be covered through user fees that account for depreciation of the assets. However, in Cambodia, this is often not the case and thus replacement expenditure will be significant burden on the government budget.

The ADB has been the largest development partner in rural water supply, while preparing for future engagement in ur-ban water. JICA and AFD are supporting large investments in the urban sectors, while KOICA has several projects in ur-ban wastewater management, notably in Siem Riep. Though capital spending for rural sanitation from external sources has been limited, the ADB, World Bank, IMF (debt swap), and UNICEF have all had projects with some rural sanitation capital spending. Spending by NGOs on rural sanitation and water supply sanitation has focused mainly on software and to a more limited extent water supply schemes.

Table 2.3 presents estimates of additional funding necessary for the average annual operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation facilities till 202529. It indicates that wa-ter supply and sanitation require on average annual funds of US$10 million and US$14 million, respectively. Over two thirds is required for urban areas, increasing pressure on household finances on tariffs and maintaining household toilet facilities. These estimates also provide a sense of the extent to which utilities need to generate income to support their day-to-day operational expenses, notwithstanding their need to generate sufficient income to prepare for replacement and expansion investments.

29 Due to increasing levels of service till 2025, the O&M costs will also increase over time. The figure shown in table 3 represents the average annual O&M from the base year (2012) and end year (2025).


3. Reform Context

30 Royal Government of Cambodia (2014) National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018.31 The lowest tier of government is the commune (also called sangkat for urban areas), with the next administrative level being the district (not elected).32 World Bank (2014) Demand For Good Governance Policy Note, January 2014 - The Strategic Plan for Social Accountability in Sub-National Democratic Development; and 33 World bank (2014) Demand For Good Governance Policy Note, August 2014 - An Implementation Plan for Subnational Social Accountability in Cambodia

National Development Strategy and Decentralization and Deconcentration Reforms

Broad policy direction for the water and sanitation sector is provided by the Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employ-ment, Equity, and Efficiency, which was launched in 2004 and recently updated for the period 2014-2018. The Nation-al Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) is the delivery vehicle for the Rectangular Strategy and has also been updated for the 2014-18 planning period.30 Of particular significance to the sector it builds on the earlier Cambodian Millennium De-velopment Goals and sets more ambitious targets for water supply and sanitation, as discussed in detail in Chapter 2.

In 2001, the government of Cambodia embarked on a wide range of sub-national governance reforms, recognizing the need to introduce new systems of governance at com-mune/sangkat level, and provincial, municipal, and district levels in order to strengthen local democracy, promote local development, and reduce poverty. As a second phase of decentralization & deconcentration (D&D) reform, in 2008, the Organic Law was passed which lays out the administra-tive and management structure of Cambodia’s sub-national administration. The law is expected to involve a significant devolution of power from the central to the provincial and district levels in order to improve service deliveries and strengthen the state’s regulatory functions. Furthermore, the law stipulates that the majority of ministries will have to undertake a functional review process to identify functions for potential devolution to sub-national administrations in accordance with sector priorities and the provisions set out in the Organic Law. In 2010, the Council of Ministers signed

the 10-year National Program for Sub-National Democratic Development. This was operationalized through the adop-tion of a three-year (2011-2013) Implementation Plan by the National Committee for Democratic Development (NCDD), and has since been extended till 2014. The implementa-tion plan provides a framework for further strengthening of communes,31 as well as for developing the roles of district, municipal, and provincial administrations. The recent en-dorsement of the policy framework for social accountability in July 201332 and its consequent implementation plan33 is expected to enhance citizen empowerment, accountability and local service delivery with increased focus on the poor, women, children and youth.

Commune councils, which are directly elected, have a gener-al mandate for reducing poverty through the use of the com-mune/sangkat fund. This could in theory be used to fund wa-ter supply and sanitation improvements, though in practice over 90% is used for rural road construction. At village level, Village Development Committees (VDCs) were established in 2010 as part of the decentralization process. Although Vil-lage Development Committees are governed through a joint prakas (regulation) by the Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Interior, they are not formed everywhere, and if ex-isting, often do not have the capacities or interest to actively engage on water supply and sanitation.

Despite the intent of the Organic Law to provide real ad-ministrative autonomy to sub-national administrations, no broad agreement has been reached as to which functions will be transferred from central to local government after three years of implementation, although in 2014 certain


Table 3.1: Key milestones for the reform of the water supply and sanitation sector in Cambodia

Year Event

1999 Sub decree on water pollution control providing mandate to MoE to monitor and regulate effluent discharge into water bodies

2003 National Policy on Water Supply and Sanitation (2025 vision) ratified by Council of Ministers

2004 National Water Resource Policy approved by Council of Ministers

2004 National Drinking Water Quality Standard issued MIME

2005 Sector Investment Plan for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 2005-15 (for ADB project)

2005 Memorandum of Understanding between MIME and MRD (outlines powers and responsibilities to avoid overlap in piped water supply)

2007 Technical Working Group for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene established, that is coordinating government and development partner sector contributions

2007 Law on Water Resources Management passed

2007 Law on Concessions (implemented by the Council for Development of Cambodia to approve concession contracts for privately financed infrastructure, including water supply)

2008 Rectangular Strategy Phase II followed by NSDP 2009-2013

2008 Law on Administrative Management of Capital, Provinces, Municipalities, Districts, and Khan (the Organic Law)

2010 Joint ministerial regulation on Village Development Committees by Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) and Ministry of Interior (MoI), followed by a circular issued in 2011

2010 Action Plan for Urban Water Supply Sector 2009-13 prepared by MIME (not formally endorsed)

2010 Sub-Technical Working Group (TWG) on Urban Water Supply established, chaired by MIME, operating under Infrastructure and Regional Integration TWG chaired by MPWT

2011 MOWRAM sub-decree on water abstraction licensing drafted

2011-2013 Rural Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Strategy approved by Ministry of Rural Development and subsequently by the Council of Ministers in early 2014

2013 Rectangular strategy–phase III

2014 National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018

2014 Ministerial Decree from MIH issued regarding the licensing process

sub-functions in health and education sector have been put forward for assignment. The Ministry of Rural Development, which is responsible for rural water supply and sanitation, was one of the first ministries selected for decentralization and has completed its functional mapping process in 2013. A functional review process followed and was formally is-sued in 2014, identifying rural sanitation and the mainte-

nance of rural water supply schemes as functions that could be transferred to district level.34 This has led to the establishment of joint teams between the Ministry of Inte-rior,35 MRD and the Ministry of Economy and Finance to design a pilot for this functional assignment with support of ADB and WSP. So, far the D&D reforms have not yet taken off for the line ministries responsible for the urban subsec-

34 MRD 2013, Functional mapping of the MRD, report, D&D working group, MRD, Cambodia MRD 2014, Functional review of the MRD, report, D&D working group, MRD, Cambodia35 The Secretariat of the National Committee for Democratic Development (NCDD) is the agency responsible under Ministry of Interior.36 Previously urban water supply resorted with the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, and in late 2013 this Ministry was split in Ministry of Mines and Energy, and Ministry of Industry and Handicraft


tors, namely the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (MIH)36 for urban water supply and the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) for urban sanitation.

Sector Policy

Table 3.1 lists a number of milestones that have impact on the reform of the water and sanitation sector in recent years. The National Policy for Water Supply and Sanita-tion, passed in 2003, was important as it provided direction for improved service delivery in both the urban and rural subsectors. Important policy provisions relate to the intro-duction and demand-driven approaches for service deliv-ery, introducing a regulatory body and autonomy of service providers, an enhanced role for the private sector, financial sustainability of services and ensuring poor-inclusiveness. However, the 2012 World Bank sector review, which dis-cussed the accomplishment of the policy in detail, states that many provisions have not yet been fully or effectively implemented.37 Although a law governing the provision of water and sanitation services was drafted in 2004, it has not been adopted and the sector remains without a com-prehensive legal basis.

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation

In 1996, a law was passed granting legal autonomy to the Phnom Penh Water Supply Agency (PPWSA). In the suc-ceeding years, the utility became a profitable and efficient company and today is often cited as a prime example of utility transformation. Siem Reap followed suit with the es-tablishment of an autonomous utility, and as of 2014 there are ten other public water works that function under MIH, while other towns and urban centers are served by licensed private water operators. In 2014, MIH issued a ministerial decree that provides more clarity about the licensing pro-cess and grants a 20-year license term for operators in a defined service area. At present, there is no independent regulator for urban water supply, though initial efforts to

establish one were made in 2003. Although not seen as in-ternational best practice, the department of Potable Water Supply is assumed to fulfil this role in the medium term. Currently, MIH is drafting technical standards for urban wa-ter supply and revising the existing water quality standards, previously issued in 2004. It is expected that later in 2014, MIH will issue water quality standard for urban water supply systems, while MRD will issue a guideline for rural water supply quality.38 The water quality standards as well as the necessary enforcement mechanisms are especially critical for Cambodia, which has a large population exposed to ar-senic in groundwater, as well as high risk of non-chemical contamination due to poor sanitation and shallow ground-water levels.

The urban sanitation subsector remains in the initial stages of development and there have been no significant policy initiatives in recent years. In most urban areas, privately installed on-site facilities with limited treatment are most common, in some cases connected to combined sewer and drainage systems. With drainage and flood protection un-derstandably receiving priority, so far only in Sihanoukville, Siem Reap and Battambang significant public invest-ments have been made in sanitation infrastructure. These cities have the beginnings of a sewerage network includ-ing wastewater treatment plants, although it is estimated that less than 5% of the total urban area is connected.39 In Phnom Penh wastewater is drained in lagoons with re-portedly overloaded treatment capacity before being dis-charged in rivers. In 2006, Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) and MPWT issued a decision on user and connection fees for sewer collection and treatment.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Activity and investment in the rural subsector is guided by the National Strategic Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanita-tion and Hygiene 2014-2025, which was approved by the Council of Ministers in 2014.

37 World Bank (2012) Cambodia Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Review38 The MIH drinking water quality and MRD drinking water guideline that are currently being drafted, are based on a combined draft proposal that was developed in 2011 with the help of WHO. However, the 2011 draft has was not cosigned by MIH and MRD, and instead two separate ministerial decrees are expected to be issued later in 2014.39 Ibid


The Strategic Plan envisages 2014-2018 as a transition pe-riod to be used for institutional strengthening and capacity building, with 2018-2025 dedicated to accelerated service expansion. Development of the strategy was a collabora-tive effort by government and development partners. MRD is currently preparing for a National Action Plan 2014-2018 to operationalize the strategy through rolling 3-year opera-tional plan and budget.

The 2003 policy established that Water and Sanitation User Groups (WSUG) were to be responsible for the management of rural water supply schemes, and in 2004 guidelines were issued accordingly. However, these groups generally tend to exist only in areas with externally supported projects, as no systematic mechanisms are in place to provide continu-ous technical and financial support. In 2005, a Memoran-dum of Understanding between MRD and MIME (currently transitioned to MIH) allocated responsibility for piped water supply schemes above 500 connections to MIH. In the rural sector, the policy has been supported by the issuance of a number of guidelines by the Department of Rural Health Care, such as the 2014 guideline on Community-Led To-

tal Sanitation which outlines the process for assessing the status of open Defecation Free villages. More comprehen-sive guidelines, including one on pro-poor support through smart subsidies, are planned to be issued as part of the National Action Plan.

This recent history puts the service delivery pathway in context, which has been further explored in detail using the SDA scorecard, an assessment tool providing a snapshot of reform progress along the service delivery pathway. The scorecard assesses the building blocks of service delivery in turn: three building blocks which relate to enabling ser-vices, three which relate to developing new services, and three which relate to sustaining services. Each building block is assessed against specific indicators and scored from 1 to 3 accordingly.

Sections 4 to 6 highlight progress and challenges within the subsectors sector across three thematic areas: the institu-tional framework, finance, and monitoring and evaluation. The scorecards for each subsector are discussed in Sec-tions 7 to 10.


Sector Leadership Roles

Responsibility for water supply and sanitation lies primar-ily with three ministries: the Ministry of Industry and Handi-crafts (MIH) for urban water supply; the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) for urban drainage, sewerage and operation of treatment plants; and the Ministry of Rural

4. Institutional Framework

Development (MRD) for rural water supply and sanitation. Provincial departments of these ministries undertake relat-ed functions at sub-national level, while in the urban water supply sector two state-owned enterprises are functioning as autonomous utilities (PPWSA, SRWSA). MRD extends its presence to provincial level and to a much lesser extent to district offices, as the latter are not well resourced and have


Priority actions for institutional framework


Strengthen decentralization in the rural water and sanitation sector by clarifying institutional roles at sub-national level, developing legal framework, and providing operational guidance to sub-national administrations

√ √

Develop professional post-construction technical and managerial support systems to ensure sustainability of community-managed water supply schemes (possibly through involvement of the private sector)

√

Develop comprehensive legal framework for the urban sector aligned with D&D reform, separating responsibilities for service delivery and retaining economic and service regulation for water supply and wastewater management at central level

√ √ √

Following the model of Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority, transform public wa-ter works into autonomous utilities and transition all investment and service provi-sion responsibilities

√

Adopt and implement a capacity building strategy hosted with local institutions and design a pooled financing mechanism for development partner support √ √

Carry out options study and high-level dialogue between MIH and MPWT to build consensus on urban sanitation institutional framework, considering combined so-lutions for service provision (utility for urban water and wastewater)

√

Improve sector coordination and programmatic support using a combined urban water supply and sanitation sub-Technical Working Group as platform √

Institutionalize coordination mechanisms between Ministries of Health, Education, Rural Development to improve WASH facilities in institutions, such as health cen-ters and schools

√ √


limited or no staff responsible for water supply and sanita-tion. Other central agencies with lesser roles in the sector include the following:

The Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology issues permits which are required for water abstraction of water over a defined level.

The Ministry of the Environment is responsible for setting standards, monitoring and regulation for effluents discharg-ing into water bodies as defined by the sub-decree on water pollution control issued in 1999. However, in practice, it only monitors industrial on-site wastewater treatment facilities and does not monitor domestic or public wastewater.

The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports has responsibil-ity – in coordination with MRD - for school sanitation via the School Health Department, though activity in this area has generally been limited to donor-funded construction of facili-ties with little attention to hygiene promotion. A positive step is the issuance of a joint decree (prakas) by Ministry of Edu-cation, Youth and Sports, Ministry of Rural Development on School to Community WASH in 2010 which is operationalized with support of UNICEF, GiZ, and NGOs active in this space. However, access to clean water in schools remained low at 58% and to sanitation at 88% (with many reportedly locked and inoperable facilities) in 2013 as per the government Edu-cation Management Information System (while access to WASH facilities in health centers is not routinely captured). It is expected that sector-wide education and health programs will pay increasing attention to improve these low access rates.

The Ministry of Health is responsible for adequate water, sanitation and hand washing facilities in health centers, in coordination with MRD. The Department of Preventive Health also has a role in hygiene promotion and has issued an Environmental Health Action Plan, although its imple-mentation on the ground is limited and coordination with MRD has room for improvement.

The Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction is responsible for checking the adequacy of water supply provision in new development areas.

The Ministry of Interior, notably the Secretariat of the National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development play a role in supporting the implementation of the D&D reform in close coordination with line ministries, such as MRD. While the Organic Law of 2008 formalized the start of decentralization and deconcentration, at present, control of financing40 as well as most technical capacity, remains at central government level. Local authorities, as part of their general mandate for poverty reduction, could play (and to some extent are already playing) a much more pronounced role in rural water sup-ply and sanitation with support from provincial departments. However, capacity for planning and implementation is weak at sub-national level.41

Sector Coordination

Two working groups have been set up to help coordinate the activities of government and external agencies operating in the sector. The Technical Working Group for Rural Water Sup-ply, Sanitation and Hygiene has been established formally in 2007 - including a supporting secretariat. Meetings are ex-pected to take place quarterly and are chaired by the Minister of MRD with a development partner acting as co-chair on a rotating basis (since 2011 UNICEF). The rural subsector also has a monthly coordination meeting for knowledge sharing, which has been in place for over 20 years and is chaired by the Director of the Department of Rural Water Supply. Sub-groups are formed under this umbrella to focus on particular areas of interest. Currently, the rural subsector is considering ways to improve the monthly coordination meeting so as to play a more strategic role for sector development.

The Infrastructure and Regional Integration Technical Work-ing Group is chaired by the Minister of MPWT, and in 2010

40 Other than the Commune Sangkat Fund and the District/Municipal Fund that has recently been established and are at the discretion of Communes, respectively Districts. Most of line ministries capital and program budgets are executed at central level.41 RGC 2012 Functional Mapping Report of Ministry of Rural Development; World Bank (2012). 42 See also ADB (2012) Cambodia Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Assessment, Roadmap and Strategy.


a formal sub-group for urban water supply was established chaired by MIH, with JICA as its current co-chair. The fre-quency of meetings and the fact that the sub-TWG has not yet officially augmented its official mandate to cover urban sanitation remains a constraint for more programmatic sup-port to the urban sector.42

Urban Water Supply

In the absence of an independent regulator, and as outlined in the NSDP 2014-2018, the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft through its Department of Potable Water Supply has respon-sibility for urban water supply policy, strategic planning, regu-lation and sector oversight, including the licensing of private water operators. While tariffs of public utilities require approval form the Prime Minister, in the recent past tariffs of private op-erators have mostly been determined through local negotiation with hands-off involvement of MIH. As per the 2014 licens-ing decree, tariffs will be stipulated in the license issued by MIH, requiring consultation at local level. At present, no official guidelines, procedures and method is yet available for tariff setting and review for public and private water operators. The Department of Potable Water Supply, which has around 20 staff, is faced by high demands, leaving some departmental functions only implemented in full when there is technical and financial support from development partners. MIH responsibil-ities in provincial and small towns include monitoring drinking water quality standards in piped systems and supporting the licensing of private operators.

Following extensive reforms and investment and capac-ity building support from multiple development partners, the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) has become hugely successful over the last decades. It has a listing on the Cambodia Stock Exchange and a high level of operational au-tonomy, with its Board of Directors headed by the Governor of Phnom Penh Municipality. As a state-owned enterprise, the water supply infrastructure remains in government ownership. Similarly, Siem Reap has moved to such autonomous utility

model. Following the recent privatization of a number of pro-vincial public water works, ten other provincial water works remain under the Department of Potable Water Supply. Insti-tutional arrangements for the non-autonomous utilities are in stark contrast to the PPWSA; they are bound by government rules and compensation systems, have difficulty attracting skilled staff, have little incentives to improve performance and operational efficiency, and suffer from limited public invest-ment allocation for the expansion of services.

Small-scale private operators also play a significant role in wa-ter supply provision, particularly in rural growth centers and emerging towns. There are an estimated 300 operators at present, though only 147 (approximately) are licensed, while MIH is currently trying to bring all non-licensed operators into its sphere of monitoring with as a first step a survey to identify all unlicensed ones. In 2013 it was estimated that over 1 mil-lion people are currently being served by the domestic private sector.43 However, small private operators are not yet prop-erly regulated, have limited capabilities and struggle to access capital for service improvements and expansion. Several de-velopment partners have been supporting private operators, through experimenting with various PPP-arrangements in the past. Understanding the potential of the private water mar-ket, development partners like AFD and WSP have focused on creating a more favorable environment to access financing through local banks, and the provision of business develop-ment services to improve performance and develop bankable investment proposals. In 2012, the Cambodia Water Asso-ciation of private water operators has been established, now serving over 50 members covering more than 70 licenses.44

Urban Sanitation

The Ministry of Public Works and Transport is responsible for policy, planning, coordination and the implementation of investment projects. In 2011 a mandated department under MPWT was established to set technical standards and tariffs for urban sanitation. However, this department is in the early

43 World Bank/IFC (2013) Tapping the Market: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Water for the Poor. World Bank Water & Sanitation Program (WSP) and International Finance Corporation (IFC).44 Notably GRET (MIREP program) and World Bank experimented with Design-Build Lease arrangements, and Build-Operate-Transfer schemes, including output-based subsidies (also by USAID). AFD and WSP have focused more on operator access-to-finance and business development.45 PPWSA collects a 10% top-up on the water tariffs and passes this on the provincial department of MPWT to support O&M of the system.


stages of development and is not yet fully staffed and re-sourced. Provincial departments of MPWT are responsible for planning, project implementation and O&M of drainage, sewer and treatment facilities (treatment facilities are only present in Siem Reap, Sihanoukville and Battambang). Fee collection ar-rangements differ from city to city, with PPWSA providing this service through their water bill.45 Improving on-site sanitation and the safe collection, management, treatment and disposal of fecal sludge does not rank high on the priority list of MPWT and/or cities themselves. Private sector involvement in fecal sludge management is so far limited and largely unregulated.


The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) is the lead agency for rural sanitation and water supply, via the Departments of Rural Health Care (DRHC) and Rural Water Supply (DRWS) respectively. MRD has offices at provincial and district level. In line with the Strategic Plan for RWSSH, the intention is to strengthen their District offices, however, to date few district offices are functional in the water and sanitation domain. Both domestic and externally funded projects are channeled through the ministry, leading to rather top-down implemen-tation in limited geographic areas. While there are numerous local and international and NGOs facilitating service delivery and demand creation in rural water supply and sanitation, these efforts are, however, fragmented and not always mutu-ally supportive due to a lack of consistency in operational ap-proaches. PDRD offices often do not yet effectively coordinate NGO inputs at national or sub-national level and no program-matic guidelines have been issued for implementation of the RWSSH Strategy. The NSDP 2014-2018 provides the direc-tions to move to a programmatic national approach. The vi-sion is for MRD and PDRD to be facilitating and technical sup-porting the district offices and sub-national administrations. Districts and communes, including the Commune Council for Women and Children,46 are expected to then play a larger role in the delivery of services, in close coordination with local pri-

vate sector businesses. This will also require that sufficient hu-man and financial resources are made available at local level. As laid out in Section 3, the clarifications of institutional roles and responsibilities and the legal basis for such functional assignment will be an important part of operationalizing the Strategy. Moreover, enforcement of water quality guidelines for rural water supply is under resourced, nor is much attention given to regulating multiple bottled water plants. Regulations on drilling, that could help to prevent contamination of shallow aquifers, have not yet been developed. Since 2006, the Department of Rural Health Care has worked closely with development partners to introduce and scale up demand-driven approaches to sanitation and hygiene promo-tion including Community-Led Total Sanitation and behavior change communications. A lot of experience has been gained in sanitation marketing, leading to over 150,000 latrines being sold through the private sector over recent years.47 However, there is not yet a roadmap for how the engagement of the pri-vate sector can effectively be institutionalized and facilitated by government at different levels.

For rural water supply, current policy envisages community management of rural water supplies via Water and Sani-tation User Groups (WSUG). Progress here is hampered partly by the fact that institutional arrangements under de-concentration and decentralization are not clear, account-ability mechanisms and clear procedures are missing, and citizen engagement and voice is not yet mainstreamed in social accountability initiatives (such as trough community scorecards under the social accountability framework). This leaves a dangerous vacuum in the rural water supply sector, where sustainable post-construction support, both techni-cal and managerial, is missing.48

The role of private operators managing small piped schemes in rural growth centers was discussed under urban water supply.

46 Commune Council for Women and Children (CCWC) are already mandated with a role to promote sanitation and hygiene, however, lack the resources and capabilities to prioritize such activities, especially in commune council does not champion sanitation as an important area for improving basic social services.47 See monitoring data provided by two large scale sanitation marketing programs facilitated by WaterSHED and IDE. http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/Publications/iDE_PR_CBD100k.pdf and http://www.watershedasia.org/watershed-supported-suppliers-sell-50000-toilets-to-rural-consumers/48 World Bank (2013) Voice Choice and Decision 2: Local Basic Service Delivery. The Asia Foundation and World Bank


Investment Planning

Through its multi-year planning framework and the intro-duction of program-based budgeting, the government of Cambodia is taking steps towards linking investment and operational planning with result areas. It is expected that program based budgeting will be introduced from 2015 onwards in a number of ‘pilot’ ministries among which MRD, with the department of rural health care slated for

5. Financing and its Implementation

2015, and the department of rural water supply to follow in 2016. This will allow each department to function as a sep-arate budgeting unit, allowing more detailed and separate tracking of budgets and expenditure for rural water sup-ply and rural sanitation against results. Currently, MRD, has a strategic budget plan for 2013-201549, which ties programs to overall priorities and sets specific annual tar-gets (e.g access to clean water to increase from 44.9% to 49.5% between 2013 and 2015, and access to sanitation

49 At the time of investigation for this report the 2013-2015 time horizon was used to review anticipated investments. This rolling plan has now been updated to 2014-2016.


Priority actions for financing and its implementation


Develop long term strategic investment plan and city master plans for urban water and sanitation coordinated by both MIH and MPWT

√ √

Increase capital investments in urban sector, including leveraging debt financing from local banks, and allocate more programmatic resources for regulation and capacity building

√ √

Implement existing policy on full cost recovery for public water works through efficiency improvements and regular tariff reviews

√

Increase advocacy efforts to increase funding allocations for the rural sec-tor, especially for programmatic software and operational costs √ √

Under the rural water supply and sanitation national action plan, develop a three-year budget for hardware, software and recurrent expenditures, responding to future devolved mandate

√


√ √


from 27% to 33%). Similarly to MRD, MIH and MPWT pre-pare multi-year rolling investment plans, however, these ministries are not yet part of the program-based budgeting pilot.

Currently, none of the line ministries involved in the sector has yet developed a long-term investment plan and com-prehensively covers each subsector with clear priorities and identification of sources. The absence of such planning is reflected in the ‘planning building’ block of the scorecard. It should be noted that as part of previous development part-ner support, MIH prepared such sector investment plan for 2009-2013 and MRD for 2005-2015 (although these plans were not formally endorsed at ministerial level). All ministries do have project lists and anticipated expendi-tures as per their Project Investment Plans. However, not all ministries were able to clearly identify the breakdown of do-mestic and external funding and PIPs did not specify which sources of funding were already secured.

Budget Transparency

A key recommendation of a 2011 integrated fiduciary as-sessment and public expenditure review50 was to improve the quality, coverage and classification of items in the gov-ernment budget, which is crucial for designing, executing and monitoring government policy and strengthening ac-countability. The report recommended that authorities should strive to bring all government spending on budget, including disbursements on donor-financed projects, donor-financed technical cooperation and donor top-ups of civil service wages. Agreement is needed on the expenditure reports on donor-supported projects prepared using the government’s chart of accounts – which will enable their better integration into the budget. Amongst others, the introduction of a re-vised financial management information system (FMIS), the introduction of program-based budgeting and the recent and ongoing revisions to the chart of accounts are expected to support the implementation of these recommendations. With

the expectation that financial management and other public sector reforms will deepen over the coming years, Cambodia remains a moderate performer as per the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment 2013.51

During the review of the Medium Term Expenditure Frame-works, as well as the Project Investment Plans,52 as pre-pared by MIH, MPWT and three-year rolling strategic Budget Plans of MRD, it indeed proved difficult to compre-hensive identify sources of funds for budgets and expendi-tures. Although the rolling three-year budget plan for MRD did provide some information on the joint allocation for rural water supply and sanitation, further decomposition for rural water supply and rural sanitation needs to be strengthened. The planned introduction of program-based budgeting is expected to improve the transparency of the budgeting and expenditure monitoring process, and better link such ex-penditure to outcomes. As indicated in the functional map-ping report of MRD, rural water and rural sanitation devel-opment expenditures remain a fraction of the overall capital and program budget of MRD.53

The online official development assistance (ODA) database maintained by the Cambodia Development Council is a fair-ly transparent resource for estimating development partner projects and annual expenditures subject to confirmation with the partners.

Utilization of Budgets

Because development expenditures for water supply and sanitation do not appear in detail, it is difficult to know ex-actly whether a budget allocation for water supply and sani-tation was in fact spent. Overall, Cambodia has received a satisfactory mark in an assessment of aggregate expendi-ture compared to original approved budget.54 At the level of the three main ministries, domestic budgets utilization has also been high, and as per the domestic expenditure reports of 2009-2011, has been reported to be at least 90%. This

50 World Bank. 2011. Cambodia - More Efficient Government Spending for Strong and Inclusive Growth : Integrated Fiduciary Assessment and Public Expenditure Review. World Bank51 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.PUBS.XQ/countries Viewed Aug 2014.52 MPWT PIP did break out domestic capital budget and donor sources, while MIH PIP did not break out government contributions or expenditures.53 Ministry of Rural Development 2013, Functional mapping of the MRD, report, D&D working group, MRD, Cambodia. Around USD 0.9 million for rural water supply annual identified in the MTEF and around USD 0.3 million annually for sanitation.54 World Bank. 2011 p. 91. Cambodia - More Efficient Government Spending for Strong and Inclusive Growth : Integrated Fiduciary Assessment and Public Expenditure Review.


confirms the views of participants in the SDA that tended to give a high rating for utilization of domestic funds. However, it should be noted that domestic funding allocation for water and sanitation are limited (especially in rural subsector) and that a large part of domestic funds are for recurrent costs, such as salaries, which are easy to spend. The high domestic budget utilization rate is reflected in the fairly positive rating of the expenditure building block. At the same time, bottle-necks were identified in the frequent delays in fund transfer, which – combined with the rainy season – narrow the actual implementation period in the field. Development partners with substantial funding in the sector confirmed that – al-though project design and start-up is lengthy – annual dis-bursement rates of 75% were normally achieved.

Budget Adequacy

Figure 5.1 shows the illustrates that in all subsectors the an-ticipated budget, even when considering expected house-hold contribution, is inadequate to reach the targets as set for 2025. Deficits are especially pronounced for urban sanitation, due

to high expectation of service levels as set in the assumed targets by 2025. However, also for water supply, urban and rural, anticipated public investments are much less than 50% of the required investments. Anticipated domestic funding sources comprise just a small share of overall spending re-quirements (< 5% in all subsectors) and the sector mostly relies on externally funded hardware support.

For rural sanitation, the deficit seems less pronounced, mainly as households are expected to be the major source of capital expenditure. However, the actual size of the defi-cits might be larger than the values presented here, as the assumed household contributions (shown in light blue) are a leveraged amount based on anticipated hardware spend-ing. The chances of these investments materializing depend highly on the effectiveness of government social mobiliza-tion and promotion programs to elicit self-investment by rural households. Given the meagre operational budget and staffing levels within MRD, PDRD and the district offices, the actual deficit is likely to be higher.55 Confirming this costing assessment, SDA participants, all scored the adequacy of the budget as problematic, as is reflected in the scorecard.

Figure 5.1 Overall annual and per capita investment requirements and contribution to anticipated financing by source

Source: SDA costing. Note: the anticipated household investment in rural services are assumed

Domestic anticipated investment

External anticipated investment

Household anticipated investment

Deficit

Urban water supplyTotal : $ 60,100,000Per capita (new): $ 116

Rural water supplyTotal : $ 31,800,000Per capita (new): $ 21

Urban sanitationTotal : $ 86,700,000Per capita (new): $ 147

Rural sanitationTotal : $ 32,500,000Per capita (new): $ 20

55Allocation (2011) to wages for MRD, PDRD and District offices as “mapped” to rural water supply, and rural healthcare was estimated to be around US$360,000, and US$240,000 respectively. MRD 2013 Functional Mapping Report.56 World Bank (2012) Voice, Choice and Decision: A Study of Local Governance Processes in Cambodia


Financial Reforms in Support of Decentralization and Deconcentration

Around 2.8% of national budget is allocated to the com-mune/sangkat fund and although some funds might be used for rural water supply and sanitation, over 90% of the expenditures are estimated to be allocated to rural road construction.56 At national level it is not possible to clearly track if funds have been spend on water supply and sanita-tion, as broad categories are defined as infrastructure and social services. Hence, water and sanitation spending un-der this fund has not yet been included. Water and sanita-tion expenditure under the recently established district and municipal fund (0.8% of national budget) is unknown and could not be included. In line with the ongoing decentraliza-tion reform, it is expected that more funding will become available at the discretion of sub-national authorities, in-cluding a sub-national investment fund from 2014 onwards, some of these funds might flow into the urban and rural wa-ter and sanitation sector. It will be important in the future to track and understand how such expenditure will (or will not) be contributing to the sector. Hence, it will be critical to bet-ter monitor spending at sub-national level through the na-tional Financial Management Information System on water and sanitation in the long-term. A first start is to implement national level programme-based budgeting for water and sanitation and to routinely monitor resource flows to the sector that are not going through the government budgets.


6. Sector Monitoring and Evaluation

There is currently no national monitoring framework in place for either the rural or urban subsectors, though the need for improved sector monitoring - and the intention to establish a sector monitoring system - has been recognized in vari-ous policy and strategy documents and sector reviews. The 2003 Water Policy, for example, included a set of monitoring and evaluation principles. At present, much of the monitor-ing in the sector is dependent on census and other survey data rather than robust real-time subsectoral monitoring sys-tem. Although with the support of WHO/UNICEF much of the surveys that are implemented have increasingly streamlined

definitions with JMP, limitations remain as sample sizes are small, limited information concerning sub-national progress can be distilled, the focus is on only monitoring access, and data is not real time to inform the annual review, planning and programming at sub-national level. Another source of in-formation is the commune database hosted by the Ministry of Planning, and in absence of more precise data, this is the only available data at commune level. However, the reliability of this data is not assured, as is based on unverified reports made by village chiefs and collected by Commune Council chiefs.

57 Unicef 2009. ‘Arsenic in Cambodia’


Priority actions for sector monitoring and evaluation


Establish better sectoral monitoring systems, reporting access and usage of services, service quality, sustainability and equity, and integrate indica-tors for WASH services in institutions (schools and health centers)

√ √

Publish key sector performance indicators through ministerial websites to improve transparency and usage by different levels of government and external support agencies

√ √

For urban water supply carry out industry benchmarking for both public and private operators

√ √

Allocate domestic resources, to operate and roll-out of monitoring sys-tems by national and sub-national departments/actors

√ √

Introduce annual joint government-development partner sector review process, under leadership of the Technical Working Groups (for rural and for urban)

√



Monitoring in the rural subsector has not been well coordi-nated up to now, there being various disconnected project databases plus a national arsenic monitoring database57. Moreover, ADB is providing support to MRD in developing a M&E system, linked to programme-based budgeting, to which a future sub-sectoral M&E system needs to be well linked. The RWSSH Strategy acknowledges the need for a unified management information system to which all partici-pating organizations contribute, making it possible to track progress towards national targets. In 2013, MRD with sup-port of WSP, UNICEF and Global Sanitation Fund, has em-barked on the development of such system, through carrying out a situation analysis, followed by the development of the M&E framework, and currently the system design is being implemented. The roll-out will initially take place in a limited number of provinces; however, as part of the development of a future national program, it is planned that other sector stakeholders will support country-wide roll-out. Stakehold-ers also recommended that a joint annual review mechanism need to be established, using management information from the future sector monitoring, systems, as well as inputs from a wide variety of sector stakeholders, including the NGOs active in the subsectors.

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation

Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority monitors and evaluates some 200 water supply parameters, publishes the data on its website, and is an example of best practice. However, for the urban water supply subsector as a whole, utility performance data is not comprehensively and systematically gathered by the Department of Potable Water Supply of MIH. The focus of the monitoring effort is mostly on the public utilities. Lim-ited data are being collected from the almost 150 licensed private operators (without verification) and are stored in a rudimentary excel spreadsheet. Accessibility of basic sector data is also an issue, as data-sharing platforms (e.g. through

websites) are not yet operational to publish information to the wider public. Development partners carry out regular as-sessments such as the JICA supported Urban Water Supply overview58, and the Cambodia Water and Sanitation Sector review, supported by the World Bank.

Realizing the importance of better monitoring, some im-provements in the urban subsector are now being made. With JICA support, public utilities are starting to improve their internal management information systems (billing, ac-counting, etc.), for both better utility performance as well as improved reporting to MIH against a range of performance indicators covering not only technical parameters but also fi-nancial performance. With support of WSP and CWA, private water operators are encouraged to use computerized man-agement systems that support improved recording practices. The Department of Potable Water Supply has recently, with support of WSP, embarked upon the establishment of an M&E system for both public and private operators. However, continued human and financial resources will be required to support its roll-out, sustain its application, and especially en-sure a minimum level of data verification, as well as water quality monitoring by Department of Industry and Handicraft at provincial level. As part of the new licensing regime, it is expected that a monitoring guideline will be issued, stipulat-ing reporting requirements. The establishment of the system is expected to facilitate the future review process of private operator water tariffs.

The urban sanitation sector mostly carries out monitoring tied in with project implementation of drainage and sewer systems. Consolidated reporting on the effectiveness of fecal waste treatment is limited, however some utility level moni-toring takes place.

In terms of a joint annual sector review process by gov-ernment and key development partners, SDA participants agreed that this process has not yet been put in place for both urban water supply and sanitation.

58 RGC 2012. Royal Government of Cambodia, Infrastructure and Regional Integration Technical Working Group. (IRITWG) Sub-Technical Working Group for Water Supply. Overview on Urban Water Supply Sector in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh.


source (unless stored in a tank of over 3000 m3).59 The clas-sification of improved versus unimproved source needs to be seen in the light of the proposed future post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals for rural water supply, which will include actual water quality, and levels of service (reliability, quantity).

7. Subsector: Rural Water Supply

59According to CSES (2010) data, in the dry season, in terms of “improved water source”, it is estimated that 4% of rural households had access to piped water supply connection, 32% used a tube well or borehole, 9% used a protected dug well, and 2% used pumped water from pond or streams; unimproved sources included unprotected wells (21%), fetching water directly from pond or streams (18%), and unimproved rainwater (2%) and water vendors (13%).


JMP data indicate that in 2012, 66% of the rural population had access to an improved water supply (year round), of which 5% was estimated to have a piped water connection at the premises. Government estimates show a lower level of access, as they do not consider the use of rainwater as an improved

Priority actions for rural water supply


Clarify the roles of government agencies and sub-national administra-tions at provincial, district and commune level under the decentralization reform and test this through a pilot

√ √

Develop a National Action Plan for rural water supply with focus on sus-tainability and cost-effectiveness of different technology options (based on a review of technologies)

√

Establish district rural water supply functionality plans linked to local and national investment planning process

√

Develop professional post-construction technical and managerial sup-port systems to ensure sustainability of community-managed schemes, possibly involving the private sector

√ √

Promote expanded role of private sector in piped water service delivery in rural growth centers, through facilitating access to finance and lever-aging private sector investment grants

√ √

Safeguard water quality through treatment, water quality management and risk assessment at source, as well as household water treatment and storage programs

√ √ √

Increase enforcement for water quality regulations and carry out point-of-consumption water quality surveys

√ √

Develop national management information system for rural water supply and sanitation

√ √


In this context the recent findings of a national assessment of point of consumption water quality are very relevant. The study shows in rural areas only 23% of households drink water that meets drinking water quality standards, 21% can be considered low risk, while 56% are of me-dium to high risk. The study also suggests that household storage, handling, and treatment factors play a larger role in point of consumption quality than whether a house-hold access an improved or unimproved source.60 While over half of the population assessed used some sort of household water treatment, even among water samples that were treated, only 35% met said standards. These findings clearly illustrate the need for investing in improv-ing access and service levels, better treatment and water quality management at source (such as through automatic chlorine dispensers) at the same time. Behavior change programs and campaigns that focus on household water treatment and storage practices are required.

The NSDP 2018 has set a fairly modest interim target of 60% improved access by 2018, only slightly higher than the CMDG target of 50% improved access by 2015. As per the SDA model (see Annex 2), in order to meet the target of 100% coverage by 2025 adopted by the National Stra-

Figure 7.2 Rural water financing: required, anticipated (2012 - 2014) and recent (2009 - 2011) annual investments

Source: SDA costing

Household anticipated investmentDeficit

Domestic anticipated investmentExternal anticipated investment

Rural water supplyTotal : $ 31,800,000Per capita (new): $ 21



Recentinvestment

Ann

ual i

nves

tmen

t in

mill

ion

US

D

0

5

10

15

25

30

35

20

Other

Replacement

New

Household

External

Domestic

Rural water supply

60 Shantz (forthcoming in 2014). National Microbial Assessment of Rural Household Point-of-Consumption Drinking Waters – Technical Report Draft. WHO. Phnom Penh.

tegic Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene, some 302,000 people per year will need to gain access to an improved water source. This implies an annual average capital investment of US$32 million per year, comprising US$6.4 million in new investments to expand access and US$25.4 million for the replacement costs of existing fa-cilities, pointing to the short-life span of the predominant technologies (dug wells and tube well/boreholes), render-ing these investments less productive in the long run. An additional US$3.4 million per year is needed for operations and maintenance, normally to be recovered by user fees levied through the WSUG and/or other providers. Avail-

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Government estimates Government Targets

JMP, Improved JMP, Piped

rura

l wat

er s

upp

ly c

over

age

Sources: JMP 2014-update; NSDP-2014-2018

Figure 7.1 Rural water supply coverage and targets 1990-2025


able data on anticipated rural water supply investments, including recent trends in spending, indicate that only a fifth of this annual total is likely to be available from ‘pub-lic’ sources (domestic and external), leaving the sector severely underfunded. The above estimates only refer to capital expenditure and exclude ‘software’ costs such as project management, community engagement, and other program management costs. As explained in Section 5, operational and other software costs are not well funded through domestic sources for rural water supply and rely heavily on development partners and NGOs.

Turning to the scorecard for rural water supply, a num-ber of bottlenecks as well as drivers for service delivery are standing out (see Figure 7.3). In the enabling pillar, the presence of a policy, long-term Strategic Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, as well as the re-cent sub sector targets in the NSDP 2014-2018 are im-portant building blocks. However, institutional roles not fully defined and operationalized, for example no arrange-ments are in place at district level for maintenance of rural water supply schemes in line with the D&D reforms. The moderate score for planning reflect weaknesses in sec-tor coordination, including fund coordination and a joint annual sector review process. A future national program and action plan is expected to address this bottleneck. The subsector budget allocations remain inadequate and heavily dependent on support from external agencies, which also provide substantial technical assistance. The structure and comprehensiveness of the budget could be improved by separation of budget lines for water and sani-

Figure 7.3 Rural water supply scorecard results

tation, and ensuring that off-budget flows are reported on in a consolidated sector wide manner.

In the developing pillar, the yellow and red scores reflect a low level of output of new rural water supply schemes, as compared to what is needed in order to reach the am-bitious target of universal access. When examining re-cent survey data closer, it seems that the access trend is stalling and urgently need to be reversed.61 Moreover, the number and location of new schemes installed each year are not reported in a consolidated format, and no water supply mapping has been done at scale yet. Most govern-ment investment in new rural water supply is used to de-velop point sources, typically well drilling and well repair. With support a several development partners (UNICEF, ADB, GRET/EMWF), rural piped schemes are also being developed in partnership with the private sector. SDA par-ticipants also mentioned that service expansion in recent years has been funded not only by development partners and local governments, but though self-supply by better off households. In terms of equity considerations, there are no consistently applied criteria used for resource al-location, and neither do guidelines exist on how to best used subsidies in targeting poor households.62

Water quality is an additional concern in Cambodia, where at least 2.25 million live in areas where the level of natural-ly-occurring arsenic in the groundwater is high. MRD has mapped at-risk areas and in 2010 established an online database of rural waters point including their location, tech-nology type and water quality status. An arsenic mitigation

Enabling Developing SustainingPlanning

1

Policy

2.5

Budget

1

Output

0.5

Expenditure

2

Maintenance

1

Equity

1

Expansion

0.5 1.5

Use

61 CIPS 2013 data report 8% access to piped water, 33% to tube wells/boreholes, and 7% protected dug wells, with remaining sources pond/stream /river (22%), unprotected dug wells and other sources (vendor, rainwater, etc.)62 In the past output based subsidies to the private sector were not explicitly targeted, however, recent initiatives are aiming to target connection subsidies to ID-poor I and ID-poor II categories (under GRET, EMWF, and future EU grants to private sector)


strategy has been developed with UNICEF/WHO support, including (amongst other things) revising the national drink-ing water standards (rural guideline now in draft), expand-ing water quality testing and promoting alternative sources where appropriate. Despite these efforts, these platforms are not yet fully institutionalized. MRD is currently work-ing with development partners to integrate water quality aspects as part of the overall rural water supply monitor-ing system. In respect of water quality monitoring, it will be critical to step up efforts on enforcement of water quality standards of piped water services, as well as regular spot checks on point-source scheme by the mandated agencies (MIH, respectively MRD). In line with the emphasis on the future post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals, inclusion of water quality testing at point-of-use in national surveys is also recommended.

Another bottleneck in the sustaining pillar reflects the lack of post-construction support services for rural communities to manage their supplies sustainable. Poor maintenance of existing schemes is a serious threat to sustainability and backup support to communities is inadequately defined and underfunded, with typical annual budget allocations of just U$500,000 per year to support maintenance of all rural water supply schemes in the country.63 A reconsideration of the role of WSUG is needed, as these groups tend to be active only when empowered through ongoing external support via INGOs or other development agencies. Differ-ent management models for community-based schemes need to be tested, and legal and institutional framework and accountabilities to be redefined, including global lessons. In this context recent experiences in for example Benin are promising where public-private partnership arrangements are used to expand services of clustered community-level

schemes.64 Moreover, a broader concept than access needs to be integrated as part of the future monitoring system of MRD. As pioneered with SNV support in Kampot province, functionality needs to be looked at from a gradual scale of level of service, and include water quality, accessibility, and quantity and reliability aspects.65 Strengthening account-ability for water supply services can further be enhanced through the community-scorecards assessing functionality of water supply, in line with the social accountability frame-work. Access to clean water supply in schools has been on the decline from 66% in 2009 to 58% in 2013, indicat-ing that schools settings need to be addressed as part of functionality plans.

Private sector investments in rural growth centers have increased over recent years and this trend is expected to continue. Over 90% of private water operators are estimat-ed to be covering their operating costs and around 80% their full costs including depreciation and debt service.66 However expansion or investments in new sites remains difficult to fund through revenues only and will requires ac-cess to commercial finance and/or investment grants to close the viability gap. The red score in the expansion block illustrates these difficulties, although several initiatives are ongoing and pipelined to enable such expansion through better access to credit, business planning support and in-vestment grants.

Equity aspects of outcomes could also be improved, al-though access to an improved water source between the lowest and highest quintile in rural areas is more or less similar, access to higher levels of services such as piped water supply, was four times higher for the richest income quintile, as compared to the poorest.67

63 SNV, 2014a. Learning Brief: Functionality of Rural Water Supply Services Programme. This brief states that district-wide water supply mapping in one of Kampot’s district revealed that out of 1,055 water supplies only 80% are fully functional.64 For more information please refer to https://beninwaterdpsp.wordpress.com65 SNV, 2014b Progress Brief: Progress Brief: Functionality of Rural Water Supply Services Programme: Assessing Rural Water Supply Levels of Service in Cambodia: Findings and Lessons Learned From a Baseline Assessment. The baseline conducted in 2013 in one district in Kampot showed that water quality and reliability were key factors contributing to only 24% of households achieving basic service levels.66 Sy, Jemima; Warner, Robert; Jamieson, Jane. 2014. Tapping the Markets: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Water and Sanitation for the Poor. Washington, DC: World Bank.67 CSES (2011) Cambodia Socio Economic Survey


8. Subsector: Urban Water Supply

According to the JMP update 2014, 94% of the urban pop-ulation has access to an improved water supply in 2012, of which 67% have a piped house connection. Other house-holds with access to an improved source mainly use tube well or protected dug wells, and only a fraction relies on

improved rainwater as their main water source.68 However, there is a large disparity between Phnom Penh and other cities, especially in terms of service levels. For example, the CSES 2011, which disaggregates Phnom Penh and other urban areas, reports that 90% of all residents of the capital

68As per the government definition rainwater is only considered improved if stored in a tank of more than 3000 liters. Due to the preference of rainwater taste, most urban and rural households store and use rainwater at least as a complementary source for consumption, while relying on other sources for hygienic uses.69The difference between CSES 2011, and NSDP 2012 estimates piped access outside of Phnom Penh is most likely due to other definitions of urban areas. The most recent CIPS (2013) estimates piped water supply access in urban areas slightly lower at 64%.70The NSDP 2018 target does not clearly specify whether this target refers to piped household connections only.


Priority actions for urban water supply


Develop full legal framework (water law) that clarifies and redefines insti-tutional roles, including that of regulator

√ √ √

Develop policy, guidelines and instruments for economic regulation, including pro-poor tariff setting and connection policies (beyond those existing at project level)

√

Following the model of Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority, transform public water works into autonomous utilities and transition all investment and service provision responsibilities

√

Develop a long-term sector development and investment plan, with em-phasis on equity considerations (e.g. social connection fund)

√

Improve service performance and efficiencies of public and private op-erators through at-scale training programs by - to-be-established - utility training center and Cambodia Water Association’s training services

√ √

Introduce competitive granting of licenses for private operators to in-crease transparency, leverage commercial finance, and ensure value for money

√

Develop capacities of Department of Potable Water Supply for expedit-ing licensing and economic regulation regime, bringing all unlicensed operators under its supervision

√ √

Develop an umbrella association for all public and private operators to promote best practices and continued support to professionalizing of the sector

√ √


Figure 8.1 Urban water supply coverage and targets 1990-2025

having water piped to their dwellings, while in other urban areas a third of the population accesses piped water supply services in the dry season. Government estimates as per the NSDP 2014-2018 are expressed in piped water supply access only and are fairly consistent with JMP estimates of 2012: urban piped water supply access is estimated at 68.5% in 2012, of which access in Phnom Penh is estimat-ed to be 85% and other urban areas having around half of the population connected.69 Although not formalized in an official document, the target for urban water supply by SDA participants has been set at 100% improved access by 2025, of which it is expected that 90% will be supplied through piped household connections. The NSDP 2018 tar-get is set at 85% access to improved water supply,70 as compared to the 2015 CMDG target of 80% improved ac-cess.

In order to meet the 2025 target of 100% access to im-proved water supply in urban areas - of which 90% through piped services - around 260,000 people per year will need to gain access. This implies an annual average capital in-vestment of US$60 million per year, comprising US$30 mil-lion in new investments to expand access and US$30 mil-

0%

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71 World Bank (2013) Cambodia Water and Sanitation Sector Review, and Sy. et al (2013).72 WSP (forthcoming in 2014). National representative survey to determine the poor inclusiveness of licensed private water operators. Available upon request at World Bank Phnom Penh.73 Non-confirmed pipelined projects for 2015 have not yet been included in this estimate, so the actual average annual deficit could be slightly lower (e.g. ADB urban water supply loan which is under preparation, AFD credit line of US$5 million for private water operators over 2015-17, channeled through a local bank to private operators).

lion for the replacement costs of existing facilities, reflecting the already high levels of services in urban areas that need to be maintained through replacing assets. In an ideal situ-ation, replacement costs are fully accounted for through full cost recovery tariffs and would not rely as much on national transfers and investment budgets. However, except for PPWSA, most public utilities do not yet charge full cost re-covery tariffs. The level of full cost recovery by private water operators is assessed to be adequate, with an around 90% of private operators recovering operational costs and 80% full cost recovery including depreciation and debt service.71

Tariff levels in the public sector (from around US$ 0.25-0.40/m3) are considerably lower as compared to private opera-tors, who do not benefit from public investment transfers (average US$0.53-0.60/m3,72 with some operators charging as much as US$0.80). Increasing tariff levels in the public sector to full cost recovery would help to close the existing financing gap in urban water supply, as illustrated in Figure 8.2. However, of equal importance to close the investment financing gap will be to improve operational efficiencies of water utilities, such as through non-revenue water pro-grams, so that pressure on transfers for rehabilitation and replacement are diminished. An additional US$7 million per year is needed for operations and maintenance, to be re-covered through tariffs (or other user fees). In addition to capital and O&M expenditure, financing needs include sub-stantial funding for ‘software’ and programmatic costs such as project management, licensing and awareness cam-paigns, capacity building programs, and critically adequate recurrent funds to execute policy, monitoring and regulatory functions at central and provincial level.

Figure 8.2 illustrates that recent (US$26 million) and antici-pated annual public spending (US$24 million) covers around 40% of the total annual investment requirements, and after including the relatively low expected household contribu-tion, this leaves the sector with a substantial financing gap of around US$33 million annually.73 However, it should also


Figure 8.2 Urban water supply financing: required, anticipated (2012 - 2014) and recent annual invesments (2009 - 2011)

Source: SDA Costing Model



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Urban water supplyTotal : $ 60,100,000Per capita (new): $ 116

be noted that new investments in piped schemes by the private sector, which could be in the order of several US$ millions annually, have not been included in the estimate, since no reliable data is yet available at the industry level. In addition to the financing gap for the sector, the reliance on development partner investments illustrates that domestic budget allocation remains inadequate.

JICA has for some years been a key donor in the subsector, its major lending projects being the Niroth Water Treatment Facility near Phnom Penh, and the expansion of the Siem Riep water supply system. A third grant project involves the rehabilitation and expansion of water distribution systems in the provincial capitals of Pursat, Battambang, and Siha-noukville. JICA is also providing capacity building support to a number of urban utilities. AFD has also supported the Niroth water treatment facility and provided a loan of just under Euro 30 million to PPWSA, in part to extend the dis-tribution network to low-income communities. UN-Habitat has also provided financial and technical assistance to the sector. ADB is currently preparing a new loan to support ur-ban utilities with service expansion outside of Phnom Penh. When turning to the scorecard, it should be noted that participants intended to emphasize the situation outside of Phnom Penh, so as to clearly identify priorities for ad-dressing bottlenecks. The NSDP 2014-2018 to a large ex-tent reflects the identified bottlenecks and lays out a clear reform agenda for the urban water supply sector over the next planning period. Key elements of this reform agenda are reflected in the agreed priority actions listed at the be-ginning of the chapter.

Within the enabling pillar, the low score for planning reflects the fact that there is currently not yet a long term strategic sector investment plan, covering all urban areas beyond Phnom Penh, with prioritization and costing and a map-ping of potential investment sites for the private sector. The three-year rolling Project Investment Plan format of MIH is now used to identify projects and source funds. The coordi-nation of fund flow (domestic and external) as well as a joint annual review mechanism of government and key develop-ment partners has not yet been fully institutionalized trans-lating in a sector wide approach of government and devel-opment partners to improve urban service delivery. PPWSA has taken on an important role in utility-to-utility peer learn-ing. Human resource capacity assessment and HR devel-opment programs have taken place for a number of utili-


ties, but not yet at a sector wide level. Capacity building of sector professionals is proposed to be delivered through a national utility training center, however to date this has not yet been established. Positive developments are the deliv-ery of training and coaching services through the Cambodia Water Association of private operators (CWA), but more is needed to expand and intensify these efforts.

In the policy realm, the sector has an incomplete legal framework for the sector and operationalization of institu-tional roles. The role of sub-national authorities in line with the D&D reform is not yet clearly laid out. While the de facto role of the Department of Potable Water Supply (DPWS) has been defined through a ministerial decree of 2010, its functions have not yet been fully operationalized, given the current funding and staffing levels, and limited formal instru-ments and guidelines for economic regulation.74 Recent issu-ance of ministerial decree that outlines the licensing process is a positive development towards the operationalization of the 2003 national supply water and sanitation policy.

Under the developing pillar, bottlenecks relate to the moni-toring of new services developed and the quality of these services. Some level of monitoring for public water works takes place and PPWSA has an extensive monitoring sys-tem and shares data with the wider public. However, a sec-tor-wide monitoring system of key-performance indicators across public and private operators is not yet operational (under development now). Around 150 licensed operators are not yet monitored comprehensively for key-information

on service coverage, performance, and water quality, nei-ther is this data shared with the wider public.75 Moreover, an estimated 150 unlicensed operators remain out of sight of and need to be brought under the licensing regime as a first step. Basic monitoring of private operators, would be a first step towards more closely and regularly (every five years) reviewing their tariffs, as is indicated in the licensing decree.

In terms of equity, PPWSA’s “Water for All” program and other project-specific pro-poor measures are examples that deserve scaling-up. A more systematic approach and clear policy for pro-poor tariffs and connection fees would be needed, including its application to the private sector. As a result, participants scored the subsector low on procedures and systems for stakeholder participation, project selection and policies for targeted subsidies to support the poor. Out-comes are not very equitable, as illustrated by CSES (2011) data, with 88% of the richest urban dwellers accessing piped water connections, while only 34% of the poorest urban household did so. A representative survey among private providers showed that on average 20% of ID-poor house-holds living in network area were connected to piped water, while non-ID-poor76 households showed a connection rate on average of 50%.77 Connection rates among the poor were associated with tariff levels, connection fees and whether or not the private operator applied pro-poor connection policies (such as discounts, subsidies, installment rates).

Within the sustaining pillar, scores in the maintenance block point to the lack of full cost recovery by public utilities (with

74 JICA has committed to support the development of an overall legal framework for the sector, while WSP has worked closely with MIH on the licensing regulation, and will continue to do so with respect to economic regulation.75 DPWS is now closely working with WHO in revising the urban water quality standard, as well as technical service specifications, while WSP is supporting the development of a sector-wide monitoring system for private and public operators76 These are households in the category ID-poor I and ID-poor II, as per the Government of Cambodia poor household identification system.77 WSP (forthcoming in 2014). National representative survey to determine the poor inclusiveness of licensed private water operators. World Bank Phnom Penh. 78 World bank (2013) Water and Sanitation Sector Review

Figure 8.3 Urban water supply scorecard results


0

Policy

2

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1.5

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Expenditure

2

Maintenance

1.5

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0.5 3

Use

Source: SDA scorecard (annex 1).


the exception of PPWSA, SRWSA and Sihanoukville which has a large industrial customer base78). Especially among the non-autonomous public water utilities, results of fi-nancial performance are mixed. Performance of the larger utilities of Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, and Kampong Thom, shows that non-revenue water is estimated at an average of 16% and the operating ratio (revenues over expenses) on average to be 1.3. Especially for the less well performing utilities, operational efficiencies, such as non-revenue wa-ter, optimizing pumping regimes (reducing electricity costs which is a key cost driver), and streamlining other business processes will be critical to achieve better financial perfor-mance.

Private operators are doing better in terms of financial per-formance with 80% covering full cost. CWA is currently de-veloping benchmarking other Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), however, this information is not yet available.

A major weakness for sustaining water supply services is that tariff reviews are not regularly conducted and an eco-nomic regulation framework and tariff methodology has not been formally adopted. Other than PPWSA who has been able to attract concessional loans from AFD, the red score under expansion points at difficulties for public and private utilities to finance expansion schemes. Public and private utilities that have access to external support services are al-ready developing business and investment plans, however for many utilities the preparation of such plans and feasibil-ity study is a bottleneck, compounded by their overall weak

financial position and technical performance. JICA (and ADB in the future) are providing assistance to strengthen the capacity of public utilities along their pathway to be-coming autonomous entities.

Once utilities are autonomous and in a better financial po-sition, they would be able to access both sub-sovereign concessional as well as commercial finance, with the ap-proval of the Board of Directors. For private operators, the recent change of license duration to 20 years is facilitating access to finance, especially now that the Cambodia Wa-ter Association, with the help of development partners, is able to offer business development services and feasibility studies to their members, as well as concessional finance through one of the local banks, lowering the collateral re-quirements.

The establishment of an umbrella association, where both public and private operators could become members, is expected to support the professionalization and capacity development of the sector.

Despite uncertainty in terms of sector financing, the sub-sector is on track to meet its 2025 target of universal ac-cess to an improved water source (see Figure 8.1). Overall levels of access to an improved source are already quite high, even among the poorest quintile (68%), although not for piped water services (34%), and public and private op-erators generally provide a high level of service hours per day with most public utilities providing 24 hours/day.79

79 RGC 2012. Royal Government of Cambodia, Infrastructure and Regional Integration Technical Working Group. (IRITWG) Sub-Technical Working Group for Water Supply. Overview on Urban Water Supply Sector in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh.


According to the JMP update 2014, 25% of the rural popula-tion has access to improved sanitation in 2012 and 6% has access to shared improved sanitation. Almost all rural house-holds with improved access have a pour-flush toilet to either a soak-pit or a septic tank. However, there is a large disparity between income groups: among the poorest income quin-

9. Subsector: Rural Sanitation and Hygiene

80 CSES (2011) states 33% of households having a pour-flush to sewer (0.6%), pour-flush to tank/pit (30.6%) and improved pit with slab (1.3%), adding up to 33% improved access. The recent CIPS (2013) reports quite different figures for rural sanitation access with unclear category definition (38.5% having access to a toilet, of which 13% to a sewer, 22% to a septic tank and 3% to a pit latrine, and less than 1% to other facility).


tile of the rural population only 12% has access to improved sanitation, while in the richest rural quintile this is five times as much at 59%. Government estimates as per the NSDP 2014-2018 are above JMP estimates of 2012, using figures with 33% having access to improved sanitation.80 The Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Strategy 2011-2025

Priority actions for rural sanitation and hygiene


Establish National Action Plan for rural sanitation and hygiene, that in-cludes community-wide targets, and pro-poor implementation guidelines (e.g. on use of smart subsidies/incentives)

√

Based on pilot, develop necessary legal framework, implementation guidance, and financial management mechanisms and sources for func-tional assignment of sanitation to subnational level

√ √

Carry out high-level advocacy to increase funding allocations, especially for program and operational costs (software) such as for community-led total sanitation, behavior change, and monitoring

√ √

Develop and implement a roadmap for government to facilitate and strengthen the private sector role in sanitation service delivery

√

Test and scale-up approaches for integration of sanitation and hygiene in nutrition and social protection programs

√ √

Carry out evaluations and facilitate sector learning on poor-inclusive sanitation service delivery and develop harmonized financing guideline

√

Continue innovation and R&D for low-cost product and services espe-cially for challenging environments, waste collection and emptying and other WASH products

√ √

Develop a national management information system for rural sanitation and water supply

√ √


sets an ambitious universal access target of 100% improved access, and interim NSDP 2018 target reflects the accel-eration needed at 60%, as compared to the modest 2015 CMDG target of only 30% improved access. The access to sanitation facilities is reported to have increased from 79% in 2009 to 88% in 2013 as per the government’s Education management Information System. However, observations reveals that many facilities are either locked, dirty and/or in-operable. Only 50% of schools is estimated to have hand washing facilities.

In order to meet the 2025 target, approximately 658,000 persons will need to gain access to improved sanitation each year (using JMP 2012 data). This will require US$32.5 million per year in capital expenditure, of which US$3.5 mil-lion is expected to come from public sources to support hardware subsidies/incentives for the poor, as most facili-ties are expected to be built with household own funds, as clearly stipulated in the strategy.

Recent and anticipated investments, although showing a positive trend, fall short of the amount needed. In line with the policy, the US$3.5 million annual anticipated hard-

ware investments are expected to leverage eight times the amount of household investments, as subsidies should be directed to the poor and used with caution as per the guid-ance of the strategy. However, whether this leveraging will actually materialize will depend strongly on the ability of government, development partners and other institutions to elicit household investments in improved facilities, as well as on the mechanisms through which such subsidies are delivered.

Figure 9.2 Rural sanitation financing: required, anticipated (2012 - 2014) and recent annual investment (2009 - 2011)

Source: SDA costing

Figure 9.1 Rural sanitation coverage

Source: JMP 2013; MARD (2012a); MARD (2012b); SDA costing

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81 In 2011, the wages for MRD, PRDR and DoRD staff involved in rural health care and sanitation were estimated to be US$365,000 in 2011, as per MRD (2013). However, development partners and INGOs are delivering software support—estimated to be over US$8 million annually—although only some are directly supporting government-led implementation


This will require intensive efforts on i) sanitation demand creation under leadership of communes, ii) ensuring that facilities are affordable to poor households, iii) putting other supporting financing mechanisms—like microcredit—in place, iv) deliver subsidies in a least market distorting way, and v) incentivize collective outcomes at village level. All of this will require operational funding for local implementers at commune and district level, which currently is practically non-funded. As discussed in Section 5, operational budget under MRD is mostly consumed through wages and does not adequately fund other software costs, such as training, capacity building, communications & advocacy as well as monitoring required to fulfill above tasks.81 As can be seen in Figure 9.2, the capital expenditure repre-sents both new facilities as well as replacement of on-site sanitation facilities, which will need to be born by house-holds mostly and represent more than half of all investment required due to the fairly short lifetime. In addition an annual average O&M expenditure—on household’s accounts—is estimated at around US$4.3 million a year.

In the enabling pillar, the subsector achieves a reasonable score on sector policy, though important gaps include the absence of targets for community-wide sanitation status, such as Open Defecation Free (ODF) villages, ODF com-munes, and monitoring ODF district achievement. More-over, the strategy has not yet been operationalized into a national action plan with program implementation guide-lines, including those for use of targeted subsidies/incen-tives for the poor. Moreover, in terms of institutional roles

and responsibilities, the functions of sub-national authori-ties need to be clarified and operationalized through the ongoing D&D reform. For budgeting, the low score reflects weaknesses in the existing MRD three-year rolling invest-ment plans, which are not yet aligned with interim targets in the NSDP. As of yet no budgeting line has been directly linked to rural sanitation, which is expected to improve af-ter the introduction of the program-based budgeting that would also link with the proposed national action plan. SDA participants judged that rural sanitation receives less than 50% of what is needed to meet the national targets, es-pecially concerning the severely underfunded operational and software requirements. In addition, structure and com-prehensiveness of budget are inadequate, as no routine mechanism is available to track off-budget contributions of NGOs and development partners in a consolidated manner, and hardware (capital) and software expenditures are not well articulated in the budget.

In the developing pillar, expenditure of budgets is gener-ally not a constraint, with over 75% of limited domestic and externally raised budget estimated to be spent each year. However, the reporting on expenditure figures lacks com-prehensiveness, especially due to the high amount of off-budget development partner funding and parallel contribu-tions by NGOs, which are not systematically recorded. The equity score is low due the absence of consistent criteria and processes for geographic allocation of development partner and domestic resources, as well as the lack of op-erational guidance to implement the broadly defined princi-ple for hardware subsidy in the national strategy. This often

Figure 9.3 Rural sanitation scorecard


1

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Source: SDA scorecard.


leads to fragmentation and inconsistencies in implemen-tation, undermining a coherent programmatic approach. Based on survey results since 2010, it seems that the rural sanitation access trend is accelerating. However, the num-ber of new toilet installation each year remains insufficient to reach the target. Capacity of government to stimulate demand and the absence of a real-time monitoring system with verification process contributes to a low score under the output building block.

In the sustaining pillar, the market building block shows good progress made in reducing costs of pour-flush la-trines, the rapid spread of sanitation marketing (in 150 out of 185 districts) through building private sector capacity, and the early engagement of microfinance institutions in the sector. However, a challenge is now to institutional-ize and further scale private sector involvement through appropriate platforms and a facilitating role of the public sector to sustain these developments. Another bottleneck

for uptake is the lack of a coordinated national behavior change campaign with associated tools and guidelines for effective and at-scale use by local government and NGO partners at different levels. Uptake of sanitation services is also limited in areas vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, especially areas with flooding or floating commu-nities. Although some initiatives are underway to test in-novative approaches, more is needed in terms of scaling these approaches and directing targeted subsidies to sup-port the viability of market-based delivery. Other than ODF celebrations, and output-based aid approaches in specific projects, a harmonized incentive program that stimulate uptake for poor households, encourages ODF achieve-ments for villages and communes, or benchmarks district performance is not yet developed. Finally, the red score on use clearly demonstrates the overall off-track status of the sector in terms of final outcomes, and in particular the extremely high inequalities.


According to the JMP update 2014, 82% of the urban popu-lation has access to improved sanitation in 2012, and another 12% has access to shared improved sanitation in an urban context. Around half of households with improved access have a pour-flush toilet to either a soak-pit or to a lesser extent a septic tank. The other half are said to access a pour-flush la-

10. Subsector: Urban Sanitation and Hygiene

trine connected to a sewer system, mostly representing a com-bined drainage system.82 However, sector studies report much lower levels of septic tanks and direct disposal in waterways and open drains.83 There is a large disparity between income groups: open defecation among the poorest income quintile of the urban population is 36%, while in the richest urban quintile

82 In this context the master plan currently under development for Phnom Penh with support of JICA will investigate the option of having separate systems in four outer districts of Phnom Penh, while four inner districts have combined systems83 World Bank (2013); and ADB (2012) Asian Development Bank. Cambodia Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map. Manila.84 CSES (2011) states 43% of households having a pour-flush to sewer, 41% access pour-flush to tank/pit, and 1% uses an improved pit with slab, leaving 4% using a pour flush discharging elsewhere and 11% without sanitation. The recent CIPS (2013) reports somewhat different figures with 53% having access to a our flush connected to sewer, 32% pour flush to a septic tank, 1.2% to a pit latrine, and 12.5% without a toilet.


Priority actions for urban sanitation and hygiene


Carry out options study and high-level dialogue to build consensus on urban sanitation institutional framework (e.g. look at combined utility for urban water and wastewater)

√

Develop comprehensive urban sanitation strategy, focused on low-cost solutions for collection, management, treatment and disposal of fecal waste (wastewater treatment, as well as fecal sludge management)

√

Develop a long-term urban sanitation investment plan, identify funding sources, and support city-wide sanitation master planning (including drainage and flood protection)

√

Test and develop policy instruments for improved fecal sludge manage-ment, including promotion of private sector in septage collection, incen-tives and regulations for disposal

√ √

Build capacity of relevant actors in urban sanitation value chain, includ-ing for city-wide sanitation master planning, management of wastewater treatment plants and fecal sludge management

√ √

Tackle the elimination of open defecation among the poorest households in informal slum areas through targeted approaches

√

Improve sector coordination and programmatic support using a com-bined urban water supply and sanitation/wastewater sub-Technical Working Group as platform

√


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Figure 10.1 Urban sanitation coverage and targets 1990-2025

Source: JMP 2014, and NSDP2014-2018

Figure 10.2 Urban sanitation financing: required, anticipated (2012 - 2014) and recent annual investment (2009 - 2011)



Urban sanitationTotal : $ 86,300,000Per capita (new): $ 147



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nearly everyone has access to improved sanitation, of which almost three quarters connect to a drainage system through a pour-flush toilet. Similarly, bias to urban services is focused on the capital, with access to improved sanitation estimated to be near universal, but only three quarters in other urban centers84. Government estimates for urban sanitation for 2012 are report-ed in the NSDP 2014-2018 as more than 80% having access.

The SDA participants agreed to use 100% improved access as an on-site access target, while the NSDP 2014-2018 states that access should be at least 80% in 2018, which has already been achieved (likewise the CMDG target set at 74% improved access by 2015 has been achieved). In addition to adequately managing drainage and flood protection, the most pressing challenge, as in many East Asian cities, is to improve the level of sanitation services and ensure that fecal matter is safely col-lected, transported out of the residential environment, treated and safely disposed off. The proposed post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals are including the elimination of open def-ecation and universal basic access, as well as dimensions of safe collection, treatment and disposal.

It is estimated that less than 2% of the total urban popula-tion in Cambodia currently served by sewer systems that

Source: SDA Costing Model

are connected to a functioning wastewater treatment plant. This means that those with reported “access” to a sewer system, essentially constitute a huge lagging treatment ca-pacity that still has to be put in place, including likely im-provements to the collection system as well.

Phnom Penh uses natural lagoons as treatment facility before discharging in the river (no separate wastewater treatment plant), however, these have silted up as sludge removal has

85 World Bank (2013) reports that in the four major towns of Phnom Penh, Battambang, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, less than 3% of the population living in these areas is served through a functioning wastewater treatment plan. Extrapolating these figures to the total urban population in Cambodia, less than 2% of all urban residents is connected to sewers with functioning treatment.86 ADB 2012 pp. 17-18.


been inadequate. Less than 5% of the population of Siem Reap and Sihanoukville is served by a wastewater treatment plant, and households were not willing to connect due to low willingness-to-pay. In Battambang, the treatment plant theo-retically serves its entire catchment area but is not function-ing due to a lack of operation and maintenance funds.85

For the large number of urban residents using on-site fa-cilities (septic tanks, soakpits) some private contractors are available for the removal and disposal of septage; some municipalities also offer this service. In Phnom Penh there is a sanitary landfill managed by a private operator where tankers can safely dispose of septage (for a fee) but it is common for waste to be dumped indiscriminately.86

The arrangement for applying and collecting fees for waste-water management is not standardized across the country. In Phnom Penh, PPWSA collects sanitation fees through the water bill. Outside the capital, water supply and waste-water fees are generally collected separately on the ba-sis that water supply coverage is still low and recovering wastewater charges only from network users would place a heavy burden on a small customer base.87 Compounding problems with the low revenue base are that households and commercial establishments refuse to connect.

For the purpose of the costing model, SDA participants have suggested to use the very ambitious target of having 50% of the urban population to be connected and served by wastewater treatment facilities by 2025.

Given the fairly high existing access level and considering a rapid urbanization trend, in order to meet the 2025 target, ap-proximately 275,000 persons will need to gain access to im-proved sanitation each year (using JMP 2012 data). This will re-quire US$86.7 million per year in capital expenditure, of which US$71.4 million is expected to come from public sources to cover sewer connection and treatment capacity infrastruc-ture. Recent and anticipated investments, although showing

a slightly positive trend with around US$6 million annually, fall by far short of the amount needed. Since many households will continue to rely on on-site sanitation, US$15.3 is expected to come from household budgets no subsidies are available for on-site facilities for urban residents. Only a small portion of all required investments is expected to be leveraged through contributions of households through connecting their toilets and septic tanks to sewer systems. This leaves a funding defi-cit for capital expenditure of almost US$80 million annually, illustrating that more realistic targets are required. Moreover, as most urban residents are likely to rely on on-site solutions in the medium to long-term, other sanitation services than cen-tralized sewers with wastewater treatment plants would need to be considered as interim solutions (such as fecal sludge management), while Cambodia is developing economically.

As can be seen in Figure 10.2, the capital expenditure rep-resents new facilities, and an equal amount of replacement costs for worn out existing facilities, the latter which for on-site facilities will need to be borne by households. For cen-tralized systems, these replacement costs would rely on gov-ernment budget allocation, as currently sanitation tariffs only partially cover O&M, let alone will be able to recover full cost including depreciation of assets. In addition, between 2012 and 2025 a conservative US$9 million on average annually would need to be raised to put in place the lagging treatment capacity for those that already are connected to sewer/drain-age systems. Finally, annual average O&M expenditures are estimated at around US$9.5 million a year. Without collection of tariffs that at least cover O&M, these expenses would also have to be provided through national and local government budgets. Failure to adequately fund O&M costs will lead to much lower lifespans of the investments and thus an even higher funding gap.

Currently, development partners in the sector are KOIKA, with a US$40 million loan for construction of sewerage system in Siem Reap, a major tourist center, AFD and JICA. JICA pro-vided extensive support for drainage and flood protection infra-

87 In Siem Reap and Sihanoukville a fee is charged by the Provincial Department of Public Works and Transport; and in Battambang this is done by the municipality.88 In this context the master plan currently under development for Phnom Penh will investigate the option of having separate sewer/drainage systems in four outer districts of Phnom Penh, while four inner districts have combined systems89 JICA expenditure on flood protection has not been included in under urban sanitation investments and ADB pipelined projects were not yet confirmed as anticipated spending at the time of data collection.


Figure 10.3 Urban sanitation and hygiene scorecard

structure in Phnom Penh and is now developing a master plan88 combining drainage, flood protection and sanitation. ADB is pipelining sanitation investments in other cities.89

Scorecard results under the enabling pillar reflect that despite the 2003 overall sector policy, urban sanitation is not very high on the priority list, there being no strategic sector investment plan or comprehensive urban sanitation strategy, although a master plan for Phnom Penh is now under preparation. Other cities have not yet developed city-wide sanitation plans and will require intensive external support to do so. There are no specific targets in the NSDP 2014-2018 for treatment and safe disposal of wastewater and/or septage. In terms of the institu-tional framework, at national ministerial level there is not yet a consensus how sanitation/waste water services are best man-aged, regulated and delivered by local service providers, such as through either municipal departments, provincial depart-ments of MPWT or through a combined utility water and waste-water approach. The department under MWPT responsible for urban sanitation remains under resourced to fulfil its mandate as per the decree of establishment in 2010. In terms of plan-ning and fund coordination, there is not yet a joint annual review mechanism of the subsector and the sub-TWG on urban wa-ter supply has not yet formally enlarged its mandate, although sanitation issues have been addressed in this forum in the past. In terms of budget, funds are inadequate and budgets do not precisely distinguish capital investment and subsidies for O&M support as gap-stoppers for inadequate revenue collection.

Further along the service delivery pathway, scores under de-veloping pillar are again modest, illustrating the gradual prog-ress in developing new services. Although domestic budget execution seems not a problem, the amounts are very low. Development partner budget expenditure is not integrated in the government reporting system, making it difficult to track progress. In terms of equity and participation, there is limited

attention to involving communities in the planning of sanita-tion investments, resulting in many households refusing to connect. Other than specific project arrangements, provi-sions that target and monitor service delivery to poor house-holds or communities within a town are not yet developed and routinely adopted. While some monitoring is happening at the level of the wastewater treatment plants, a systematic and consolidated monitoring system that reports connections and volumes of wastewater/fecal waste being collected and treated is not yet developed.

The sustaining pillar shows key bottlenecks for maintenance and expansion of urban sanitation services. While for the three plants under MPWT the operations and maintenance costs are known, fees are not covering full cost, and are reported to be on average 88%. From all wastewater collected it is estimated that around 40% is treated. While discharge standards exist, compliance is not subject to ongoing third party monitoring, though the Ministry of Environment is said to conduct annual checks. Fecal sludge management solutions are not reflected in the NSDP 2014-2018 or in priority agenda of MPWT. Com-munications programs that aim to incentivize households to regularly empty their septic tanks/pits are not yet executed neither are there incentives for the private sector to expand such services and comply with safe disposal rules. Due to the early stages of development of the urban sanitation sector, op-portunities for private sector participation in the operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants are premature. Despite the various constraints, the subsector scores well for user outcomes, including equity, given that urban access to improved sanitation has reached 82%, albeit mostly though private investments in on-site facilities. While overall on-site access is high, no strategies are developed to eliminate open defecation (as part of city wide sanitation planning), prevalent among poor households, which are concentrated in informal settlement areas of Phnom Penh and other bigger towns.


0.4

Policy

2

Budget

1

Output

1

Expenditure

1.5

Maintenance

1

Equity

1

Expansion

0.5 2.5

Use

Source: SDA scorecard.


Reaching universal access targets set for 2025 will involve an estimated 562,000 persons per year gaining access to improved water supply services and 933,000 gaining ac-cess to improved sanitation, of which 62% live in rural ar-eas. Almost 660,000 people living in rural areas will need to gain access annually to improved sanitation, making this the most pressing development issue in terms of closing the urban-rural gap, and especially in light in the high and persistent levels of stunting (40%) of children, translat-ing in low cognitive development and less productive fu-ture lives.90 These basic service delivery gaps in water and sanitation translate to capital expenditure requirements of US$92 million per year for water supply and US$119 mil-lion for sanitation. The estimated capital requirements are biased towards urban areas, requiring 70% of the total, on account on higher unit cost and ambitious targets for high levels of services, especially for urban wastewater. Antici-pated financing falls far short of this requirement with pro-jected deficits of US$57 million per year for water supply and US$85 million for sanitation; these include replacement costs as well. On top of this, approximately US$10 million per year is required for the operation and maintenance of water supply services and US$14 million for sanitation.

With the ambitious government targets in mind, it is clear that investments in the water supply and sanitation sector fall short of requirement, and - with an eye on delivering ser-vices to the poor, the rural sectors seems to be hardest hit. However, with rapid urbanization, urban water supply ser-vices especially outside of Phnom Penh need urgent atten-tion, as well as sanitation solutions in the capital to improve

hygienic living conditions and reduce environmental deg-radation. However, the scale of the investment gap could, however, be reduced by improving the efficiency, manage-ment and sustainability of existing infrastructure and ser-vices. Especially for water supply, ensuring higher cost re-covery through user tariffs and fees will help to reduce the burden placed on government to fund replacement costs. Another critical challenge is the lack of a well-defined and operationalized institutional and regulatory framework to drive quality, equity and efficiency in service provision.

Especially relevant here is the importance to clarify func-tional assignment of rural sanitation and maintenance of rural water supplies to sub-national administrations. In line with the principles of the D&D reform, a decentralized ser-vice delivery model for rural services will need the adequate level of resourcing, strong district and commune council leadership, and oversight and guidance by technical line agencies. Similarly, the reform in the urban water supply sector would need to follow the example of Phnom Penh by creating autonomous utilities, as well as cities taking re-sponsibilities for urban sanitation issues, possibly through combined water and sanitation service providers.

Other constraints for sound sector development – following the motto “what gets measured gets managed” - is the lack of effective monitoring systems to track progress against targets and improve programming for both the urban and rural subsectors, as well as the limitations of existing finan-cial management to support budgeting and expenditure re-porting, linking these to result areas.

11. Conclusion

90 WSP (2014) Investing in the Next Generation: Growing Tall and Smart with a Toilet. World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. Phnom Penh


Figure 11.1 Subsector scorecards

RURAL WATER SUPPLY

URBAN WATER SUPPLY

RURAL SANITATION AND HYGIENE

URBAN SANITATION


1

Policy

2.5

Budget

1

Output

0.5

Expenditure

2

Maintenance

1

Equity

1

Expansion

0.5 1.5

Use


0

Policy

2

Budget

1.5

Output

1.5

Expenditure

2

Maintenance

1.5

Equity

0

Expansion

0.5 3

Use


1

Policy

2

Budget

0

Output

0.5

Expenditure

2

Markets

1.5

Equity

1

Uptake

1 0.5

Use


0.4

Policy

2

Budget

1

Output

1

Expenditure

1.5

Maintenance

1

Equity

1

Expansion

0.5 2.5

Use


SDA stakeholders identified a number of critical bottle-necks as reflected in the scorecards below, and formulated specific subsector priority areas that have been highlighted

in the strategic overview and sub-sector chapters. Key sec-tor-wide priority actions to address bottlenecks for service delivery are the following:

Sector-wide


Strengthen decentralization in the water and sanitation sector by clarify-ing functions for sub-national administrations, providing operational guidance and developing the required legal framework

√ √

Develop an overall legal and institutional framework (water law) for the water and sanitation sector which redefines the institutional mandate for urban sanitation and establishes an independent regulator

√ √ √

Adopt and implement a capacity building strategy hosted with local institutions and design a pooled financing mechanism for development partners support

√ √

Establish better monitoring systems, reporting access and usage of ser-vices, service quality, sustainability, institutional WASH, and equity, and publish information through ministerial websites

√ √

Carry out high-level advocacy using platforms such as Technical Work-ing Groups and Cambodia Development Council to increase funding allocations, especially for the rural sector

√


√ √

Institutionalize coordination and planning between Ministries of Health, Education and Rural Development to improve WASH facilities in institu-tions, such as health centers and schools

√ √

Ser

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Del

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Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Plan

ning

RWS

5In

vest

men

t pla

nIs

ther

e a

med

ium

term

in

vest

men

t pla

n fo

r rur

al

wat

er b

ased

on

natio

nal

targ

ets

that

is c

oste

d,

prio

ritize

s in

vest

men

t ne

eds,

is p

ublis

hed

and

used

?

Inve

stm

ent p

lan

base

d on

prio

rity

need

s ex

ists

, is

publ

ishe

d an

d us

ed

Exis

ts b

ut n

ot

used

, or u

nder

pr

epar

atio

n

Does

not

exis

t0

Ther

e is

pub

lic in

vest

men

t pla

n (P

IP) f

or 5

yea

r – w

ith a

3 y

ear r

ollin

g pl

an, n

ot li

nked

to th

e se

ctor

targ

et. I

t has

bee

n de

velo

ped

base

d on

the

annu

al b

udge

t allo

cate

d to

the

depa

rtmen

t. Th

e PI

P w

as d

one

with

out n

eed

asse

ssm

ent a

nd th

e qu

ality

is li

mite

d.

MEF

has

enc

oura

ged

to M

RD s

houl

d de

velo

p PI

P ev

en th

ough

MEF

mig

ht

not a

ble

to p

rovid

e fu

ll fu

ndin

g bu

t it i

s us

eful

info

rmat

ion

for M

EF k

new

w

hat i

s th

e ne

eds

and

help

find

ing

the

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers.

NTP3

doc

umen

t, an

nual

MAR

D ci

rcul

ars

requ

estin

g tw

o ye

ar p

lans

. /

Rura

l San

itatio

n Co

mpo

nent

No

.3 /

MOH

Sa

nita

tion

Actio

n Pl

an (2

012-

2015

).

Plan

ning

RWS

6An

nual

revie

wIs

ther

e a

annu

al m

ulti-

stak

ehol

der r

evie

w

in p

lace

to m

onito

r su

bsec

tor p

erfo

rman

ce,

to re

view

pro

gres

s an

d se

t cor

rect

ive a

ctio

ns?

Revie

w o

f pe

rform

ance

an

d se

tting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

Revie

w o

f pe

rform

ance

bu

t no

setti

ng

of c

orre

ctive

ac

tions

No re

view

or

set

ting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

0M

RD h

as e

stab

lishe

d TW

G-RW

SSH

on ru

ral w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n.

The

mai

n ro

les

of T

WG

are

to fo

llow

up

the

prog

ress

of t

he s

ecto

r thr

ough

qu

arte

rly m

eetin

gs a

nd c

oord

inat

e st

rate

gic

inpu

ts fr

om d

evel

opm

ent

partn

ers.

Sec

reta

riat i

s un

ders

taffe

d, a

nd n

o an

nual

sec

tor r

evie

w ta

kes

plac

e. T

here

is n

o as

sess

men

t for

cor

rect

ive m

easu

re o

f the

sec

tor

perfo

rman

ce. J

oint

Mon

itorin

g In

dica

tors

of t

he T

WG

refle

ct s

ome

activ

ities

be

twee

n go

vern

men

t and

DP,

but s

ecto

r mon

itorin

g sy

stem

is a

bsen

t. Th

ere

is W

ASH

coor

dina

tion

mee

ting,

with

sub

-gro

ups,

that

sup

ports

info

rmat

ion

shar

ing,

but

they

hav

e lim

ited

invo

lvem

ent i

n TW

G.M

OP le

ads

a m

id-t

erm

revie

w o

f NSD

P fo

r all

sect

ors.

1. T

oR o

f TW

G-RW

SSH

2. T

oR fo

r WAS

H co

ordi

natio

n gr

oup

and

ToRs

of

sub

-gro

ups

Plan

ning

RWS

7HR

Cap

acity

Has

an a

sses

smen

t be

en u

nder

take

n of

th

e hu

man

reso

urce

ne

eds

in th

e su

b se

ctor

to m

eet t

he

subs

ecto

r tar

get a

nd is

th

e ac

tion

plan

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted?

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n an

d ac

tions

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n bu

t no

act

ion

bein

g ta

ken

No a

sses

smen

t un

derta

ken

0.5

For t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f the

nat

iona

l stra

tegy

for r

ural

wat

er s

uppl

y an

d sa

nita

tion,

HR

need

s w

ere

iden

tified

but

not

spe

cific

type

of s

kill.

Only

the

reso

urce

nee

ds a

t loc

al le

vel w

ere

men

tione

d. R

ecru

itmen

t pro

cess

es

with

in M

RD n

eed

MEF

app

rova

l and

do

not n

eces

saril

y re

flect

ski

ll re

quire

men

ts. F

unct

iona

l map

ping

repo

rts w

eakn

esse

s in

sta

ffing

, in

quan

tity

and

qual

ity.

1. N

atio

nal

Stra

tegy

For

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

and

Sani

tatio

n 20

11-2

025

2. F

unct

iona

l Re

port

of M

RD

2010

(sup

porte

d by

UNI

CEF)

3. F

unct

iona

l M

appi

ng re

port

of M

RD (2

013)

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

46

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Budg

etRW

S 8

Adeq

uacy

Are

the

publ

ic fi

nanc

ial

com

mitm

ents

to th

e ru

ral w

ater

sub

sect

or

suffi

cien

t to

mee

t the

na

tiona

l tar

gets

for t

he

subs

ecto

r?

Mor

e th

an

75%

of w

hat i

s ne

eded

Betw

een

50-

75%

of n

eeds

Less

than

50%

of

need

s0

The

natio

nal s

trate

gy c

lear

ly de

fined

the

need

of fi

nanc

ing

yet b

ut

addr

esse

d th

at la

ck o

f fina

ncin

g. S

DA e

stim

ate

clea

rly s

peci

fy a

gap

of

US$2

4 m

illion

ann

ually

, and

cou

ld b

e hi

gher

if h

ouse

hold

con

tribu

tions

do

not m

ater

ializ

e (le

ss th

an 5

0% o

f nee

ds).

Mor

eove

r, fu

ndin

g of

sof

twar

e,

O&M

sup

port

and

othe

r ope

ratio

nal c

ost a

re s

ever

ely

inad

equa

te. P

artn

er

map

ping

repo

rt fo

r the

rura

l wat

er s

uppl

y an

d sa

nita

tion

sect

or s

how

ed th

at

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

er a

nd N

GO s

uppo

rt al

loca

ted

for p

erio

d of

200

9-20

15

is a

roun

d $1

5 m

illion

per

yea

r (in

clud

es s

oftw

are,

har

dwar

e an

d pr

ogra

m

cost

s), w

ith d

eclin

ing

allo

catio

n to

wat

er s

uppl

y

1. C

ostin

g an

alys

is S

DA

mod

el2.

Sec

tor

Inve

stm

ent P

lan

2005

-201

5.

Page

83.

The

pro

gres

s re

port

of W

SS

sect

or m

appi

ng

issu

ed b

y M

RD

on J

anua

ry

2013

.

Budg

etRW

S 9

Stru

ctur

eDo

es th

e bu

dget

st

ruct

ure

perm

it th

e in

vest

men

ts a

nd

subs

idie

s (o

pera

tiona

l co

sts,

adm

inis

tratio

n,

debt

ser

vice,

etc

) for

the

rura

l wat

er s

ecto

r to

be

clea

rly id

entifi

ed?

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent a

nd

for s

ubsi

dies

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent b

ut

not s

ubsi

dies

No0.

5As

per

the

Natio

nal B

udge

t Law

, mul

ti-ye

ar b

udge

t sho

uld

show

the

sour

ce o

f inc

ome

from

ow

n so

urce

(sta

te in

com

e) a

nd in

com

e fro

m

exte

rnal

(inc

ludi

ng: i

nves

tmen

t sub

sidy

, bila

tera

l sub

sidy

, and

loan

s) a

nd

the

expe

nditu

re fo

r nat

iona

l lev

el (m

inis

tries

and

pro

vinci

al d

epar

tmen

ts),

and

the

expe

nditu

re fo

r sub

-nat

iona

l lev

el (i

nclu

ding

: city

, dis

trict

, san

gkat

/co

mm

une)

. The

law

als

o sp

ecifi

es th

e ca

pita

l exp

endi

ture

from

abr

oad

and

capi

tal i

nves

tmen

t with

the

avai

labl

e an

d no

t ava

ilabl

e bu

dget

. Rel

ated

to

the

reco

rds

of a

ll th

e m

ajor

sou

rce

of e

xter

nal i

ncom

e, th

e Co

unci

l for

th

e De

velo

pmen

t of C

ambo

dia

(CDC

) est

ablis

hed

the

ODA

data

base

for

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers

to p

rovid

e in

form

atio

n ab

out t

heir

inve

stm

ents

. Pr

esen

t, M

RD h

as a

lloca

ted

budg

et 9

0% to

rura

l roa

d an

d le

ss th

an 1

0%

for r

ural

wat

er s

uppl

y an

d sa

nita

tion.

In p

rinci

pal,

MEF

can

onl

y in

crea

se

budg

et 5

% a

nnua

lly to

MRD

bas

ed o

n th

e GD

P gr

owth

. It d

epen

ds o

n th

e M

RD it

self

to d

ecid

e on

incr

easi

ng th

e bu

dget

for R

WSS

with

in th

e bu

dget

al

loca

ted

from

MEF

.

1. N

atio

nal

Budg

et L

aw2.

Con

sulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Budg

etRW

S 10

Com

preh

ensi

veDo

es th

e go

vern

men

t bu

dget

com

preh

ensi

vely

cove

r dom

estic

an

d of

ficia

l don

or

inve

stm

ent/s

ubsi

dy to

ru

ral w

ater

?

Mor

e th

an 7

5%

of fu

nds

to

subs

ecto

r on

budg

et

Betw

een

50-

75%

of f

unds

to

sub

sect

or o

n bu

dget

Less

than

50%

of

fund

s to

su

bsec

tor o

n bu

dget

0.5

Curre

ntly

ther

e is

no

sepa

rate

bud

get-

line/

acco

unt f

or ru

ral w

ater

su

pply

sect

or. D

RWS

is re

spon

sibl

e fo

r cap

ital i

nves

tmen

t onl

y w

hile

the

oper

atio

nal e

xpen

ditu

re is

in c

harg

e by

dep

artm

ent o

f adm

in a

nd fi

nanc

e.

With

the

intro

duct

ion

of th

e pr

ogra

m-b

ased

bud

getin

g th

is is

exp

ecte

d to

ch

ange

. MRD

has

to p

ut th

e bu

dget

pla

n pr

opos

e on

thei

r PIP,

alth

ough

the

gove

rnm

ent n

ot a

ble

to p

rovid

e th

e bu

dget

as

prop

osed

but

will

show

it to

ot

her D

Ps to

get

thei

r int

eres

t to

supp

ort i

n so

me

way

s. T

he n

atio

nal b

udge

t al

loca

ted

for r

ural

wat

er s

uppl

y an

d sa

nita

tion

sect

or is

abo

ut $

11.1

2milli

on

from

200

8-20

13, a

nd it

incl

udes

maj

or d

evel

opm

ent p

artn

er fu

nds

(like

lo

ans)

, but

doe

s no

t spe

cify

ver

y w

ell h

ardw

are

vers

us s

oftw

are

cost

s.

How

ever

, due

to lo

t of N

GO in

volve

men

t in

the

sect

or, a

larg

e fu

nd a

lloca

tion

rem

ains

of b

udge

t (in

clud

ing

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce)

.

1. O

DA h

ttp://

cdc.

khm

er.b

iz2.

Inve

stm

ent

budg

et

2009

-201

1 &

2013

&201

53.

The

pro

gres

s re

port

of W

SS

sect

or is

sued

by

MRD

on

Janu

ary

2013

.

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t47

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

DEVE

LOPI

NG

Expe

nditu

reRW

S 11

Utiliz

atio

n of

do

mes

tic fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of d

omes

tic fu

nds

budg

eted

for r

ural

w

ater

are

spe

nt (3

yea

r av

erag

e)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%1

Base

d on

the

natio

nal b

udge

t law

pro

vided

to M

RD fr

om 2

009-

2011

sh

owed

that

the

expe

nditu

re o

f dom

estic

fund

s w

ork

wel

l, at

nat

iona

l le

vel 8

8% a

nd p

rovin

cial

leve

l 90%

of t

otal

bud

get h

as e

xpen

sed.

Thi

s is

be

caus

e th

e bu

dget

allo

cate

d to

MRD

is n

orm

ally

late

with

one

qua

rter a

nd

prov

ides

onl

y re

curre

nt b

udge

t and

som

e sm

all s

ubsi

dy b

udge

t. So

met

imes

th

e bu

dget

app

rove

d ha

s be

en u

se fo

r oth

er p

riorit

y pu

rpos

es o

ut o

f the

pl

an a

s w

ell.

Budg

et la

w

vs. a

ctua

l ex

pend

iture

fro

m (2

009-

2011

)

Expe

nditu

reRW

S 12

Utiliz

atio

n of

ex

tern

al fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of

exte

rnal

fund

s bu

dget

ed

for r

ural

wat

er a

re s

pent

(3

yea

r ave

rage

)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%1

Ther

e is

no

refe

renc

e do

cum

ent b

ut fr

om e

ach

depa

rtmen

t and

som

e de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s lik

e Un

icef

, ADB

has

men

tione

d th

at th

e ex

tern

al fu

nd

is g

ener

ally

spen

t on

time

and

at le

ast o

ver 7

5%. H

owev

er, n

orm

ally,

the

proj

ect s

tart

up is

slo

w d

isbu

rsem

ent a

nd q

uick

afte

r the

pro

ject

sta

rted.

Mee

tings

and

Ex

perts

Opi

nion

Expe

nditu

reRW

S 13

Repo

rting

Is ru

ral w

ater

ex

pend

iture

ver

sus

budg

et a

udite

d an

d re

porte

d on

in a

co

nsol

idat

ed fo

rmat

for

all s

ourc

es o

f dom

estic

an

d of

ficia

l don

or

expe

nditu

re?

Yes

for d

omes

tic

and

dono

r ex

pend

iture

Yes

for

dom

estic

ex

pend

iture

No0

Ther

e is

no

cons

olid

ated

fina

ncia

l rep

ort f

or a

ll re

sour

ces.

In p

ract

ice

each

de

partm

ent h

as o

wn

finan

ce o

ffice

r and

repo

rt to

dep

artm

ent o

f fina

nce.

De

velo

pmen

t par

tner

exp

endi

ture

is n

ot in

clud

ed in

nat

iona

l cha

rt of

ac

coun

ts, a

nd th

us re

porti

ng is

inco

mpl

ete.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Equi

tyRW

S 14

Loca

l pa

rtici

patio

nAr

e th

ere

clea

rly

defin

ed p

roce

dure

s fo

r in

form

ing,

con

sulti

ng

with

and

sup

porti

ng

loca

l par

ticip

atio

n in

pl

anni

ng, b

udge

ting

and

impl

emen

ting

for r

ural

w

ater

dev

elop

men

ts?

Yes

and

syst

emat

ical

ly ap

plie

d

Yes,

but

not

sy

stem

atic

ally

appl

ied

No0.

5Th

e pr

oced

ures

wer

e cl

early

defi

ned

from

nat

iona

l to

loca

l lev

el. P

rese

ntly

the

com

mun

e, d

istri

ct a

re d

evel

opin

g in

vest

men

t pla

n sa

nd re

ceive

an

allo

catio

n of

the

annu

al n

atio

nal b

udge

t to

impl

emen

t the

act

ivity

but

st

ill ve

ry s

mal

l am

ount

. Com

mun

es a

nd d

istri

cts

rece

ive fu

ndin

g (C

SF is

2.

8% o

f nat

iona

l rev

enue

), an

d D/

M fu

nd is

0.8

% o

f nat

iona

l rev

enue

DM

fu

nd) b

ased

on

allo

catio

n m

echa

nism

. So

far,

send

ing

on ru

ral w

ater

and

sa

nita

tion

is n

ot a

prio

rity

item

. Nat

iona

l fun

ding

thro

ugh

MRD

is a

lloca

ted

to d

iffer

ent P

DRD,

nor

mal

ly ba

sed

on th

e bo

ttom

-up

wor

k pl

an p

repa

ratio

n.

How

ever

pro

cedu

res

are

not s

tand

ardi

zed

and

syst

emat

ical

ly ap

plie

d

1. C

omm

une/

Sang

kat L

aw2.

Inve

stm

ent

plan

of d

istri

ct

leve

l3.

Inve

stm

ent

plan

of

com

mun

e le

vel

Equi

tyRW

S 15

Budg

et a

lloca

tion

crite

riaHa

ve c

riter

ia (o

r a

form

ula)

bee

n de

term

ined

to a

lloca

te

rura

l wat

er fu

ndin

g eq

uita

bly

to ru

ral

com

mun

ities

and

is

it b

eing

app

lied

cons

iste

ntly?

Yes,

app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

Yes,

but

no

t app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

No0.

5Th

e na

tiona

l bud

get l

aw h

as th

e m

echa

nism

for a

lloca

tion

budg

et to

all

min

istri

es b

ased

on

the

GDP

grow

th a

nd p

riorit

ized

sect

ors.

MRD

is o

ne

of th

e pr

iorit

y m

inis

tries

. How

ever

, the

bud

get a

lloca

ted

from

MRD

to

subs

ecto

r has

no

crite

ria a

nd is

not

sys

tem

atic

ally

appl

ied.

WSS

rece

ived

less

than

10%

of t

otal

bud

get a

lloca

ted

to M

RD. T

here

is n

o do

cum

enta

tion

on th

e cr

iteria

(or f

orm

ula)

had

bee

n de

term

ine

but i

n pr

actic

e DR

WS

use

budg

et to

impl

emen

t the

act

ivity

by

rota

tion

met

hod.

The

foun

datio

n cr

iteria

ar

e po

pula

tion

dens

ity, p

over

ty ra

te, p

rese

nce

of N

GO/D

P, di

arrh

oea

rate

, re

mot

e ar

ea, a

nd lo

w W

SS c

over

age.

In s

trate

gy o

f rur

al w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n in

dica

tes

the

need

but

nee

d to

dev

elop

into

gui

delin

e.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

MRD

func

tiona

l m

appi

ng re

port

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

48

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Equi

tyRW

S 16

Redu

cing

in

equa

lity

Is th

ere

perio

dic

anal

ysis

to a

sses

s w

heth

er a

lloca

tion

crite

ria a

nd lo

cal

parti

cipa

tion

proc

edur

es

set b

y go

vern

men

t hav

e be

en a

dher

ed to

and

ar

e re

duci

ng d

ispa

ritie

s in

acc

ess?

Yes

perio

dic

anal

ysis

pu

blis

hed

and

acte

d up

on

Yes

perio

dic

anal

ysis

pu

blis

hed

but

not a

cted

upo

n

No0

Norm

ally

DRW

S an

d PD

RD im

plem

ent t

he p

rogr

am b

ased

on

prio

rity

activ

ity a

nd o

n ad

hoc

man

ner b

ecau

se o

f lim

ited

natio

nal b

udge

t allo

cate

d co

mpa

re to

the

huge

nee

ds. P

rese

ntly,

at p

rovin

cial

leve

l doe

s no

t hav

e w

ell d

evel

oped

pla

ns a

ligne

d w

ith s

ecto

r tar

get.

Ther

e is

not

a lo

t of b

otto

m

up p

lann

ing

happ

enin

g w

ith d

istri

cts

and

com

mun

es, a

nd th

ere

are

no

syst

emat

ic re

view

s w

heth

er p

lan

and

impl

emen

tatio

n ar

e su

ppor

ting

the

redu

ctio

n of

ineq

ualit

ies,

als

o la

rgel

y du

e to

abs

ent m

onito

ring

syst

ems

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Outp

utRW

S 17

Quan

tity

Is th

e an

nual

num

ber

of n

ew s

yste

ms

built

(a

nd s

yste

ms

repl

aced

) su

ffici

ent t

o m

eet s

ecto

r ta

rget

s? (i

nclu

ding

ou

tput

by

gove

rnm

ent

dire

ctly

as w

ell a

s th

roug

h co

ntra

ctor

s an

d NG

Os)

Over

75%

of t

hat

need

ed to

reac

h se

ctor

targ

ets

Over

50%

of

that

nee

ded

to

reac

h se

ctor

ta

rget

s

Less

than

50%

of

that

nee

ded

to re

ach

sect

or

targ

ets

0DR

WS

has

reco

rded

the

num

ber o

f wat

er s

uppl

ies

(wel

ls, e

tc.)

but n

ot fo

cus

on fu

nctio

nalit

y. It

can

be s

aid

that

ther

e is

no

M&E

sys

tem

to c

aptu

re th

e an

nual

incr

ease

of w

ater

sup

plie

s, o

r the

ir se

rvic

e le

vels

, esp

ecia

lly w

ith

resp

ect t

o as

pect

s as

wat

er q

ualit

y, re

liabi

lity,

and

quan

tity.

The

targ

et o

f 10

0% u

nive

rsal

acc

ess

wou

ld re

quire

an

acce

lera

tion

in th

e nu

mbe

r of n

ew

faci

litie

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

, as

wel

l as

a re

view

of t

he ty

pe o

f tec

hnol

ogie

s th

at a

re m

ost s

usta

inab

le

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Outp

utRW

S 18

Qual

ity o

f wat

erAr

e th

ere

drin

king

wat

er

qual

ity s

tand

ards

for

rura

l wat

er a

nd a

re

all n

ew in

stal

latio

ns

test

ed?

Stan

dard

s ex

ist a

nd n

ew

inst

alla

tions

te

sted

Stan

dard

s ex

ist b

ut n

ew

inst

alla

tions

not

te

sted

No0.

5Th

ere

is n

o dr

inki

ng w

ater

qua

lity

stan

dard

for r

ural

drin

king

wat

er b

ut

only

a dr

aft g

uide

line

(from

201

1, n

ot y

et e

ndor

sed)

. How

ever

, it i

s no

t im

plem

ente

d as

DRW

S’s

labo

rato

ry is

not

abl

e to

test

all

13 p

aram

eter

s an

d fo

cuse

s on

ly on

ars

enic

. Und

er s

uppo

rting

from

WHO

201

3-20

16, t

he

DRW

S w

ill de

velo

p th

e dr

inki

ng s

afet

y pl

ant a

nd k

eep

only

6 pa

ram

eter

s.

Alth

ough

, the

re is

gui

delin

e to

test

eve

ry n

ewly

inst

alle

d w

ell,

this

pra

ctic

e m

ight

not

alw

sysd

be

impl

emen

ted,

and

in a

dditi

on th

is is

diffi

cult

to

enfo

rce

for p

rivat

ely

drille

d w

ells

.

1. N

atio

nal

Stan

dard

for

Rura

l Wat

er

Supp

ly re

vised

in

200

4

Outp

utRW

S 19

Repo

rting

Is th

e nu

mbe

r of n

ew

sche

mes

and

thei

r lo

catio

ns re

porte

d in

a

cons

olid

ated

form

at

each

yea

r?

Yes

with

full

listin

g of

lo

catio

ns

Yes

but w

ithou

t a

full

listin

g of

lo

catio

ns

No0,

5Th

ere

is n

o M

&E s

yste

m to

repo

rt on

wat

er u

tility

. The

DRW

S ca

nnot

ca

ptur

e th

e ne

w p

rogr

am fr

om N

GO/D

P as

ther

e is

no

coor

dina

tion

stra

tegy

in

pla

ce y

et. H

owev

er, s

tarte

d fro

m 2

011

the

DRW

S ha

s cr

eate

d on

e fo

rm

to re

cord

the

num

ber o

f wel

l and

type

of w

ell f

rom

all

prov

ince

but

the

repo

rt ha

ve n

o in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he fu

nctio

nalit

y an

d do

n’t k

now

who

bui

lt it. Th

e Co

mm

une

Date

Bas

e al

so h

as s

ome

date

on

wat

er re

sour

ces,

but

dat

a re

liabi

lity

is o

ften

ques

tione

d. C

urre

ntly

a m

onito

ring

fram

ewor

k fo

r rur

al

wat

er s

uppl

y is

bei

ng d

evel

oped

, and

will

build

on

prev

ious

pla

tform

s th

at

mon

itor a

rsen

ic w

ith th

e ai

m o

f ins

titut

iona

lizin

g th

ose.

1. R

epor

t nu

mbe

r of w

ell

2012

2. A

nnua

l rep

ort

on th

e pr

ogre

ss

from

eac

h de

partm

ent

3. S

ituat

ion

Anal

ysis

on

Rura

l Wat

er

and

Sani

tatio

n M

onito

ring,

20

13 M

RD

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t49

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

SUST

AINI

NG

Mai

nten

ance

RWS

20Fu

nctio

n-al

ityAr

e th

ere

regu

lar a

sset

re

gist

er u

pdat

es o

f rur

al

wat

er in

frast

ruct

ure

incl

udin

g th

eir

func

tiona

l sta

tus?

Asse

t reg

iste

r an

d re

gula

r up

datin

g of

fu

nctio

nalit

y

Asse

t reg

iste

r bu

t no

upda

ting

of fu

nctio

nalit

y

Neith

er0.

5Th

ere

is n

o re

gula

r ass

et re

gist

er u

pdat

e of

rura

l wat

er in

frast

ruct

ure.

MRD

us

e w

ell l

og s

heet

for r

ecor

ding

func

tiona

lity

of n

ew w

ell i

nsta

lled

whi

ch

supp

orte

d by

pro

ject

but

not

regu

lar u

pdat

e. W

SP c

olla

bora

tion

with

MRD

ha

s es

tabl

ishe

d th

e Ca

mbo

diaw

ellm

ap in

201

0 an

d th

is p

latfo

rm w

ill be

tra

nsfo

rmed

for f

utur

e w

ater

sup

ply

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

.

1. C

ambo

dia

wel

lmap

2. N

atio

nal

Wel

log

Shee

t

Mai

nten

ance

RWS

21Co

st re

cove

ryIs

ther

e a

natio

nal p

olic

y on

O&M

cos

ts a

nd a

re

O&M

cos

ts k

now

n an

d co

vere

d fro

m s

ubsi

dies

an

d/or

use

r fee

s?

O&M

pol

icy

exis

ts, c

osts

are

as

sess

ed a

nd

>75

% c

over

ed

O&M

pol

icy

exis

ts, c

osts

ar

e es

timat

ed

and

>50

%

cove

red

No O

&M p

olic

y, co

sts

not k

now

n0

Ther

e is

no

deta

iled

polic

y on

O&M

cos

t. In

nat

iona

l stra

tegy

for r

ural

wat

er

supp

ly an

d sa

nita

tion

2011

-202

5 in

dica

ted

the

need

of e

stab

lishm

ent

the

guid

elin

e fo

r O&M

, and

the

need

to c

over

at l

east

O&M

by

user

fees

. M

RD h

as e

stab

lishe

d th

e W

SUG

in 2

004,

the

purp

ose

to g

ive o

wne

rshi

p to

wel

l use

r and

resp

onsi

ble

for O

&M b

ut th

ere

is n

o fo

llow

up

on th

e im

plem

enta

tion

and

stre

ngth

enin

g th

e W

SUG,

esp

ecia

lly w

hen

maj

or

repa

irs a

re n

eede

d. In

pra

ctic

e, th

e bu

dget

pro

posa

l to

inst

all n

ew w

ell a

lso

incl

udes

a re

habi

litat

ion

com

pone

nt, a

s w

ell a

s so

me

addi

tiona

l sup

port

to

mai

nten

ance

as

O&M

use

r fee

s ar

e of

ten

not c

olle

cted

1. C

onsu

ltativ

e W

orks

hop

on

Rura

l Wat

er

Supp

ly &

Sani

tatio

n2.

Gui

delin

e on

W

SUG

2004

Mai

nten

ance

RWS

22Sp

are

parts

cha

inIs

ther

e a

syst

em

defin

ed fo

r spa

re p

arts

su

pply

chai

n th

at is

ef

fect

ive in

all

plac

es?

Syst

ems

defin

ed

and

spar

es

avai

labl

e in

>

50%

of v

illage

s

Syst

ems

defin

ed b

ut

spar

es n

ot

avai

labl

e up

to

50%

of v

illage

s

Syst

ems

not

defin

ed

0Th

ere

is n

o co

mpr

ehen

sive

stu

dy o

n th

is is

sue

yet.

Curre

ntly,

the

supp

ly ch

ain

is ra

pidl

y gr

owin

g, M

RD h

as e

stab

lishe

d th

e ev

alua

tion

plat

form

to

eval

uate

and

reco

gnize

the

priva

te s

ecto

r (w

ell d

rille

r), s

o fa

r, th

ere

is 5

2 w

ell d

rille

rs h

as b

een

reco

gnize

d an

d ce

rtifie

d w

hich

nee

d re

eval

uatio

n ev

ery

2 ye

ar.

By e

stim

atio

n fro

m th

e gr

oup

disc

ussi

on h

as in

form

ed th

at th

e sp

are

pare

su

pply

chai

n is

ava

ilabl

e al

mos

t in

who

le d

istri

ct o

f the

pro

vince

but

mos

tly

supp

ly on

ly sm

all s

pare

par

t (pi

ped,

rubb

er v

alve

, lea

ther

val

ve) f

or p

ump

gene

rally

nee

d to

ord

er fr

om P

hnom

Pen

h m

arke

t thr

ough

the

wel

l dril

lers

. A

smal

l fun

ctio

nalit

y st

udy

in K

ampo

t dis

trict

(by

SNV)

sho

wed

that

80%

of

the

wel

ls w

ere

func

tioni

ng

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Mai

nten

ance

RWS

23M

anag

emen

t of

Disa

ster

Ris

k an

d Cl

imat

e Ch

ange

Do ru

ral s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

pla

ns

for c

opin

g w

ith n

atur

al

disa

ster

s an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

?

Yes,

the

maj

ority

of

rura

l ser

vice

prov

ider

s ha

ve a

pl

an fo

r dis

aste

r ris

k m

anag

emen

t an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

No. O

nly

som

e se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

a

plan

for

disa

ster

risk

m

anag

emen

t an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

or

mos

t ser

vice

prov

ider

s ha

ve

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

No s

ervic

e pr

ovid

er h

as a

cl

imat

e ac

tion

plan

or h

as

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

0Cl

imat

e ch

ange

is v

ery

new

issu

e fo

r Cam

bodi

a. N

atio

nal c

limat

e ch

ange

ad

apta

tion

plan

s ha

ve b

een

deve

lope

d, b

ut n

o sp

ecifi

c se

ctor

pla

n w

ith

resp

ect t

o w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n ha

s be

en d

evel

oped

yet

. How

ever

, re

cent

ly th

e se

ctor

is w

orki

ng o

n a

natio

nal r

ural

wat

er s

uppl

y em

erge

ncy

resp

onse

pla

ns fo

r floo

ds, w

hich

will

incr

ease

due

to th

e im

pact

of c

limat

e ch

ange

. At t

he ti

me

of th

e w

orks

hop

this

was

not

yet

issu

ed

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

50

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Expa

nsio

nRW

S 24

Inve

stm

ent

supp

ort

Are

pipe

d sy

stem

s in

ru

ral a

reas

reco

gnize

d as

man

agem

ent e

ntiti

es

and

give

n te

chni

cal

and

finan

cial

sup

port

to

expa

nd th

eir s

yste

ms

eith

er b

y go

vern

men

t or

larg

er u

tiliti

es?

Reco

gnize

d an

d su

ppor

ted

Reco

gnize

d bu

t no

t sup

porte

dNe

ither

0.5

MRD

reco

gnize

s th

e co

mm

unity

pip

ed w

ater

sup

ply

orga

niza

tions

and

to

oper

ate

thei

r bus

ines

s on

ly fo

r soc

ial p

urpo

ses

and

not f

or p

rofit

. The

y no

rmal

ly ar

e ci

=co

ncei

ved

as W

SUG

whi

ch m

ight

not

give

them

suf

ficie

nt

lega

l bas

is. M

RD h

as li

mite

d bu

dget

to s

uppo

rt th

e co

mm

unity

pip

ed w

ater

su

pply

for e

xten

sion

and

virtu

ally

no fu

nd fo

r tec

hnic

al s

uppo

rt. E

xpan

sion

s ar

e su

ppor

ted

by p

roje

ct fr

om d

evel

opm

ent p

artn

ers

such

as

Unic

ef, G

ret,

and

AFD…

etc.

Pip

ed w

ater

sys

tem

(<50

0HHs

) is

curre

ntly

not p

riorit

y te

chno

logy

inte

rven

tion

of M

RD a

s it

has

high

inve

stm

ent c

ost.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Expa

nsio

nRW

S 25

Plan

sAr

e th

ere

sche

me-

leve

l pl

ans

for t

he e

xpan

sion

of

pip

ed s

yste

ms

in

rura

l are

as?

Yes

in m

ost r

ural

ar

eas

Yes

in a

roun

d ha

lf of

rura

l ar

eas

In a

sm

all

prop

ortio

n, o

r no

rura

l are

as

0M

RD h

as n

o pl

an to

exp

ansi

on o

f pip

ed s

yste

m in

rura

l are

as y

et. C

urre

ntly,

M

RD is

impl

emen

ting

the

wat

er a

nd s

anita

tion

prog

ram

with

ADB

at

prov

ince

s su

rroun

ding

Ton

le S

ap.

No s

tudy

ahs

bee

n ca

rried

out

to in

vest

igat

e lo

nger

term

cos

t effe

ctive

ness

an

d su

stai

nabi

lity

of d

iffer

ent t

echn

olog

ies

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Expa

nsio

nRW

S 26

Inve

stm

ent

finan

ceAr

e ex

pans

ion

cost

s fo

r rur

al w

ater

bei

ng

cove

red

by u

ser f

ees

and/

or p

ublic

gra

nts?

Yes

in m

ost r

ural

ar

eas

Yes

in a

roun

d ha

lf of

rura

l ar

eas

In a

sm

all

prop

ortio

n, o

r no

rura

l are

as

0Th

ere

is n

o co

mpr

ehen

sive

stu

dy o

n th

is is

sue

yet.

But i

t is

one

of b

ig

conc

ern

of M

RD, i

t hav

ing

seen

the

inve

stm

ent r

equi

red

a lo

t of b

udge

t and

m

ostly

the

com

mun

ity re

lies

on s

uppo

rt fro

m g

over

nmen

t or d

onor

s, u

nabl

e to

pro

vide

such

exp

ansi

ons

by th

emse

lves

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

User

Ou

tcom

esRW

S 27

Subs

ecto

r Is

the

subs

ecto

r on

track

to m

eet t

he s

tate

d ta

rget

?

On-t

rack

Off-

track

but

ke

epin

g up

w

ith p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Off-

track

0.5

Base

d on

the

JMP

repo

rt, th

e ru

ral w

ater

sup

ply

for C

MDG

is o

n tra

ck b

ut

the

qual

ity a

nd s

usta

inab

ility

is s

till a

big

con

cern

. If f

ocus

on

the

sect

or

targ

et b

y 20

25, r

ural

wat

er s

uppl

y is

off

track

, but

incr

easi

ng.

1. J

MP

repo

rt up

date

d M

arch

20

122.

Con

sulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

User

Ou

tcom

esRW

S 28

prog

ress

Wha

t is

the

ratio

of

impr

oved

drin

king

w

ater

acc

ess

betw

een

the

low

est a

nd h

ighe

st

quin

tile

in ru

ral a

reas

?

Less

than

2

times

Betw

een

2 an

d 5

Mor

e th

an 5

tim

es1

The

ratio

of i

mpr

oved

acc

ess

quin

tile

is 4

3% v

ersu

s 36

% =

1.2

. How

ever

qu

intil

e fo

r pip

ed w

ater

is m

uch

mor

e un

equa

l., 7

% v

ersu

s 1%

.CS

ES 2

011

User

Ou

tcom

esRW

S 29

Equi

ty o

f use

Of th

e ho

useh

olds

usi

ng

an im

prov

ed d

rinki

ng

wat

er s

ourc

e, w

hat

prop

ortio

n ar

e us

ing

pipe

d dr

inki

ng w

ater

in

the

dwel

ling

and

yard

/pl

ot ?

Mor

e th

an 5

0%

of h

ouse

hold

sM

ore

than

25%

of

hou

seho

lds

Less

than

25%

of

hous

ehol

ds0

Base

d on

the

JMP

upda

te 2

014,

the

rura

l com

mun

ity a

cces

s to

pip

ed

wat

er s

uppl

y in

201

0 is

onl

y 5%

.JM

P 20

14

upda

te

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t51

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

ENAB

LING

Polic

yUW

S1Se

ctor

targ

ets

Are

ther

e UW

S ac

cess

ta

rget

s in

the

natio

nal

leve

l dev

elop

men

t pla

n?

Yes,

ther

e ar

e ur

ban

wat

er

supp

ly ta

rget

s in

th

e de

velo

pmen

t pl

an

Ther

e ar

e na

tiona

l ta

rget

s in

the

deve

lopm

ent

plan

but

non

e fo

r urb

an w

ater

.

No ta

rget

s in

the

deve

lopm

ent p

lan

1Ur

ban

wat

er s

uppl

y se

ctor

has

a ta

rget

of 8

0% o

f urb

an w

ill re

ceive

im

prov

ed w

ater

ser

vice

in 2

015,

and

per

NSD

P 20

14-2

018

achi

eves

85%

of

pip

ed w

ater

sup

ply.

For 2

025,

MIH

info

rmal

targ

ets

are

set a

t 90%

pip

ed

acce

ss a

nd 2

00%

impr

oved

acc

ess.

1. N

SDP

2014

-20

182.

Con

sulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Polic

yUW

S 2

Sect

or p

olic

yIs

ther

e an

urb

an w

ater

po

licy

that

is a

gree

d by

st

akeh

olde

rs, a

ppro

ved

by g

over

nmen

t, an

d pu

blic

ly av

aila

ble?

Polic

y of

ficia

lly

appr

oved

, and

pu

blic

ly av

aila

ble

Polic

y dr

afte

d an

d ag

reed

but

no

t offi

cial

ly ap

prov

ed

No p

olic

y0.

5Th

e go

vern

men

t has

a p

olic

y on

wat

er s

uppl

y an

d ur

ban

sani

tatio

n w

ith th

e pa

rtici

patio

n of

rele

vant

min

istri

es a

nd d

evel

opm

ent p

artn

ers

and

publ

ical

ly di

ssem

inat

ed in

200

3. B

ut th

e po

licy

is n

ot w

idel

y di

ssem

inat

ed. T

he p

olic

y is

ove

r 10

year

s ol

d an

d tim

e fo

r upd

atin

g to

mee

t the

dev

elop

men

t tre

nd

of th

e se

ctor

. A D

raft

law

for t

he w

ater

sec

tor w

as p

repa

red

in 2

005,

to

prov

ide

the

over

all l

egal

bas

is fo

r the

sec

tor,

but d

id n

ot g

et a

ppro

ved.

1. N

atio

nal

Polic

y on

Wat

er

and

Sani

tatio

n pu

blis

hed

by

gove

rnm

ent i

n 20

032.

Exp

erts

Op

inio

n

Polic

yUW

S 3

Inst

itutio

nal R

oles

Are

the

inst

itutio

nal

role

s of

urb

an w

ater

su

bsec

tor p

laye

rs

(nat

iona

l/sta

te &

loca

l go

vern

men

t, se

rvic

e pr

ovid

er, r

egul

ator

etc

) cl

early

defi

ned

and

oper

atio

naliz

ed?

Defin

ed a

nd

oper

atio

naliz

edDe

fined

but

not

op

erat

iona

lized

Not d

efine

d0.

5No

ove

rall

lega

l fra

mew

ork

is a

vaila

ble

for t

he s

ecto

r. Su

b-de

cree

No.

35

has

set r

oles

of t

he M

inis

try o

f Ind

ustry

, Min

es a

nd E

nerg

y an

d th

e ro

les

of

each

Dep

artm

ent,

the

Pota

ble

Wat

er S

uppl

y De

partm

ent i

s re

spon

sibl

e fo

r ur

ban

wat

er s

uppl

y se

ctor

. The

n, th

e M

inis

try’s

issu

ed th

e Pr

akas

No.

1029

on

the

oper

atio

n an

d fu

nctio

ning

of D

epar

tmen

t of W

ater

Sup

ply

on

Dece

mbe

r 22,

201

0. In

201

3, M

IME

has

been

spl

it up

and

Pot

able

Wat

er

Supp

ly ha

s be

en a

lloca

ted

to M

inis

try o

f Ind

ustry

and

han

dicr

aft.

The

role

s an

d re

spon

sibi

litie

s of

MIH

-DPW

S ar

e de

fined

but

due

to la

ck o

f fun

d an

d st

aff n

ot fu

lly o

pera

tiona

lized

. As

per t

he o

ngin

g D&

D pr

oces

s, th

e ro

les

of

sub-

natio

nal a

utho

rity

in w

ater

sup

ply

prov

isio

n is

als

o no

t wel

l defi

ned

Sub-

Degr

ee

No.3

5 pu

blis

hed

26 A

pril

1999

Plan

ning

UWS

4Fu

nd fl

ow

coor

dina

tion

Does

gov

ernm

ent

have

a p

roce

ss fo

r co

ordi

natin

g m

ultip

le

inve

stm

ents

in th

e su

bsec

tor (

dom

estic

or

don

or, e

g. N

atio

nal

gran

ts, s

tate

bud

gets

, do

nor l

oans

and

gra

nts

etc.

)?

Coor

dina

tion

proc

ess

defin

ed a

nd

oper

atio

naliz

ed

Coor

dina

tion

proc

ess

defin

ed b

ut n

ot

oper

atio

naliz

ed

Not d

efine

d/ n

o pr

oces

s0

Min

istry

of E

cono

my

and

Fina

nce

play

s le

ad ro

le in

fund

coo

rdin

atio

n fo

r gr

ants

and

loan

s fro

m d

onor

s, a

s w

ell a

s th

e CD

C. M

IH d

oes

not r

egul

arly

hold

sub

-TW

G m

eetin

gs to

sup

port

coor

dina

tion

of th

e se

ctor

; mos

t is

done

on

a b

ilate

ral o

r pro

ject

-by-

proj

ect b

asis

. How

ever

NSD

P 20

14-2

018

calls

fo

r wid

er s

trate

gic

refo

rm a

nd c

oord

inat

ion

on fu

nds

unde

r an

umbr

ella

in

vest

men

t pla

n.

1.TO

R of

CDC

2. T

OR o

f sub

-TW

G on

Urb

an

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Plan

ning

UWS

5In

vest

men

t pla

nIs

ther

e a

med

ium

term

in

vest

men

t pla

n fo

r ur

ban

wat

er b

ased

on

natio

nal t

arge

ts th

at

is c

oste

d, p

riorit

izes

inve

stm

ent n

eeds

, is

publ

ishe

d an

d us

ed?

Inve

stm

ent p

lan

base

d on

prio

rity

need

s ex

ists

, is

publ

ishe

d an

d us

ed

Exis

ts b

ut n

ot

used

, or u

nder

pr

epar

atio

n

Does

not

exis

t0

No m

ediu

m a

nd lo

ng te

rm in

vest

men

t for

the

sect

or is

yet

ava

ilabl

e,

with

cle

ar p

riorit

izatio

n an

d al

igne

d w

ith ta

rget

s. M

IH d

evel

ops

proj

ect

inve

stm

ent p

lan

(PIP

), w

hich

is n

ot a

sec

tor-

wid

e ap

proa

ch, b

ut a

pro

ject

ap

proa

ch, m

ostly

fund

ed th

roug

h do

nors

.

1. B

udge

t Boo

k 20

11-2

013

2. P

IP 2

012-

2014

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

52

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Plan

ning

UWS

6An

nual

revie

wIs

ther

e an

ann

ual m

ulti-

stak

ehol

der r

evie

w

in p

lace

to m

onito

r su

bsec

tor p

erfo

rman

ce,

to re

view

pro

gres

s an

d se

t cor

rect

ive a

ctio

ns?

Annu

al re

view

of

per

form

ance

an

d se

tting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

Annu

al re

view

of

per

form

ance

bu

t no

setti

ng

of c

orre

ctive

ac

tions

No re

view

or

set

ting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

0Th

e M

inis

try h

as S

ub-T

echn

ical

Wor

king

Gro

up, w

hich

can

be

a m

echa

nism

to

mon

itor o

n th

e en

tire

sect

or a

nd re

ports

to th

e TW

G on

Infra

stru

ctur

e an

d re

gion

al in

tegr

atio

n. H

owev

er, t

here

is n

ot y

et a

join

t ann

ual r

evie

w p

roce

ss

for t

he u

rban

wat

er s

ecto

r.

TOR

of s

ub-

wor

king

gro

up

on u

rban

wat

er

supp

ly

Plan

ning

UWS

7HR

Cap

acity

Has

an a

sses

smen

t be

en u

nder

take

n of

th

e hu

man

reso

urce

ne

eds

in th

e su

b se

ctor

to m

eet t

he

subs

ecto

r tar

get a

nd is

th

e ac

tion

plan

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted?

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n an

d ac

tions

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n bu

t no

act

ion

bein

g ta

ken

No a

sses

smen

t un

derta

ken

0Re

view

and

eva

luat

ion

of th

e hu

man

reso

urce

s ne

eded

for w

orki

ng in

the

urba

n w

ater

sec

tor i

s no

t ava

ilabl

e ye

t. DP

WS

has

a pe

rson

al o

ffice

in

char

ge to

do

this

wor

k bu

t not

eno

ugh

capa

city

as

of y

et to

do

asse

ssm

ent

for s

ecto

r as

a w

hole

yet

.3

Wat

er S

uppl

y Ut

ilitie

s (K

ampo

ng T

hom

, Sie

m R

eap

and

Siha

nouk

ville

) ha

ve c

arrie

d ou

t stu

dies

on

hum

an re

sour

ces

deve

lopm

ent a

nd n

eed

asse

ssm

ent w

ith s

uppo

rt of

dev

elop

men

t par

tner

s. P

PWSA

has

dev

elop

ed

its o

wn

train

ing

cent

er in

sup

port

of o

ther

util

ity d

evel

opm

ent,

whi

ch is

ver

y po

sitiv

e st

ep fo

rwar

d

1. P

raka

s 10

29 o

n th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f DP

WS

2. C

onsu

ltativ

e W

orks

hop

on

Urba

n W

ater

Su

pply

Budg

etUW

S 8

Adeq

uacy

Are

the

publ

ic fi

nanc

ial

com

mitm

ents

to th

e ur

ban

wat

er s

ubse

ctor

su

ffici

ent t

o m

eet t

he

natio

nal t

arge

ts fo

r the

su

bsec

tor?

Mor

e th

an

75%

of w

hat i

s ne

eded

Betw

een

50

and

75%

of

need

s

Less

than

50%

of

need

s0

DPW

S ha

s no

t rec

eive

d na

tiona

l bud

get f

or d

irect

cap

ital i

nves

tmen

t in

urb

an w

ater

sup

ply

sect

or, a

s th

is g

oes

dire

ctly

to th

e pr

ovin

cial

de

partm

ent t

hat a

re re

spon

sibl

e fo

r the

wat

er w

orks

. DPW

S on

ly re

ceive

s re

curre

nt b

udge

t for

ann

ual p

aym

ent.

Mos

t sec

tor i

nves

tmen

t dep

ends

on

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

er le

ndin

g an

d gr

ants

. SDA

cos

ting

illust

rate

s fin

anci

ng

gap

of U

S$33

milli

on p

er y

ear

1. B

udge

t Boo

k 20

11-2

013

2. P

IP 2

012-

2014

Budg

etUW

S 9

Stru

ctur

eDo

es th

e bu

dget

st

ruct

ure

perm

it in

vest

men

ts a

nd

subs

idie

s (o

pera

tiona

l co

sts,

adm

inis

tratio

n,

debt

ser

vice,

etc

) for

the

urba

n w

ater

sec

tor t

o be

cle

arly

iden

tified

?

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent a

nd

for s

ubsi

dies

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent b

ut

not s

ubsi

dies

No0.

5As

per

the

Natio

nal B

udge

t Law

, mul

ti-ye

ar b

udge

t sho

uld

show

the

sour

ce o

f inc

ome

from

ow

n so

urce

(sta

te in

com

e) a

nd in

com

e fro

m

exte

rnal

(inc

ludi

ng: i

nves

tmen

t sub

sidy

, bila

tera

l sub

sidy

, and

loan

s) a

nd

the

expe

nditu

re fo

r nat

iona

l lev

el (m

inis

tries

and

pro

vinci

al d

epar

tmen

ts),

and

the

expe

nditu

re fo

r sub

-nat

iona

l lev

el (i

nclu

ding

: city

, dis

trict

, san

gkat

/co

mm

une)

. The

law

als

o sp

ecifi

es th

e ca

pita

l exp

endi

ture

from

abr

oad

and

capi

tal i

nves

tmen

t with

the

avai

labl

e an

d no

t ava

ilabl

e bu

dget

. Rel

ated

to

the

reco

rds

of a

ll th

e m

ajor

sou

rce

of e

xter

nal i

ncom

e, th

e Co

unci

l for

th

e De

velo

pmen

t of C

ambo

dia

(CDC

) est

ablis

hed

the

ODA

data

base

for

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers

to p

rovid

e in

form

atio

n ab

out t

heir

inve

stm

ents

. Ho

wev

er, n

ot a

ll w

ater

wor

ks a

re a

ble

to fu

nd th

eir O

&M c

osts

fully

, and

the

trans

fer o

f sub

sidi

es in

to o

pera

tions

are

not

eas

ily id

entifi

able

1. O

DA

data

base

http

://cd

c.kh

mer

.biz

2. N

atio

nal

Budg

et L

aw

2009

-201

3

Budg

etUW

S 10

Com

preh

ensi

veDo

es th

e go

vern

men

t bu

dget

com

preh

ensi

vely

cove

r dom

estic

an

d of

ficia

l don

or

inve

stm

ent/s

ubsi

dy to

ur

ban

wat

er?

Mor

e th

an 7

5%

of fu

nds

to

subs

ecto

r on

budg

et

Betw

een

50-

75%

of f

unds

to

sub

sect

or o

n bu

dget

Less

than

50%

of

fund

s to

su

bsec

tor o

n bu

dget

1M

EF a

nd C

DC h

ad c

reat

ed O

DA m

anag

emen

t inf

orm

atio

n sy

stem

for

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers

repo

rt th

e am

ount

of f

und

and

thei

r pro

gram

s th

at a

re b

eing

impl

emen

ted.

Fun

ding

from

maj

or d

onor

s an

d m

ajor

ity

clea

rly re

cord

ed b

ut th

e bu

dget

for t

echn

ical

ass

ista

nce

not r

ecor

ded

com

preh

ensi

vely.

The

cap

ital i

nves

tmen

t dat

a fro

m m

ain

deve

lopm

ent

partn

ers

has

been

reco

rded

is o

ver 7

5% e

xcep

t the

som

e in

vest

men

t bu

dget

for t

echn

ical

ass

ista

nce

was

not

repo

rted.

Natio

nal B

udge

t: In

vest

men

t Bu

dget

201

1-20

13

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t53

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

DEVE

LOPI

NG

Expe

nditu

reUW

S 11

Utiliz

atio

n of

do

mes

tic fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of d

omes

tic fu

nds

budg

eted

for u

rban

w

ater

are

spe

nt (3

yea

r av

erag

e)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%1

The

natio

nal b

udge

t allo

cate

d to

MIH

is o

nly

recu

rrent

bud

get (

incl

udin

g sa

lary

, sub

sidy

& s

ocia

l fun

d), t

here

is n

o in

vest

men

t bud

get a

nd s

mal

l am

ount

allo

cate

d. B

ased

on

the

expe

nditu

re re

port

from

200

9-20

11, o

ver

90%

has

bee

n sp

ent.

Natio

nal B

udge

t: Do

mes

tic

Expe

nditu

re

Repo

rt 20

09-

2011

Expe

nditu

reUW

S 12

Utiliz

atio

n of

ex

tern

al fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of

exte

rnal

fund

s bu

dget

ed

for u

rban

wat

er a

re

spen

t (3

year

ave

rage

)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%1

Each

pro

ject

has

pla

n an

d ag

reed

bet

wee

n th

e pr

ojec

t im

plem

ente

r and

do

nor.

Fund

ing

from

dev

elop

men

t par

tner

s / l

oan

is re

porte

d to

hav

e go

od

disb

urse

men

t rat

es, e

xcep

t for

som

e de

lays

in p

roje

ct s

tart

up.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Expe

nditu

reUW

S 13

Repo

rting

Do u

rban

util

ities

(n

atio

nal o

r 3 la

rges

t ut

ilitie

s) h

ave

audi

ted

acco

unts

and

bal

ance

sh

eet?

Audi

ted

acco

unts

an

d ba

lanc

e sh

eet

Bala

nce

shee

t bu

t not

aud

ited

No b

alan

ce s

heet

0Cu

rrent

ly th

e pr

oces

s of

repo

rting

on

expe

nditu

re d

oes

not i

nclu

de d

onor

pr

ojec

ts in

the

natio

nal c

hart

of a

ccou

nts.

Ex

pert

opin

ion

Equi

tyUW

S 14

Loca

l pa

rtici

patio

nAr

e th

ere

clea

rly

defin

ed p

roce

dure

s fo

r in

form

ing,

con

sulti

ng

with

and

sup

porti

ng

loca

l par

ticip

atio

n in

pl

anni

ng, b

udge

ting

and

impl

emen

ting

for u

rban

w

ater

dev

elop

men

ts?

Yes

and

syst

emat

ical

ly ap

plie

d

Yes,

but

not

sy

stem

atic

ally

appl

ied

No0

Ther

e is

thus

no

cons

olid

ated

aud

it re

port

for d

evel

opm

ent p

artn

er

spen

ding

but

eac

h pr

ojec

t fol

low

s th

e do

nor r

equi

red.

PPW

SA h

as

cons

olid

ated

aud

it re

port

sinc

e 10

yea

rs a

go. W

ith th

e au

tono

my

of fu

ture

pu

blic

wat

er w

orks

, all

of th

em s

houl

d be

pro

vided

aud

ited

acco

unts

as

per

the

law

on

Stat

e Ow

ned

Ente

rpris

es.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Equi

tyUW

S 15

Budg

et a

lloca

tion

crite

riaHa

ve c

riter

ia (o

r a

form

ula)

bee

n de

term

ined

to a

lloca

te

urba

n w

ater

fund

ing

equi

tabl

y to

urb

an

utilit

ies

or s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

and

amon

g m

unic

ipal

ities

and

is

it be

ing

cons

iste

ntly

appl

ied?

Yes,

app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

Yes,

but

no

t app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

No0

In p

artic

ular

, the

pub

lic w

ater

util

ities

do

thei

r ow

n pl

anni

ng a

nd re

spon

sibl

e fo

r ope

ratio

n an

d M

inis

try h

as ro

le o

f ove

rsig

ht.

Expe

rts o

pini

on

Equi

tyUW

S 16

Redu

cing

in

equa

lity

Have

urb

an u

tiliti

es

or s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

(nat

iona

l or i

n 3

larg

est

citie

s) d

evel

oped

and

im

plem

ente

d sp

ecifi

c pl

ans

for s

ervin

g th

e ur

ban

poor

?

Plan

s de

velo

ped

and

impl

emen

ted

Plan

s de

velo

ped

but n

ot

impl

emen

ted

No p

lans

do

cum

ente

d0

For t

he s

ecto

r as

a w

hole

ther

e ar

e no

spe

cific

pro

-poo

r pol

icie

s or

gu

idel

ines

/regu

latio

ns th

at p

ublic

or p

rivat

e ut

ilitie

s sh

ould

follo

w. P

PWSA

ha

s se

t 5%

of r

even

ue a

side

for a

soc

ial c

onne

ctio

n fu

nd. O

ther

don

ors

have

or w

ill be

pro

vidin

g ta

rget

ed s

ubsi

dies

to p

oor h

ouse

hold

s co

nnec

ting

( GRE

T, an

d AF

D) o

r set

-up

revo

lving

fund

s to

hel

p po

or p

eopl

e af

ford

able

ac

cess

to c

lean

wat

er (U

N Ha

bita

t)

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

54

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Outp

utUW

S 17

Quan

tity

Is th

e an

nual

exp

ansi

on

of H

H co

nnec

tions

and

st

and

post

s in

urb

an

area

s su

ffici

ent t

o m

eet

the

subs

ecto

r tar

gets

?

Over

75%

of t

hat

need

ed to

reac

h se

ctor

targ

ets

Over

50%

of

that

nee

ded

to

reac

h se

ctor

ta

rget

s

Less

than

50%

of

that

nee

ded

to re

ach

sect

or

targ

ets

0.5

The

Min

istry

has

set

targ

ets

to a

chie

ve u

rban

wat

er s

uppl

y 10

0% in

yea

r 20

25 w

hich

90%

is p

iped

wat

er s

uppl

y an

d 10

% o

ther

impr

oved

wat

er

sour

ces.

Bas

ed o

n th

e ab

ove

targ

ets

over

50,

000

new

con

nect

ions

hav

e to

be

put

in p

lace

ann

ually

, whi

le th

e cu

rrent

rate

is e

stim

ated

to b

e ar

ound

25

,000

ann

ually

.M

IH is

not

yet

abl

e to

fully

cap

ture

rele

vant

out

put d

ata

from

lice

nsed

wat

er

utilit

ies

due

to th

e ab

senc

e of

a m

onito

ring

syst

em. T

his

is c

urre

ntly

unde

r de

velo

pmen

t.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Outp

utUW

S 18

Qual

ity o

f wat

erAr

e th

ere

drin

king

wat

er

qual

ity s

tand

ards

for

urba

n w

ater

that

are

re

gula

rly m

onito

red

and

the

resu

lts p

ublis

hed?

Stan

dard

s ex

ist,

ther

e is

a

surv

eilla

nce

prog

ram

, and

re

sults

are

pu

blis

hed

Stan

dard

s ex

ist

and

ther

e is

a

surv

eilla

nce

prog

ram

but

th

ere

is n

o pu

blic

atio

n of

re

sults

No s

tand

ards

, or

sta

ndar

ds

exis

t but

are

not

m

onito

red

0.5

Ther

e is

a d

rinki

ng w

ater

qua

lity

stan

dard

(200

4), a

nd a

dra

ft fro

m 2

011

that

has

not

yet

bee

n si

gned

. Qua

rterly

wat

er q

ualit

y co

ntro

l is

supp

osed

to

be

done

by

DIH,

alth

ough

resu

lts a

re n

ot re

porte

d pu

blic

ly. T

his

will

be

incl

uded

in th

e fu

ture

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Outp

utUW

S 19

Repo

rting

Is th

e nu

mbe

r of

addi

tiona

l hou

seho

ld

conn

ectio

ns m

ade

and

stan

d po

sts

cons

truct

ed

repo

rted

on in

a

cons

olid

ated

form

at fo

r th

e na

tion

each

yea

r?

Yes

with

full

listin

g of

co

nnec

tions

Yes

but w

ithou

t a

full

listin

g of

co

nnec

tions

No0.

5Al

l lic

ense

d (p

rivat

e an

d pu

blic

) util

ities

nee

d to

repo

rt an

nual

ly on

the

new

co

nnec

tion

but w

ithou

t a fu

ll lis

ting.

Not

all

licen

sed

oper

ator

s m

ay s

ubm

it da

ta. U

nlic

ense

d pr

ovid

ers

are

not b

eing

mon

itore

d ne

ither

on

conn

ectio

n no

r on

qual

ity s

tand

ard.

MM

E's

repo

rt on

con

nect

ion

2010

-201

2

SUST

AINI

NG

Mai

nten

ance

UWS

20Fu

nctio

nalit

yW

hat i

s th

e w

eigh

ted

aver

age

perc

enta

ge

of n

on re

venu

e w

ater

ac

ross

urb

an u

tiliti

es

(nat

iona

l or 3

larg

est

utilit

ies)

(las

t 3 y

ears

av

erag

e)?

Less

than

20%

20%

to 4

0%M

ore

than

40%

1Ba

sed

on th

e 3

year

repo

rt fro

m th

ree

mai

n w

ater

util

ities

(exc

ept f

rom

Ph

nom

Pen

h) (K

ampo

ng T

hom

, Sie

m R

eap,

Sih

anou

kville

) sho

w th

at th

e no

n-re

venu

e w

ater

is 1

6%

Repo

rt on

Non

-Re

venu

e w

ater

su

pply

from

3

utilit

ies

2010

-20

12

Mai

nten

ance

UWS

21Co

st re

cove

ryAr

e al

l O&M

cos

ts fo

r ut

ilitie

s (n

atio

nal o

r 3

larg

est u

tiliti

es) b

eing

co

vere

d by

reve

nues

(u

ser f

ees

and/

subs

idie

s) (l

ast 3

yea

rs

aver

age)

?

Oper

atin

g ra

tio

grea

ter t

han

1.2

Oper

atin

g ra

tio

betw

een

0.8

and

1.2

Oper

atin

g ra

tio

belo

w 0

.81

Base

d on

the

3 ye

ar fi

nanc

ial r

epor

t fro

m th

ree

mai

n w

ater

util

ities

(K

ampo

ng T

hom

, Sie

m R

eap,

Sih

anou

kville

) sho

w th

at th

e op

erat

ion

ratio

of

O&M

cos

t is

1.3

O&M

cos

t fro

m

3 ut

ilitie

s 20

10-

2012

Mai

nten

ance

UWS

22Ta

riff r

evie

ws

Are

tarif

f rev

iew

s re

gula

rly c

ondu

cted

us

ing

a pr

oces

s an

d ta

riffs

adj

uste

d ac

cord

ingl

y an

d pu

blis

hed?

Cond

ucte

d,

adju

sted

and

pu

blis

hed

Cond

ucte

d bu

t no

t adj

uste

dNo

t con

duct

ed0

Ther

e is

not

yet

a fo

rmal

regu

latio

n th

at d

efine

s th

e re

gula

tory

fram

ewor

k,

neith

er ta

riff m

etho

dolo

gy fo

r reg

ular

revie

w o

f bot

h pr

ivate

and

pub

lic

oper

ator

s. T

ariff

of P

PWSA

has

to b

e ap

prov

ed b

y th

e PM

.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t55

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Mai

nten

ance

UWS

23M

anag

emen

t of

Disa

ster

Ris

k an

d Cl

imat

e Ch

ange

Do u

tiliti

es (n

atio

nal o

r 3

larg

est u

tiliti

es) h

ave

plan

s fo

r cop

ing

with

na

tura

l dis

aste

rs a

nd

clim

ate

chan

ge?

Yes,

the

maj

ority

of

urb

an s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

a

plan

for d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent

and

clim

ate

chan

ge

No. O

nly

som

e se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

a

plan

for

disa

ster

risk

m

anag

emen

t an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

or

mos

t ser

vice

prov

ider

s ha

ve

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

No s

ervic

e pr

ovid

er h

as a

cl

imat

e ac

tion

plan

or h

as

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

0No

Clim

ate

Chan

ge v

ulne

rabi

lity

plan

s ha

ve b

een

prep

ared

by

publ

ic u

tiliti

es

or M

IH.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Expa

nsio

nUW

S 24

Auto

nom

yDo

util

ities

or s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

(nat

iona

l or 3

la

rges

t) ha

ve o

pera

tiona

l de

cisi

on-m

akin

g au

tono

my

in in

vest

men

t pl

anni

ng, H

R, fi

nanc

e (s

epar

ate

bala

nce

shee

t) an

d pr

ocur

emen

t m

anag

emen

t?

Yes

in a

ll as

pect

sIn

all

aspe

cts

exce

pt

inve

stm

ent

plan

ning

No0

Pres

ently

ther

e ar

e on

ly tw

o au

tono

mou

s w

ater

sup

plie

s (P

hnom

Pen

h &

Siem

Rea

p). T

hese

aut

onom

ous

have

full

right

in o

pera

tion

and

inve

stm

ent

of th

e bu

sine

ss. T

hey

are

inde

pend

ently

mak

ing

plan

, inv

est a

nd a

cces

s lo

an to

exp

anse

the

busi

ness

. Oth

er p

ublic

wat

er w

orks

are

not

yet

au

tono

mou

s, a

nd a

lthou

gh w

ith o

pera

tiona

l dis

cret

ion,

the

inve

stm

ent

budg

ets

are

deliv

ered

thro

ugh

MIH

/DIH

, and

not

und

er fu

ll au

tono

my

of th

e ut

ility

Sub-

Degr

ee

on th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent

of a

uton

omou

s pu

blic

wat

er

utilit

y Ph

nom

Pe

nh a

nd S

iem

Re

ap

Expa

nsio

nUW

S 25

Plan

sDo

ser

vice

prov

ider

s (n

atio

nal/s

tate

or 3

la

rges

t util

ities

) hav

e bu

sine

ss p

lans

for

expa

ndin

g ac

cess

to

urba

n w

ater

?

Busi

ness

pla

ns

for i

ncre

asin

g ac

cess

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted

Busi

ness

pla

ns

for i

ncre

asin

g ac

cess

bei

ng

prep

ared

No b

usin

ess

plan

s0

All p

ublic

util

ities

hav

e an

nual

bus

ines

s pl

an (e

xpan

sion

pla

n) b

ut th

ere

mos

t of t

hem

hav

e no

long

term

bus

ines

s pl

an. E

xcep

t PPW

SA h

as lo

ng

term

bus

ines

s pl

an, b

eing

revie

wed

with

sup

port

from

ADB

. JIC

A is

als

o su

ppor

ting

long

er te

rm b

usin

ess

plan

ning

of a

few

pub

lic w

orks

.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Wat

er

Supp

ly

User

Ou

tcom

esUW

S 26

Borro

win

gAr

e ut

ilitie

s al

low

ed

by la

w to

acc

ess

and

are

they

acc

essi

ng

com

mer

cial

fina

nce

for

expa

nsio

n?

Allo

wed

and

ac

cess

ing

Allo

wed

but

not

ac

cess

ing

Not a

llow

ed0

Refe

renc

e to

sub

-deg

ree

No.5

2 on

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of a

uton

omou

s w

ater

su

pply

in a

rticl

e 10

poi

nt 7

men

tione

d th

at th

e au

tono

mou

s ha

s rig

ht to

sel

l, bu

y, tra

de a

ll ki

nds

of p

rope

rty o

r sto

ck s

hare

and

allo

wed

to a

cces

s lo

an

for m

ediu

m a

nd lo

ng p

erio

d to

ope

rate

the

busi

ness

. The

aut

onom

ous

utilit

y an

acc

ess

loan

from

the

bank

onc

e th

ere

is a

ppro

val f

rom

BOD

, and

the

rest

can

not.

How

ever

, sin

ce m

any

publ

ic u

tiliti

es a

re n

ot y

et a

uton

omou

s an

d ha

s no

righ

t acc

essi

ng c

omm

erci

al fi

nanc

e th

e sc

ore

was

dec

ided

to

be 0

.

1. S

ub-D

egre

e No

.52

on th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent

of a

uton

omou

s w

ater

sup

ply.

2. E

xper

t Op

inio

n

User

Ou

tcom

esUW

S 27

Subs

ecto

r Is

the

subs

ecto

r on

track

to m

eet t

he s

tate

d ta

rget

?

On-t

rack

Off-

track

but

ke

epin

g up

w

ith p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Off-

track

1M

IH ta

rget

s on

ly pi

ped

wat

er s

uppl

y as

the

natio

nal t

arge

t (85

% b

y 20

18)

and

seem

s on

trac

k w

ith c

urre

nt ra

te o

f pro

gres

s. T

he u

nive

rsal

acc

ess

targ

et fo

r im

prov

ed s

uppl

y is

on-

track

look

ing

at e

xistin

g tre

nd li

ne o

f JM

P da

ta.

JMP

Upda

te

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

56

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

User

Ou

tcom

esUW

S 28

prog

ress

Wha

t is

the

ratio

of

impr

oved

drin

king

w

ater

acc

ess

betw

een

the

low

est a

nd h

ighe

st

quin

tile

in u

rban

are

as?

Less

than

2

times

Betw

een

2 an

d 5

Mor

e th

an 5

tim

es1

The

quin

tile

in u

rban

are

a is

96%

/61%

= 1

.57

for i

mpr

oved

wat

er s

uppl

y;

how

ever

pip

ed w

ater

sup

ply

is m

ore

uneq

ual w

ith 8

8% v

ersu

s 34

% (h

ence

la

rger

than

2)

CSES

201

1

User

Ou

tcom

esUW

S 29

Equi

ty o

f use

Wha

t is

the

aver

age

num

ber o

f hou

rs

of s

ervic

e pe

r day

ac

ross

urb

an u

tiliti

es?

(Wei

ghte

d by

num

ber

of H

H co

nnec

tions

per

ut

ility)

?

Mor

e th

an 1

2 ho

urs

per d

ay6

to 1

2 ho

urs

per d

ayLe

ss th

an 6

hou

rs

per d

ay1

All p

ublic

wat

er s

uppl

y pr

ovid

es a

n ov

er 1

7 ho

use

per d

ay, m

ost s

uppl

y 25

hr

s pe

r day

Over

view

on

Urba

n W

ater

Su

pply

Sect

or,

Janu

ary

2012

. TW

G -

JICA

ENAB

LING

Polic

y R

SH 1

Sect

or ta

rget

sAr

e th

ere

subs

ecto

r ta

rget

s in

the

natio

nal-

leve

l dev

elop

men

t pla

n?Fo

r hou

seho

lds

and

com

mun

ities

? Ar

e th

ere

ODF

targ

ets?

Targ

ets

for

rura

l hou

seho

ld

acce

ss a

nd

com

mun

ities

be

com

ing

ODF

in

the

deve

lopm

ent

plan

Targ

ets

for

rura

l hou

seho

ld

acce

ss in

the

deve

lopm

ent

plan

No ru

ral s

anita

tion

targ

ets

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t pla

n

0.5

Ther

e is

a ta

rget

set

in N

SDP

for t

he ru

ral a

cces

s to

san

itatio

n 30

% in

20

15, 6

0% in

201

8 an

d 10

0% in

202

5. B

ut th

ere

are

no O

DF ta

rget

s1.

NSD

P 20

14-

2018

2. N

atio

nal

Stra

tegy

on

Rura

l Wat

er

Supp

ly an

d Sa

nita

tion

2011

-202

5,

MRD

Polic

yRS

H 2

Sect

or p

olic

yIs

ther

e a

rura

l sa

nita

tion

polic

y, th

at is

agr

eed

by

stak

ehol

ders

, app

rove

d by

gov

ernm

ent,

and

publ

ical

ly av

aila

ble?

Polic

y of

ficia

lly

appr

oved

and

pu

blic

ally

avai

labl

e

Polic

y dr

afte

d an

d ag

reed

but

no

t offi

cial

ly ap

prov

ed

No p

olic

y1

Ther

e is

nat

iona

l pol

icy

on ru

ral w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n, th

e po

licy

was

est

ablis

hed

by th

e go

vern

men

t and

pub

lical

ly di

ssem

inat

ed in

200

3.

The

polic

y w

as e

ngag

ed w

ith a

ll st

akeh

olde

rs in

the

sect

or in

clud

ing

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers,

lead

ing

sect

or a

genc

ies,

and

line

min

istri

es. A

s an

ove

rall

polic

y in

stru

men

ts th

e di

rect

ions

are

stil

l val

id, h

owev

er, t

he

impl

emen

tatio

n is

lagg

ing.

Natio

nal P

olic

y on

Wat

er S

uppl

y an

d Sa

nita

tion

2003

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t57

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Polic

yRS

H 3

Inst

itutio

nal R

oles

Are

the

inst

itutio

nal

role

s of

rura

l san

itatio

n su

bsec

tor p

laye

rs

(nat

iona

l/sta

te &

loca

l go

vern

men

t, se

rvic

e pr

ovid

er, r

egul

ator

etc

) cl

early

defi

ned

and

oper

atio

naliz

ed?

Defin

ed a

nd

oper

atio

naliz

edDe

fined

but

not

op

erat

iona

lized

Not d

efine

d1

Ther

e is

ove

rall

stat

emen

t on

the

role

s an

d re

spon

sibi

litie

s w

ere

defin

ed

from

nat

iona

l to

sub-

natio

nal l

evel

. Acc

ordi

ng to

the

D&D

lega

l fra

mew

ork,

lo

cal a

utho

rity

is th

e en

tity

to ta

ke le

ad o

f loc

al d

evel

opm

ent a

nd d

evel

op

shor

t ter

m, m

ediu

m a

nd lo

ng te

rm p

lan.

. The

impl

emen

tatio

n of

D&D

re

form

is s

till l

imite

d, a

lthou

gh ru

ral s

anita

tion

is n

ow fo

rmal

ly pr

opos

ed to

be

ass

igne

d to

sub

-nat

iona

l aut

horit

y. Th

ere

are

man

y ac

tors

in th

e ru

ral

wat

er s

uppl

y se

ctor

. MRD

has

no

effe

ctive

coo

rdin

atio

n st

rate

gy to

wor

k w

ith re

leva

nt m

inis

tries

, dev

elop

men

t par

tner

s, N

GO y

et. T

his

is m

aybe

due

to

lim

ited

supp

ort f

rom

pol

itica

l, la

ck o

f ins

titut

iona

l cap

acity

, ins

uffic

ient

bu

dget

allo

catio

ns to

spe

cific

sec

tor i

nstit

utio

n. A

lthou

gh th

ere

is P

raka

s on

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of D

RHC,

PDR

D an

d DO

RD b

ut n

o de

taile

d Te

rm o

f Re

fere

nce

are

deve

lope

d.

1. G

uide

line

of C

CWC

July

2010

2. V

DC

esta

blis

hed

2010

3. P

raka

s es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f DR

HC4.

Pra

kas

esta

blis

hmen

t of

PDR

D an

d DO

RD5.

Rol

es a

nd

Resp

onsi

bilit

es

of D

RHC

6. M

RD

Func

tiona

l re

view

Rep

ort

2014

Plan

ning

RSH

4Fu

nd fl

ow

coor

dina

tion

Does

gov

ernm

ent

have

a p

roce

ss fo

r co

ordi

natin

g m

ultip

le

inve

stm

ents

in th

e su

bsec

tor (

dom

estic

or

don

or, e

g. n

atio

nal

gran

ts, s

tate

bud

gets

, do

nor l

oans

and

gr

ants

etc

)? S

tate

bu

dget

s=lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent b

udge

ts

Coor

dina

tion

proc

ess

defin

ed a

nd

oper

atio

naliz

ed

Coor

dina

tion

proc

ess

defin

ed b

ut n

ot

oper

atio

naliz

ed

Not d

efine

d/ n

o pr

oces

s0.

5Th

e m

inis

try’s

pro

cess

is b

ased

on

the

prio

rity

activ

ity a

nd a

t pro

ject

leve

l on

ly. M

inis

try h

as te

ams

coor

dina

ting

mul

tiple

inve

stm

ent b

udge

t bas

ed

on th

e pr

iorit

y ne

eds/

proj

ects

. But

ther

e is

no

sect

or-w

ide

prog

ram

mat

ic

appr

oach

yet

bas

ed o

n a

natio

nal a

ctio

n pl

an. N

orm

ally

the

min

istry

cre

ates

pr

ojec

t man

agem

ent u

nit (

PMU)

to c

oord

inat

e an

y in

vest

men

t pro

ject

. M

RD a

lso

sign

s M

OU w

ith th

e NG

O an

d DP

to im

prov

e co

ordi

natio

n, b

ut

no s

yste

mat

ic s

yste

m is

in p

lace

that

trac

ks a

nd c

oord

inat

es fu

nd fl

ow o

f do

mes

tic s

ourc

es, d

evel

opm

ent p

artn

ers

that

are

cha

nnel

ling

thro

ugh

the

budg

et, a

nd N

GOs

that

exe

cute

d th

roug

h pa

ralle

l mec

hani

sms.

MRD

has

th

e TW

G-RW

SS w

hich

is th

e pl

atfo

rm to

coo

rdin

ate

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers

and

gove

rnm

ent p

rogr

am a

nd p

olic

ies,

but

so

far i

t doe

s no

t sup

port

the

coor

dina

tion

of fu

ndin

g to

the

sect

or. F

und

flow

is b

ilate

rally

coo

rdin

ated

be

twee

n M

EF, M

RD a

nd D

Ps. C

oord

inat

ion

at C

ambo

dia

Deve

lopm

ent

Coun

cil (

CDC)

leve

l is

happ

enin

g to

a li

mite

d ex

tent

. The

re is

ann

ual C

DC

Foru

m w

hich

is th

e hi

ghes

t lev

el p

latfo

rm fo

r gat

herin

g al

l DPs

to lo

ok a

t pr

iorit

y de

velo

pmen

t pro

gram

pro

pose

d by

the

gove

rnm

ent,

how

ever

has

no

t tak

en p

lace

in re

cent

yea

rs.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

58

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Plan

ning

RSH

5In

vest

men

t Pla

nIs

ther

e a

med

ium

term

in

vest

men

t pla

n fo

r ru

ral s

anita

tion

base

d on

nat

iona

l tar

gets

that

is

cos

ted,

prio

ritize

s in

vest

men

t nee

ds, i

s pu

blis

hed

and

used

?

Inve

stm

ent p

lan

base

d on

prio

rity

need

s ex

ists

, is

publ

ishe

d an

d us

ed

Exis

ts b

ut n

ot

used

, or u

nder

pr

epar

atio

n

Does

not

exis

t0.

5Th

ere

is p

ublic

inve

stm

ent p

lan

(PIP

) for

5 y

ear –

with

a 3

yea

r rol

ling

plan

, not

link

ed to

the

sect

or ta

rget

. It h

as b

een

deve

lope

d ba

sed

on th

e an

nual

bud

get a

lloca

ted

to th

e de

partm

ent.

The

PIP

was

don

e w

ithou

t nee

d as

sess

men

t and

the

qual

ity is

lim

ited.

M

EF h

as e

ncou

rage

d to

MRD

sho

uld

deve

lop

PIP

even

thou

gh M

EF m

ight

no

t abl

e to

pro

vide

full

fund

ing

but i

t is

usef

ul in

form

atio

n fo

r MEF

kne

w

wha

t is

the

need

s an

d he

lp fi

ndin

g th

e de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s.

.

1. S

ecto

r In

vest

men

t Pla

n 20

05-2

015.

Pa

ge8

2. B

udge

t St

rate

gic

Plan

20

12-2

014

3. D

RHC’

s PI

P 20

09-2

013

Plan

ning

RSH

6An

nual

revie

wIs

ther

e a

annu

al m

ulti-

stak

ehol

der r

evie

w

in p

lace

to m

onito

r su

bsec

tor p

erfo

rman

ce,

to re

view

pro

gres

s an

d se

t cor

rect

ive a

ctio

ns?

Revie

w o

f pe

rform

ance

an

d se

tting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

Revie

w o

f pe

rform

ance

bu

t no

setti

ng

of c

orre

ctive

ac

tions

No re

view

or

set

ting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

0.5

MRD

has

est

ablis

hed

TWG-

RWSS

H on

rura

l wat

er s

uppl

y an

d sa

nita

tion.

Th

e m

ain

role

s of

TW

G ar

e to

follo

w u

p th

e pr

ogre

ss o

f the

sec

tor t

hrou

gh

quar

terly

mee

tings

and

coo

rdin

ate

stra

tegi

c in

puts

from

dev

elop

men

t pa

rtner

s. S

ecre

taria

t is

unde

rsta

ffed,

and

no

annu

al s

ecto

r rev

iew

take

s pl

ace.

The

re is

no

asse

ssm

ent f

or c

orre

ctive

mea

sure

of t

he s

ecto

r pe

rform

ance

. Joi

nt M

onito

ring

Indi

cato

rs o

f the

TW

G re

flect

som

e ac

tiviti

es

betw

een

gove

rnm

ent a

nd D

P, bu

t sec

tor m

onito

ring

syst

em is

abs

ent.

Ther

e is

WAS

H co

ordi

natio

n m

eetin

g, w

ith s

ub-g

roup

s, th

at s

uppo

rts in

form

atio

n sh

arin

g, b

ut th

ey h

ave

limite

d in

volve

men

t in

TWG.

MOP

lead

s a

mid

-ter

m re

view

of N

SDP

for a

ll se

ctor

s.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Plan

ning

RSH

7HR

Cap

acity

Has

an a

sses

smen

t be

en u

nder

take

n of

th

e hu

man

reso

urce

ne

eds

in th

e su

b se

ctor

to m

eet t

he

subs

ecto

r tar

get a

nd is

th

e ac

tion

plan

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted?

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n an

d ac

tions

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n bu

t no

act

ion

bein

g ta

ken

No a

sses

smen

t un

derta

ken

0Fo

r the

dev

elop

men

t of t

he n

atio

nal s

trate

gy fo

r rur

al w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n, H

R ne

eds

wer

e id

entifi

ed b

ut n

ot s

peci

fic ty

pe o

f ski

ll. On

ly th

e re

sour

ce n

eeds

at l

ocal

leve

l wer

e m

entio

ned.

Rec

ruitm

ent p

roce

sses

w

ithin

MRD

nee

d M

EF a

ppro

val a

nd d

o no

t nec

essa

rily

refle

ct s

kill

requ

irem

ents

. Fun

ctio

nal m

appi

ng re

ports

wea

knes

ses

in s

taffi

ng, i

n qu

antit

y an

d qu

ality

.

1. N

atio

nal

Stra

tegy

For

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

and

Sani

tatio

n 20

11-2

025

2. F

unct

iona

l Re

port

of th

e M

RD 2

010

Budg

etRS

H 8

Adeq

uacy

(of

finan

cing

)Ar

e th

e pu

blic

fina

ncia

l co

mm

itmen

ts to

th

e ru

ral s

anita

tion

subs

ecto

r suf

ficie

nt

to m

eet t

he n

atio

nal

targ

ets

for t

he

subs

ecto

r?

Mor

e th

an

75%

of w

hat i

s ne

eded

Betw

een

50-

75%

of n

eeds

Less

than

50%

of

need

s0

The

natio

nal s

trate

gy c

lear

ly de

fined

the

need

of fi

nanc

ing

yet b

ut

addr

esse

d th

at la

ck o

f fina

ncin

g. S

DA e

stim

ate

clea

rly s

peci

fy a

gap

of

US$6

milli

on a

nnua

lly, h

owev

er w

ith a

ver

y hi

gh re

lianc

e of

US$

24 m

illion

fro

m h

ouse

hold

s th

at w

ill re

quire

muc

h hi

gher

fund

s fo

r sof

twar

e an

d op

erat

iona

l cos

ts to

act

ually

mat

eria

lize.

Fun

ding

of s

oftw

are,

dem

and

prom

otio

n an

d ot

her o

pera

tiona

l cos

t are

sev

erel

y in

adeq

uate

. Par

tner

m

appi

ng re

port

for t

he ru

ral w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n se

ctor

sho

wed

that

de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

and

NGO

sup

port

allo

cate

d fo

r per

iod

of 2

009-

2015

is

aro

und

$15

milli

on p

er y

ear (

incl

udes

sof

twar

e, h

ardw

are

and

prog

ram

co

sts)

, alth

ough

with

an

incr

easi

ng a

lloca

tion

to s

anita

tion,

alth

ough

ofte

n im

plem

ente

d no

t thr

ough

gov

ernm

ent

1. S

DA fi

nanc

ial

anal

ysis

: bud

get

2. P

artn

er

map

ping

repo

rt 20

13

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t59

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Budg

etRS

H 9

Stru

ctur

eDo

es th

e bu

dget

st

ruct

ure

perm

it in

vest

men

ts a

nd

subs

idie

s (o

pera

tiona

l co

sts,

adm

inis

tratio

n,

debt

ser

vice,

etc

) for

the

rura

l san

itatio

n se

ctor

to

be c

lear

ly id

entifi

ed?

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent a

nd

for s

ubsi

dies

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent b

ut

not s

ubsi

dies

No0

As p

er th

e Na

tiona

l Bud

get L

aw, m

ulti-

year

bud

get s

houl

d sh

ow th

e so

urce

of i

ncom

e fro

m o

wn

sour

ce (s

tate

inco

me)

and

inco

me

from

ex

tern

al (i

nclu

ding

: inv

estm

ent s

ubsi

dy, b

ilate

ral s

ubsi

dy, a

nd lo

ans)

and

th

e ex

pend

iture

for n

atio

nal l

evel

(min

istri

es a

nd p

rovin

cial

dep

artm

ents

), an

d th

e ex

pend

iture

for s

ub-n

atio

nal l

evel

(inc

ludi

ng: c

ity, d

istri

ct, s

angk

at/

com

mun

e). T

he la

w a

lso

spec

ifies

the

capi

tal e

xpen

ditu

re fr

om a

broa

d an

d ca

pita

l inv

estm

ent w

ith th

e av

aila

ble

and

not a

vaila

ble

budg

et. R

elat

ed

to th

e re

cord

s of

all

the

maj

or s

ourc

e of

ext

erna

l inc

ome,

the

Coun

cil f

or

the

Deve

lopm

ent o

f Cam

bodi

a (C

DC) e

stab

lishe

d th

e OD

A da

taba

se fo

r de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s to

pro

vide

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

ir in

vest

men

ts.

Pres

ent,

MRD

has

allo

cate

d bu

dget

90%

to ru

ral r

oad

and

less

than

10%

fo

r rur

al w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n. In

prin

cipa

l, M

EF c

an o

nly

incr

ease

bu

dget

5%

ann

ually

to M

RD b

ased

on

the

GDP

grow

th. I

t dep

ends

on

the

MRD

itse

lf to

dec

ide

on in

crea

sing

the

budg

et fo

r RW

SS w

ithin

the

budg

et

allo

cate

d fro

m M

EF.

1. N

atio

nal

Budg

et L

aw2.

Con

sulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Budg

etRS

H 10

Com

preh

ensi

ve

Does

the

gove

rnm

ent

budg

et c

ompr

ehen

sive

ly co

ver d

omes

tic

and

offic

ial d

onor

in

vest

men

t/sub

sidy

to

rura

l san

itatio

n?

Mor

e th

an 7

5%

of fu

nds

to

subs

ecto

r on

budg

et

Betw

een

50-

75%

of f

unds

to

sub

sect

or o

n bu

dget

Less

than

50%

of

fund

s to

su

bsec

tor o

n bu

dget

0Cu

rrent

ly th

ere

is n

o se

para

te b

udge

t-lin

e/ac

coun

t for

rura

l san

itatio

n.

DRHC

is re

spon

sibl

e fo

r cap

ital i

nves

tmen

t onl

y w

hile

the

oper

atio

nal

expe

nditu

re is

in c

harg

e by

dep

artm

ent o

f adm

in a

nd fi

nanc

e. W

ith th

e in

trodu

ctio

n of

the

prog

ram

-bas

ed b

udge

ting

this

is e

xpec

ted

to c

hang

e.

MRD

has

to p

ut th

e bu

dget

pla

n pr

opos

e on

thei

r PIP,

alth

ough

the

gove

rnm

ent n

ot a

ble

to p

rovid

e th

e bu

dget

as

prop

osed

but

will

show

it to

ot

her D

Ps to

get

thei

r int

eres

t to

supp

ort i

n so

me

way

s. T

he n

atio

nal b

udge

t al

loca

ted

for r

ural

wat

er s

uppl

y an

d sa

nita

tion

sect

or is

abo

ut $

11.1

2milli

on

from

200

8-20

13, a

nd it

incl

udes

maj

or d

evel

opm

ent p

artn

er fu

nds

(like

lo

ans)

, but

doe

s no

t spe

cify

ver

y w

ell h

ardw

are

vers

us s

oftw

are

cost

s.

How

ever

, due

to lo

t of N

GO in

volve

men

t in

the

sect

or, a

larg

e fu

nd a

lloca

tion

rem

ains

of b

udge

t (in

clud

ing

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce)

.

1. O

DA h

ttp://

cdc.

khm

er.b

iz2.

Inve

stm

ent

budg

et

2009

-201

1 &

2013

&201

53.

The

pro

gres

s re

port

of W

SS

sect

or is

sued

by

MRD

on

Janu

ary

2013

.

DEVE

LOPI

NG

Expe

nditu

reRS

H 11

Utiliz

atio

n of

do

mes

tic fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of d

omes

tic fu

nds

budg

eted

for r

ural

sa

nita

tion

are

spen

t (3

year

ave

rage

)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%1

Base

d on

the

natio

nal b

udge

t law

pro

vided

to M

RD fr

om 2

009-

2011

sh

owed

that

the

expe

nditu

re o

f dom

estic

fund

s w

ork

wel

l, at

nat

iona

l le

vel 8

8% a

nd p

rovin

cial

leve

l 90%

of t

otal

bud

get h

as e

xpen

sed.

Thi

s is

be

caus

e th

e bu

dget

allo

cate

d to

MRD

nor

mal

ly la

te o

n qu

arte

r and

pro

vided

on

ly re

curre

nt b

udge

t and

som

e su

bsid

y bu

dget

for s

ocia

l fun

d. S

omet

imes

th

e bu

dget

app

rove

d ha

s be

en u

se fo

r oth

er p

riorit

y pu

rpos

es o

ut o

f the

pl

an a

s w

ell.

Othe

r bot

tlene

cks

repo

rted

with

the

use

of d

omes

tic fu

nds,

esp

ecia

lly a

t lo

cal l

evel

rela

te to

the

unce

rtain

ty if

and

how

sof

twar

e co

sts

can

and

shou

ld b

e bu

dget

ed a

nd re

porte

d ag

ains

t. Th

e fa

milia

rity

with

“cap

ital

inve

stm

ents

” at l

ocal

leve

l, m

akes

it d

ifficu

lt fo

r com

mun

es to

take

on

mor

e so

cial

ser

vices

that

requ

ire d

evel

opm

ent e

xpen

ditu

re to

be

focu

ssed

on

softw

are

Budg

et la

w

vs. a

ctua

l ex

pend

iture

fro

m (2

009-

2011

)

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

60

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Expe

nditu

reRS

H 12

Utiliz

atio

n of

ex

tern

al fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of

exte

rnal

fund

s bu

dget

ed

for r

ural

san

itatio

n ar

e sp

ent (

3 ye

ar a

vera

ge)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%1

Ther

e is

no

refe

renc

e do

cum

ent b

ut fr

om e

ach

depa

rtmen

t and

som

e de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s lik

e Un

icef

, ADB

has

men

tione

d th

at th

e ex

tern

al fu

nd

spen

t on

time

and

at le

ast 7

5%. H

owev

er, n

orm

ally,

the

proj

ect s

tart

up is

sl

ow d

isbu

rsem

ent a

nd q

uick

afte

r the

pro

ject

sta

rted.

Mee

tings

Expe

nditu

reRS

H 13

Repo

rting

Is ru

ral s

anita

tion

expe

nditu

re v

ersu

s bu

dget

aud

ited

and

repo

rted

on in

a

cons

olid

ated

form

at fo

r al

l sou

rces

of d

omes

tic

and

offic

ial d

onor

ex

pend

iture

?

Yes

for d

omes

tic

and

dono

r ex

pend

iture

Yes

for

dom

estic

ex

pend

iture

No0

Ther

e is

no

cons

olid

ated

fina

ncia

l rep

ort f

or a

ll re

sour

ces.

In p

ract

ice

each

de

partm

ent h

as o

wn

finan

ce o

ffice

r and

repo

rt to

dep

artm

ent o

f fina

nce.

De

velo

pmen

t par

tner

exp

endi

ture

is n

ot in

clud

ed in

nat

iona

l cha

rt of

ac

coun

ts, a

nd th

us re

porti

ng is

inco

mpl

ete.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Equi

tyRS

H 14

Loca

l pa

rtici

patio

nAr

e th

ere

clea

rly

defin

ed p

roce

dure

s fo

r in

form

ing,

con

sulti

ng

with

and

sup

porti

ng

loca

l par

ticip

atio

n in

pl

anni

ng, b

udge

ting

and

impl

emen

ting

for r

ural

san

itatio

n de

velo

pmen

ts?

Yes

and

syst

emat

ical

ly ap

plie

d

Yes,

but

not

sy

stem

atic

ally

appl

ied

No0.

5Th

e pr

oced

ures

wer

e cl

early

defi

ned

from

nat

iona

l to

loca

l lev

el. P

rese

ntly

the

com

mun

e, d

istri

ct a

re d

evel

opin

g in

vest

men

t pla

n sa

nd re

ceive

an

allo

catio

n of

the

annu

al n

atio

nal b

udge

t to

impl

emen

t the

act

ivity

but

st

ill ve

ry s

mal

l am

ount

. Com

mun

es a

nd d

istri

cts

rece

ive fu

ndin

g (C

SF is

2.

8% o

f nat

iona

l rev

enue

), an

d D/

M fu

nd is

0.8

% o

f nat

iona

l rev

enue

DM

fu

nd) b

ased

on

allo

catio

n m

echa

nism

. So

far,

send

ing

on ru

ral w

ater

and

sa

nita

tion

is n

ot a

prio

rity

item

. Nat

iona

l fun

ding

thro

ugh

MRD

is a

lloca

ted

to d

iffer

ent P

DRD,

nor

mal

ly ba

sed

on th

e bo

ttom

-up

wor

k pl

an p

repa

ratio

n.

How

ever

pro

cedu

res

are

not s

tand

ardi

zed

and

syst

emat

ical

ly ap

plie

d

1. C

omm

une/

Sang

kat L

aw2.

Inve

stm

ent

Plan

of D

istri

ct

leve

l3.

Inve

stm

ent

Plan

of

Com

mun

e Le

vel

Equi

tyRS

H 15

Budg

et a

lloca

tion

crite

riaHa

ve c

riter

ia (o

r a

form

ula)

bee

n de

term

ined

to a

lloca

te

rura

l san

itatio

n fu

ndin

g eq

uita

bly

acro

ss ru

ral

com

mun

ities

and

is

it b

eing

app

lied

cons

iste

ntly?

Yes,

app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

Yes,

but

no

t app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

No0.

5Th

e na

tiona

l bud

get l

aw h

as th

e m

echa

nism

for a

lloca

tion

budg

et to

all

min

istri

es b

ased

on

the

GDP

grow

th a

nd p

riorit

ized

sect

ors.

MRD

is o

ne

of th

e pr

iorit

y m

inis

tries

. How

ever

, the

bud

get a

lloca

ted

from

MRD

to

subs

ecto

r has

no

crite

ria a

nd is

not

sys

tem

atic

ally

appl

ied.

WSS

rece

ived

less

than

10%

of t

otal

bud

get a

lloca

ted

to M

RD. T

here

is n

o do

cum

enta

tion

on th

e cr

iteria

(or f

orm

ula)

had

bee

n de

term

ine

but i

n pr

actic

e DR

WS

use

budg

et to

impl

emen

t the

act

ivity

by

rota

tion

met

hod.

The

foun

datio

n cr

iteria

ar

e po

pula

tion

dens

ity, p

over

ty ra

te, p

rese

nce

of N

GO/D

P, di

arrh

oea

rate

, re

mot

e ar

ea, a

nd lo

w W

SS c

over

age.

In s

trate

gy o

f rur

al w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tatio

n in

dica

tes

the

need

but

nee

d to

dev

elop

into

gui

delin

e.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Equi

tyRS

H 16

Redu

cing

in

equa

lity

Is th

ere

perio

dic

anal

ysis

to a

sses

s w

heth

er a

lloca

tion

crite

ria a

nd lo

cal

parti

cipa

tion

proc

edur

es

set b

y go

vern

men

t hav

e be

en a

dher

ed to

and

ar

e re

duci

ng d

ispa

ritie

s in

acc

ess?

Yes

perio

dic

anal

ysis

pu

blis

hed

and

acte

d up

on

Yes

perio

dic

anal

ysis

pu

blis

hed

but

not a

cted

upo

n

No0

Norm

ally

DRHC

and

PDR

D im

plem

ent t

he p

rogr

am b

ased

on

prio

rity

activ

ity a

nd o

n ad

hoc

man

ner b

ecau

se o

f lim

ited

natio

nal b

udge

t allo

cate

d co

mpa

re to

the

huge

nee

ds. P

rese

ntly,

at p

rovin

cial

leve

l doe

s no

t hav

e w

ell d

evel

oped

pla

ns a

ligne

d w

ith s

ecto

r tar

get.

Ther

e is

not

a lo

t of b

otto

m

up p

lann

ing

happ

enin

g w

ith d

istri

cts

and

com

mun

es, a

nd th

ere

are

no

syst

emat

ic re

view

s w

heth

er p

lan

and

impl

emen

tatio

n ar

e su

ppor

ting

the

redu

ctio

n of

ineq

ualit

ies,

als

o la

rgel

y du

e to

abs

ent m

onito

ring

syst

ems

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t61

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Outp

utRS

H 17

Quan

tity

Is th

e an

nual

exp

ansi

on

of ru

ral h

ouse

hold

s ga

inin

g ac

cess

to s

afe

sani

tatio

n su

ffici

ent

to m

eet t

he s

ubse

ctor

ta

rget

s?

Over

75%

of t

hat

need

ed to

reac

h se

ctor

targ

ets

Betw

een

75%

an

d 50

% o

f th

at n

eede

d to

ac

hiev

e ta

rget

s

Less

than

50%

of

that

nee

ded

to

reac

h ta

rget

s

0 D

RHC

has

no re

al-t

ime

relia

ble

M&E

sys

tem

to c

aptu

re th

e an

nual

in

crea

se a

nd u

sage

of i

mpr

oved

san

itatio

n, a

s w

ell a

s ve

rified

ODF

villa

ges.

Th

e ta

rget

of 1

00%

uni

vers

al a

cces

s w

ould

requ

ire a

n ac

cele

ratio

n in

the

num

ber o

f new

faci

litie

s th

at a

re d

evel

oped

, as

wel

l as

a ve

rifica

tion

and

follo

w-u

p pr

oces

s to

ens

ure

ODF

sust

aina

bilit

y. Ba

sed

on c

urre

nt tr

ends

, tre

nd n

eed

to a

ccel

erat

e 4-

5 fo

ld.

Cam

bodi

a M

&E S

ituat

ion

anal

ysis

for r

ural

W

ASH;

nat

iona

l su

rvey

dat

a CS

ES, D

HS

Outp

utRS

H 18

Capa

city

for

prom

otio

nIs

ther

e en

ough

cap

acity

-

staf

f, ex

perti

se, t

ools

, m

ater

ials

- to

del

iver

a sa

nita

tion

prog

ram

at

sca

le, u

sing

tailo

red

com

mun

ity-b

ased

and

/or

oth

er a

ppro

ache

s?

Yes,

cap

acity

ex

ists

and

ap

proa

ches

are

be

ing

used

at

scal

e

Gaps

in

capa

city

but

ap

proa

ches

ge

nera

lly b

eing

us

ed a

t sca

le

Defic

its in

ca

paci

ty a

nd n

o co

mm

unity

-bas

ed

appr

oach

es a

t sc

ale

0.5

Ther

e is

no

com

preh

ensi

ve s

tudy

the

need

of h

uman

reso

urce

s, s

kills

, an

d m

ater

ials

to im

plem

ent t

he p

rogr

am a

t sca

le y

et. C

apac

ity b

uild

ing

effo

rts a

re ta

ken

up b

y va

riety

of d

iffer

ent N

GOs

and

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers,

so

met

imes

usi

ng e

ach

othe

r’s m

ater

ials

. How

ever

ther

e is

no

natio

nal

capa

city

bui

ldin

g fra

mew

ork

or c

urric

ulum

that

is c

onsi

sten

tly u

sed,

nei

ther

is

ther

e an

ove

rarc

hing

Com

mun

icat

ions

stra

tegy

and

tool

s, th

at a

re w

idel

y ad

opte

d an

d en

dors

ed b

y M

RD. S

uch

natio

nal B

CC s

trate

gy is

now

in

deve

lopm

ent,

incl

udin

g th

e id

entifi

catio

n of

gap

s.

1. N

atio

nal

Stra

tegy

for

Rura

l Wat

er

Supp

ly,

Sani

tatio

n an

d Hy

gien

e 20

11-

2025

2. C

once

pt N

ote

on B

CC s

trate

gy

deve

lopm

ent

3. V

ario

us to

ols

and

mat

eria

ls

by d

iffer

ent

partn

ers

Outp

utRS

H 19

Repo

rting

Does

the

gove

rnm

ent

regu

larly

mon

itor a

nd

repo

rt on

pro

gres

s an

d qu

ality

of r

ural

sa

nita

tion

acce

ss,

incl

udin

g se

ttlem

ent-

wid

e sa

nita

tion,

and

di

ssem

inat

e th

e re

sults

?

Qual

ity,

quan

tity

and

diss

emin

ated

Qual

ity o

r qu

antit

yNe

ither

0Th

e DR

HC d

oes

not h

ave

M&E

sys

tem

in p

lace

to tr

ack

acce

ss a

nd O

DF

achi

evem

ent,

as w

ell a

s ot

her c

ritic

al m

anag

emen

t inf

orm

atio

n to

impr

ove

prog

ram

impl

emen

tatio

n. D

ata

is m

ainl

y re

ceive

d fro

m D

Ps &

NGO

s, K

AP

and

Cens

us/ S

urve

ys, w

here

defi

nitio

ns a

re n

ot a

lway

s w

ell a

ligne

d or

sa

mpl

e si

zes

are

smal

l and

pro

vide

no g

eogr

aphi

cal g

ranu

larit

y. Th

e CD

B ha

s sa

nita

tion

acce

ss b

ut is

repo

rtedl

y no

t a v

ery

accu

rate

sou

rce

and

only

upda

ted

annu

ally.

With

hel

p of

UNI

CEF,

GSF

and

WSP

, and

oth

er p

artn

ers

rura

l san

itatio

n m

onito

ring

syst

em w

ill be

dev

elop

ed

1. C

ambo

dia

M&E

Situ

atio

n an

alys

is fo

r rur

al

WAS

H;

SUST

AINI

NG

Mar

ket

RSH

20Su

pply-

chai

nDo

es th

e su

pply-

chai

n fo

r san

itatio

n pr

oduc

ts

mee

t hou

seho

ld n

eeds

(re

ady

avai

labi

lity,

quan

tity

and

cost

), sa

tisfy

gov

ernm

ent

stan

dard

s an

d re

ach

to

unse

rved

are

as?

Yes

for q

uant

ity,

cost

, sta

ndar

ds

and

reac

h

Yes,

but

not

for

all o

f qua

ntity

, co

st, s

tand

ards

an

d re

ach

No0.

5Th

e M

RD d

oes

not h

ave

stan

dard

for l

atrin

e de

sign

s, q

ualit

y le

vel o

f ser

vice.

Al

thou

gh im

porta

nt c

ost r

educ

tions

hav

e ta

ken

plac

e du

e to

inno

vatio

n of

sev

eral

NGO

s th

at a

re a

ctive

in s

anita

tion

mar

ketin

g, th

e pr

ice

and

unaf

ford

abilit

y of

a d

esira

ble

shel

ter a

re s

till b

arrie

rs. E

xper

ienc

e w

ith

mic

rofin

ance

pro

duct

s fo

r san

itatio

n is

em

ergi

ng, a

s af

ford

abilit

y is

stil

l a

big

chal

leng

e fo

r the

poo

r. As

per

the

estim

atio

n fro

m D

RHC,

san

itatio

n m

arke

ting

and

supp

ly ch

ain

supp

ort i

s no

w a

lmos

t rea

chin

g to

all

dist

rict

of15

0/18

5 to

tal d

istri

cts.

WSP

(201

4)

Less

ons

from

sa

nita

tion

loan

s th

roug

h M

icro

finan

ce

inst

itutio

nsGS

F (2

014)

Ev

alua

tion

of

mic

rofin

ance

fo

r san

itatio

n in

Ca

mbo

dia

.

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

62

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Mar

ket

RSH

21Pr

ivate

sec

tor

capa

city

Is th

ere

suffi

cien

t m

ason

/arti

san/

smal

l bu

sine

ss c

apac

ity to

m

eet h

ouse

hold

nee

ds

(qua

ntity

, qua

lity

and

cost

)?

Yes

for q

uant

ity

and

cost

Yes,

for

quan

tity

but n

ot

for c

ost

Neith

er0.

5Th

e sa

nita

tion

prod

uct d

esig

n w

as d

riven

by

NGO

with

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith M

RD. S

calin

g up

of s

anita

tion

mar

ketin

g in

itiat

ives

have

sho

wn

that

bu

sine

ss c

apac

ity to

del

iver c

an b

e pa

tchy

and

som

etim

es in

suffi

cien

t to

del

iver o

n in

crea

sed

dem

and.

Priv

ate

sect

or re

mai

ns re

liant

to s

ome

exte

nt o

n ex

tern

al s

uppo

rt to

man

age

certa

in a

spec

ts o

f the

sup

ply

chai

n (s

ales

, coo

rdin

atio

n, e

tc.).

Fur

ther

cos

t red

uctio

ns, e

spec

ially

for s

helte

r or

solu

tions

, and

priv

ate

sect

or c

apac

ity (i

nclu

ding

mas

on) b

uild

ing

is e

xpec

ted

to b

e ne

eded

.

WSP

Les

sons

fro

m S

anita

tion

Mar

ketin

g in

Ca

mbo

dia

(201

3)W

SP S

anita

tion

Supp

ly an

d De

man

d as

sess

men

t (2

010)

Repo

rts b

y iD

E an

d W

ater

SHED

as

per

thei

r w

ebsi

tes

Mar

ket

RSH

22Pr

ivate

sec

tor

deve

lopm

ent

Does

the

gove

rnm

ent

have

pro

gram

s to

pr

omot

e an

d gu

ide

the

dom

estic

priv

ate

sect

or

and

faci

litat

e in

nova

tion

for t

he p

rovis

ion

of

sani

tatio

n se

rvic

es in

ru

ral a

reas

?

Yes,

with

var

ious

co

mpo

nent

sYe

s, b

ut

eith

er b

eing

de

velo

ped

or

has

gaps

No p

rom

otio

n,

guid

ance

or

enco

urag

emen

t

0.5

The

natio

nal p

olic

y on

rura

l wat

er s

uppl

y an

d sa

nita

tion

2003

add

ress

ed

the

impo

rtant

role

s of

priv

ate

sect

or in

dev

elop

men

t of t

he s

ecto

r. To

no

w, M

RD h

as n

o sp

ecifi

c m

echa

nism

to a

ttrac

t priv

ate

sect

or in

vest

in

the

sect

or y

et. H

owev

er, t

he g

over

nmen

t is

wor

king

with

NGO

par

tner

s pr

ovid

ing

tech

nica

l sup

port

and

capa

city

bui

ldin

g to

loca

l priv

ate

sect

or, a

nd

curre

ntly

a re

view

is o

ngoi

ng to

look

at t

he b

est o

ptio

ns a

nd p

latfo

rms

for

gove

rnm

ent t

o pr

oact

ively

faci

litat

e a

larg

er ro

le o

f priv

ate

sect

or a

ctor

s

Natio

nal p

olic

y on

rura

l wat

er

supp

ly an

d sa

nita

tion

2003

Dalb

erg

(201

4)

ince

ptio

n re

port

of s

anita

tion

mar

ketin

g re

view

; int

erim

re

port

Mar

ket

RSH

23M

anag

emen

t of

Disa

ster

Ris

k an

d Cl

imat

e Ch

ange

Do ru

ral s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

[loca

l go

vern

men

t ] h

ave

plan

s fo

r cop

ing

with

na

tura

l dis

aste

rs a

nd

clim

ate

chan

ge?

Yes,

the

maj

ority

of

rura

l ser

vice

prov

ider

s ha

ve a

pl

an fo

r dis

aste

r ris

k m

anag

emen

t an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

No. O

nly

som

e se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

a

plan

for

disa

ster

risk

m

anag

emen

t an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

or

mos

t ser

vice

prov

ider

s ha

ve

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

No s

ervic

e pr

ovid

er h

as a

cl

imat

e ac

tion

plan

or h

as

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

0.5

Natio

nal c

omm

ittee

for d

isas

ter m

anag

emen

t has

not

yet

bud

get a

lloca

ted

at lo

cal l

evel

to p

repa

re fo

r dis

aste

rs, b

ut o

nly

carri

es o

ut p

ost d

isas

ter

activ

ities

, inc

ludi

ng p

rovid

ing

WAS

H se

rvic

es in

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns.

Priva

te s

ecto

r pro

vider

s ar

e ty

pica

lly n

ot v

ery

pres

ent i

n ar

eas

that

are

vu

lner

able

to s

ever

floo

ding

as

suita

ble

solu

tions

are

cos

tly, d

eman

d is

lo

w, a

nd k

now

ledg

e on

wha

t des

igns

wor

k w

ell i

s no

t wid

espr

ead.

Thi

s w

ill co

ntin

ue to

be

an a

rea

for f

utur

e in

vest

igat

ion,

as

flood

s ar

e lik

ely

to

incr

ease

due

to th

e im

pact

of c

limat

e ch

ange

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ru

ral W

ater

Su

pply

& Sa

nita

tion

Pres

enta

tions

pr

epar

ed o

n ch

alle

ngin

g En

viron

men

ts

as p

art o

f th

e W

ATSA

N co

ordi

natio

n m

eetin

g (ID

E,

Engi

neer

s W

ithou

t Bor

ders

, Li

ve a

nd L

earn

)

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t63

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Upta

keRS

H 24

Supp

ort f

or

expa

nsio

nAr

e ex

pend

iture

s at

the

loca

l lev

el in

line

with

th

e na

tiona

l san

itatio

n po

licy

and

are

they

su

ffici

ent t

o ac

hiev

e na

tiona

l tar

gets

?

In li

ne w

ith p

olic

y an

d su

ffici

ent t

o ac

hiev

e na

tiona

l ta

rget

s

In li

ne w

ith

polic

y bu

t in

suffi

cien

t to

ach

ieve

na

tiona

l tar

gets

Not i

n lin

e w

ith

polic

y an

d in

suffi

cien

t to

achi

eve

natio

nal

obje

ctive

s

0Co

mm

une

and

Sang

katF

und

allo

cate

d to

com

mun

e le

vel i

s m

ainl

y sp

end

on ro

ads

and

publ

ic in

frast

ruct

ures

; alth

ough

this

can

be

spen

d in

sup

port

of s

anita

tion,

with

sup

port

of C

CWC,

gui

danc

e is

ofte

n m

issi

ng o

n ho

w

com

mun

es c

an b

est p

lan

and

exec

ute

this

fund

; or i

n ca

se c

omm

unes

wis

h to

incl

ude

sani

tatio

n as

a p

riorit

y, it

anec

dotic

ally

doe

s no

t yet

tran

slat

ed

into

the

annu

al d

istri

ct p

lans

. UNI

CEF

has

allo

cate

d ea

rmar

ked

fund

ing

for

60 c

omm

unes

, ($

2000

), to

car

ry o

ut lo

cal w

ash

activ

ities

.

1. G

uide

line

for

com

mun

e to

im

plem

ent t

he

WAS

H (U

NICE

F)3.

Dis

trict

and

co

mm

une

inve

stm

ent p

lan

4. B

udge

t law

20

13

Upta

keRS

H 25

Ince

ntive

sHa

s go

vern

men

t (n

atio

nal o

r loc

al)

deve

lope

d an

y po

licie

s,

proc

edur

es o

r pro

gram

s to

stim

ulat

e up

take

of

rura

l san

itatio

n se

rvic

es

and

beha

viors

by

hous

ehol

ds?

Polic

ies

and

proc

edur

es

(inst

rum

ents

) de

velo

ped

and

bein

g im

plem

ente

d

Som

e po

licie

s an

d pr

oced

ures

(in

stru

men

ts)

deve

lope

d bu

t not

im

plem

ente

d

No p

olic

ies

or

proc

edur

es

(inst

rum

ents

) ex

ist

0.5

Som

e gu

idel

ines

and

inst

rum

ents

hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

to s

timul

ate

upta

ke

of ru

ral s

anita

tion

serv

ices

and

beh

avio

urs

by h

ouse

hold

s. M

RD re

cent

ly is

sued

a C

LTS

and

ODF

verifi

catio

n gu

idel

ine

that

stim

ulat

es v

illage

s an

d co

mm

unes

to re

ach

ODF

stat

us.

In te

rms

of in

cent

ives,

the

Stra

tegy

dis

cuss

es th

e ca

utio

us u

se o

f ha

rdw

are

subs

idie

s; h

owev

er in

real

ity fr

agm

ente

d ap

proa

ches

are

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted,

with

som

e in

nova

tions

of o

utpu

t-ba

sed

aid

to ta

rget

ed

poor

hou

seho

lds

(EM

WF)

as

wel

l as

appr

oach

es w

here

sub

sidi

es a

re

broa

dly

prov

ided

to e

ither

ent

ire v

illage

s (W

B Ke

tsan

a) o

r lar

ge p

arts

of

the

Com

mun

ity (A

DB R

WSS

P2).

A m

ore

deta

iled

guid

ance

and

con

sist

ent

impl

emen

tatio

n w

ould

sup

port

cohe

renc

e un

der a

futu

re n

atio

nal p

rogr

am

1. C

LTS

and

ODF

awar

ding

gu

idel

ine

2. H

ygie

ne

Prom

otio

n gu

idel

ine

3. C

once

pt

pape

r on

natio

nal B

CC

stra

tegy

4. D

iscu

ssio

n am

ong

sect

or

expe

rts

Upta

keRS

H 26

Beha

viors

Is th

e go

vern

men

t ge

nera

ting

and

usin

g ev

iden

ce to

mon

itor

and

anal

yze

hous

ehol

d sa

nita

tion

beha

vior

chan

ge a

nd ta

ke

actio

n to

impr

ove

sust

aina

bilit

y?

Rese

arch

use

d to

und

erst

and

beha

vior a

nd

take

act

ion

acro

ss a

var

iety

of

beh

avio

rs

Rese

arch

use

d to

und

erst

and

beha

vior b

ut n

o ac

tion

Rese

arch

not

us

ed a

nd n

o ac

tion

0.5

Alre

ady

affa

ir am

ount

of f

orm

ative

rese

arch

has

bee

n ca

rried

out

to

unde

rsta

nd th

e dr

ivers

and

bar

riers

for s

anita

tion

beha

viour

s), i

nclu

ding

a

wid

espr

ead

KAP

surv

ey in

201

1, a

s w

ell a

s a

rura

l san

itatio

n co

nsum

er

adop

tion

stud

y by

Wat

erSH

ED in

201

2.Cu

rrent

ly M

RD is

revie

win

g al

l the

se e

viden

ce to

brin

g th

is u

nder

a

cons

olid

ated

BCC

stra

tegy

and

iden

tify

gaps

for f

utur

e re

sear

ch a

nd to

ol

deve

lopm

ent.

Othe

r eva

luat

ions

hav

e pr

ovid

ed v

alua

ble

insi

ghts

in w

hat

drive

s ho

useh

olds

to c

hang

e be

havio

ur a

nd fo

r com

mun

ities

to a

chie

ve a

nd

sust

ain

ODF

1. K

AP s

urve

y (2

011)

2. U

nice

f CLT

S ev

alua

tion

repo

rtM

ultip

le p

roje

ct

repo

rts a

nd to

ols

as a

vaila

ble

from

indi

vidua

l or

gani

zatio

ns

(on

wat

san

goog

le d

ocs)

3. B

CC s

trate

gy

deve

lopm

ent f

or

conc

ept n

ote

4. R

ural

Co

nsum

er

Adop

tion

Stud

y, W

ater

SHED

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

64

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

User

Ou

tcom

es

RSH

27Su

bsec

tor

Is th

e su

bsec

tor o

n tra

ck to

mee

t the

sta

ted

targ

et?

On-t

rack

Off-

track

but

ke

epin

g up

w

ith p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Off-

track

0Ba

sed

on th

e pr

ogre

ss a

chie

ved

on ru

ral s

anita

tion

sect

or J

MP

2014

up

date

sta

tes

25%

acc

ess.

Alth

ough

the

trend

sin

ce 2

010

seem

s to

be

incr

easi

ng (a

nd C

IPS

repo

rts 3

7% a

cces

s in

rura

l are

as),

the

exis

ting

trend

line

is o

ff tra

ck to

ach

ieve

the

100%

acc

ess

by 2

025

1. C

IPS

2. J

MP

repo

rt up

date

d 20

14

User

Ou

tcom

esRS

H 28

prog

ress

Wha

t is

the

ratio

of

impr

oved

toile

t acc

ess

betw

een

the

low

est a

nd

high

est q

uint

ile in

rura

l ar

eas?

Less

than

2

times

Betw

een

2 an

d 5

Mor

e th

an 5

tim

es0.

5Ba

sed

on th

e so

cial

eco

nom

ic s

urve

y, th

e qu

intil

e ra

tio b

etw

een

poor

and

ric

h is

4.9

1, it

sho

wed

stil

l hav

e bi

g ga

p.Qu

intil

e ra

tio: 5

9% v

ersu

s 12

% =

4.9

1

CSES

201

1

User

Ou

tcom

esRS

H 29

Hygi

enic

use

of

qual

ity fa

cilit

ies

Wha

t per

cent

age

of

peop

le li

ving

in ru

ral

area

s us

e im

prov

ed

toile

t fac

ilitie

s (e

xclu

ding

sh

ared

faci

litie

s)?

Mor

e th

an 7

5%

of p

eopl

e us

e to

ilets

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

% o

f pe

ople

use

to

ilets

Less

than

50%

of

peop

le u

se to

ilets

0

JMP

2014

upd

ate

illust

rate

s 25

% o

f rur

al C

ambo

dian

s ha

ve a

cces

s.1.

JM

P re

port

2014

upd

ate

ENAB

LING

Polic

yUS

H1Se

ctor

Tar

gets

Are

ther

e US

H ac

cess

ta

rget

s (h

ouse

hold

le

vel a

nd s

ewer

age/

sept

age

man

agem

ent)

in th

e na

tiona

l lev

el

deve

lopm

ent p

lan?

Yes,

targ

ets

for

urba

n ho

useh

old

acce

ss a

nd

sew

erag

e/se

ptag

e m

anag

emen

t in

clud

ed in

the

deve

lopm

ent

plan

Targ

ets

for u

rban

ho

useh

old

acce

ss

incl

uded

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t pl

an b

ut n

o se

wer

age

or s

epta

ge

man

agem

ent

targ

ets

incl

uded

No u

rban

sa

nita

tion

targ

ets

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t pla

n

0.5

NSDP

sta

tes

a ta

rget

of >

80%

hav

ing

impo

ved

acce

s si

n ur

ban

area

s by

20

18.

As p

art o

f the

SDA

dis

cuss

ions

, MPW

T ag

reed

to u

se 1

00%

impr

oved

ac

cess

as

a 20

25 ta

rget

, whi

le a

gree

ing

on a

n am

bitio

us ta

rget

whe

re 5

0%

of u

rban

hou

seho

lds

wou

ld n

eed

to h

ave

acce

ss to

sew

er a

nd tr

eatm

ent

syst

ems.

No fo

rmal

; tar

gets

are

iden

tified

for l

evel

sew

erag

e an

d se

ptag

e m

anag

emen

t

1. N

SDP2

014-

2018

Polic

yUS

H 2

Sect

or p

olic

yIs

ther

e an

urb

an

sani

tatio

n po

licy

that

is a

gree

d by

st

akeh

olde

rs, a

ppro

ved

by g

over

nmen

t, an

d pu

blic

ally

avai

labl

e?

Polic

y of

ficia

lly

appr

oved

and

pu

blic

ally

avai

labl

e

Polic

y dr

afte

d an

d ag

reed

but

no

t offi

cial

ly ap

prov

ed

No p

olic

y1

The

Natio

nal P

olic

y on

Wat

er S

uppl

y an

d Sa

nita

tion

was

dev

elop

ed a

nd

publ

ical

ly di

ssem

inat

ed b

y th

e go

vern

men

t in

2003

, the

re w

as p

artic

ipat

ion

from

dev

elop

men

t par

tner

s bu

t not

wid

ely

publ

ishe

d. It

nee

ds to

be

note

d th

at a

pol

icy

docu

men

t is

not l

aw; h

ence

the

inst

itutio

nal l

inka

ges

that

hav

e be

en li

sted

her

e ar

e no

t sta

tuto

ry

Natio

nal P

olic

y on

Wat

er S

uppl

y an

d Sa

nita

tion

2003

Polic

yUS

H 3

Inst

itutio

nal R

oles

Are

the

inst

itutio

nal

role

s of

urb

an s

anita

tion

subs

ecto

r pla

yers

(n

atio

nal/s

tate

& lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent,

serv

ice

prov

ider

, reg

ulat

or e

tc.)

clea

rly d

efine

d an

d op

erat

iona

lized

?

Defin

ed a

nd

oper

atio

naliz

edDe

fined

but

not

op

erat

iona

lized

Not d

efine

d0.

5Th

e 20

03 p

olic

y de

fined

the

role

s an

d re

spon

sibi

litie

s of

the

key

leve

ls o

f ad

min

istra

tion.

How

ever

ther

e is

no

com

preh

ensi

ve le

gal f

ram

ewor

k fo

r the

ur

ban

sani

tatio

n se

ctor

(no

law

).Th

e Pr

akas

on

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of s

ub-n

atio

nal p

ublic

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d en

gine

erin

g de

partm

ent (

SNPI

ED) w

as is

sued

by

the

MPW

T in

Jul

y 20

11.

This

dep

artm

ent i

s no

t ful

ly op

erat

iona

lized

, as

it re

mai

ns u

nder

reso

urce

d an

d st

affe

d.

.

1. N

atio

nal

Polic

y on

Wat

er

Supp

ly an

d Sa

nita

tion

2003

2. P

raka

s of

es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f SN

PIED

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t65

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Plan

ning

USH

4Fu

nd fl

ow

coor

dina

tion

Does

gov

ernm

ent

have

a p

roce

ss fo

r co

ordi

natin

g m

ultip

le

inve

stm

ents

in th

e su

bsec

tor (

dom

estic

or

don

or, e

g. N

atio

nal

gran

ts, s

tate

bud

gets

, do

nor l

oans

and

gra

nts

etc.

)?

Coor

dina

tion

proc

ess

defin

ed a

nd

oper

atio

naliz

ed

Coor

dina

tion

proc

ess

defin

ed b

ut n

ot

oper

atio

naliz

ed

Not d

efine

d/ n

o pr

oces

s0.

5No

rmal

ly th

e m

inis

try c

reat

es p

roje

ct m

anag

emen

t uni

t (PM

U) to

coo

rdin

ate

any

inve

stm

ent p

roje

ct. M

PWT’

s PI

P sh

ould

be

a ve

hicl

e fo

r bet

ter f

und

coor

dina

tion,

how

ever

ther

e is

no

sect

or w

ide

appr

oach

and

coo

rdin

atio

n m

ostly

take

s pl

ace

at th

e pr

ojec

t lev

el. T

he T

WG

on In

frast

rutu

re, c

haire

d by

M

PWT

does

not

ext

ensi

vely

disc

uss

urba

n sa

nita

tion;

the

sub-

TWG

chai

red

by M

IH o

n ur

ban

wat

er s

uppl

y ha

s no

t yet

form

ally

adop

ted

urba

n sa

nita

tion

Role

s an

d Fu

nctio

ns o

f TW

Gs O

ctob

er

2010

PI

P201

2-20

14

Plan

ning

USH

5In

vest

men

t pla

nsIs

ther

e a

med

ium

term

in

vest

men

t pla

n fo

r ur

ban

sani

tatio

n ba

sed

on n

atio

nal t

arge

ts th

at

is c

oste

d, p

riorit

izes

inve

stm

ent n

eeds

, is

publ

ishe

d an

d us

ed?

Inve

stm

ent p

lan

base

d on

prio

rity

need

s ex

ists

, is

publ

ishe

d an

d us

ed

Exis

ts b

ut n

ot

used

, or u

nder

pr

epar

atio

n

Does

not

exis

t0

Ther

e is

no

stra

tegi

c lo

ng te

rm in

vest

men

t pla

n fo

r urb

an s

anita

tion

yet.

In p

ract

ice,

the

exis

ting

Proj

ect i

mpl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an,is

pro

ject

driv

en. A

m

aste

r pla

n fo

r urb

an s

anita

tion

for P

hnom

Pen

h is

und

er p

repa

ratio

n, w

ith

JICA

sup

port

PIP2

012-

2014

Plan

ning

USH

6An

nual

revie

wIs

ther

e an

ann

ual m

ulti-

stak

ehol

der r

evie

w

in p

lace

to m

onito

r su

bsec

tor p

erfo

rman

ce,

to re

view

pro

gres

s an

d se

t cor

rect

ive a

ctio

ns?

Revie

w o

f pe

rform

ance

an

d se

tting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

Revie

w o

f pe

rform

ance

bu

t no

setti

ng

of c

orre

ctive

ac

tions

No re

view

or

set

ting

of

corre

ctive

act

ions

0Th

ere

is n

o jo

int a

nnua

l rev

iew

pro

cess

. Rev

iew

of p

rogr

ess

sis

done

on

the

proj

ect b

asis

not

at t

he s

ecto

r lev

el.

Expe

rt Op

inio

n

Plan

ning

USH

7HR

Cap

acity

Has

an a

sses

smen

t be

en u

nder

take

n of

th

e hu

man

reso

urce

ne

eds

in th

e su

b se

ctor

to m

eet t

he

subs

ecto

r tar

get a

nd is

th

e ac

tion

plan

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted?

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n an

d ac

tions

bei

ng

impl

emen

ted

Asse

ssm

ent

unde

rtake

n bu

t no

act

ion

bein

g ta

ken

No a

sses

smen

t un

derta

ken

0Th

ere

is n

o se

ctor

ass

essm

ent o

n hu

man

reso

urce

nee

ds fo

r urb

an

sani

tatio

n. T

he d

epar

tmen

t in

char

ge fo

r urb

an s

anita

tion

has

new

ly es

tabl

ishe

d an

d no

reso

urce

and

cap

acity

to d

o it

yet.

Expe

rt Op

inio

n

Budg

etUS

H 8

Adeq

uacy

Are

the

annu

al p

ublic

fin

anci

al c

omm

itmen

ts

to th

e ur

ban

sani

tatio

n su

bsec

tor s

uffic

ient

to

mee

t nat

iona

l tar

gets

fo

r the

sub

sect

or?

Mor

e th

an

75%

of w

hat i

s ne

eded

Betw

een

50-

75%

of n

eeds

Less

than

50%

of

need

s0

Urba

n sa

nita

tion

is a

resp

onsi

bilit

y of

the

Sub

Natio

nal P

ublic

Infra

stru

ctur

e an

d En

gine

erin

g De

partm

ent.

Budg

ets

for u

rban

san

itatio

n ar

e di

fficu

lt to

iden

tify

and

no s

ubse

ctor

ta

rget

s ex

ist f

or tr

eatm

ent o

f fec

al w

aste

. Hen

ce th

is is

sco

red

zero

. In

addi

tion,

the

SDA

cost

ing

mod

el a

ssum

es a

larg

e ga

p of

alm

ost U

S$80

m

illion

, (du

e to

am

bitio

us ta

rget

s)

1. S

DA fi

nanc

ial

anal

ysis

: bud

get

2. In

vest

men

t bu

dget

from

Na

tiona

l Bud

get

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

66

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Budg

etUS

H 9

Stru

ctur

eDo

es th

e bu

dget

st

ruct

ure

perm

it in

vest

men

ts a

nd

subs

idie

s (o

pera

tiona

l co

sts,

adm

inis

tratio

n,

debt

ser

vice,

etc

) for

the

urba

n sa

nita

tion

sect

or

to b

e cl

early

iden

tified

?

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent a

nd

for s

ubsi

dies

Yes

for

inve

stm

ent b

ut

not s

ubsi

dies

No0

Acco

rdin

g to

Nat

iona

l Bud

get L

aw th

e so

urce

of i

ncom

e fro

m o

wn

sour

ce (s

tate

inco

me)

and

inco

me

from

ext

erna

l (in

clud

ing:

inve

stm

ent

subs

idy,

bila

tera

l sub

sidy

, and

loan

s) a

nd th

e ex

pend

iture

for n

atio

nal

leve

l (m

inis

tries

and

pro

vinci

al d

epar

tmen

ts),

and

the

expe

nditu

re fo

r sub

-na

tiona

l lev

el (i

nclu

ding

: city

, dis

trict

, san

gkat

/com

mun

e) n

eeds

to b

e cl

early

Natio

nal B

udge

t

Budg

etUS

H 10

Com

preh

ensi

veDo

es th

e go

vern

men

t bu

dget

com

preh

ensi

vely

cove

r dom

estic

an

d of

ficia

l don

or

inve

stm

ent/s

ubsi

dy to

ur

ban

sani

tatio

n?

Mor

e th

an 7

5%

of fu

nds

to

subs

ecto

r on

budg

et

Betw

een

50-

75%

of f

unds

to

sub

sect

or o

n bu

dget

Less

than

50%

of

fund

s to

su

bsec

tor o

n bu

dget

1Th

e re

cord

s of

all

maj

or s

ourc

es o

f ext

erna

l inc

ome,

the

Coun

cil f

or

the

Deve

lopm

ent o

f Cam

bodi

a (C

DC) e

stab

lishe

d th

e OD

A da

taba

se fo

r de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s to

pro

vide

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

ir in

vest

men

ts.

In n

atio

nal b

udge

t boo

k, th

e da

ta o

f cap

ital i

nves

tmen

t fro

m m

ain

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers

has

been

reco

rded

ove

r 75%

exc

ept t

he s

ome

inve

stm

ent b

udge

t for

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce

was

not

repo

rted.

1. O

DA

data

base

2. N

atio

nal

Budg

et

DEVE

LOPI

NG

Expe

nditu

reUS

H 11

Utiliz

atio

n of

do

mes

tic fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of d

omes

tic fu

nds

budg

eted

for u

rban

sa

nita

tion

are

spen

t (3

year

ave

rage

)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%1

The

dom

estic

fund

is re

curre

nt b

udge

t tha

t gov

ernm

ent a

lloca

ted

to

min

istry

ann

ually

. Ove

r 95%

of t

he d

omes

tic fu

nd h

as b

een

spen

t and

no

rmal

ly th

e bu

dget

allo

cate

d to

min

istry

is la

te 1

qua

rter.

On th

e ot

her

hand

, the

dom

estic

fund

is v

ery

little

am

ount

.

Natio

nal B

udge

t

Expe

nditu

reUS

H 12

Utiliz

atio

n of

ex

tern

al fu

nds

Wha

t per

cent

age

of

exte

rnal

fund

s bu

dget

ed

for u

rban

san

itatio

n ar

e sp

ent (

3 ye

ar a

vera

ge)?

Over

75%

Betw

een

50%

an

d 75

%Le

ss th

an 5

0%0

No d

ata

avai

labl

e on

ext

erna

l pro

ject

util

izatio

n in

last

3 y

ears

N

o da

ta

Expe

nditu

reUS

H 13

Repo

rting

Is u

rban

san

itatio

n ex

pend

iture

ver

sus

budg

et a

udite

d an

d re

porte

d on

in a

co

nsol

idat

ed fo

rmat

for

all s

ourc

es o

f dom

estic

an

d of

ficia

l don

or

expe

nditu

re?

Yes

for d

omes

tic

and

dono

r ex

pend

iture

Yes

for

dom

estic

ex

pend

iture

No0.

5Th

e re

port

of b

udge

t exp

endi

ture

was

not

con

solid

ated

in o

ne re

port,

and

do

es n

ot in

clud

e de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

fund

. PM

U re

cord

s bu

dget

by

proj

ect

only,

but

the

SNPI

ED w

ill be

abl

e to

sep

arat

e ex

pend

iture

bet

wee

n ro

ad a

nd

sew

age

syst

em in

futu

re b

udge

t bre

akdo

wns

.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Sani

tatio

n

Equi

tyUS

H 14

Loca

l pa

rtici

patio

nAr

e th

ere

clea

rly

defin

ed p

roce

dure

s fo

r in

form

ing,

con

sulti

ng

with

and

sup

porti

ng

loca

l par

ticip

atio

n in

pl

anni

ng, b

udge

ting

and

impl

emen

ting

for u

rban

san

itatio

n de

velo

pmen

ts?

Yes

and

syst

emat

ical

ly ap

plie

d

Yes,

but

not

sy

stem

atic

ally

appl

ied

No0.

5Th

ere

is n

o pr

oced

ure

that

cle

arly

defin

es th

e pr

oced

ure

for a

lloca

ting

budg

et. T

he c

urre

nt w

aste

wat

er tr

eatm

ent u

nits

that

are

und

er th

e co

ntro

l of

MPW

T ha

ve to

pre

pare

and

pro

pose

the

annu

al b

udge

t pla

n to

MPW

T. Fo

r Phn

om P

enh,

the

was

te w

ater

man

agem

ent u

nit i

s m

ainl

y su

ppor

ted

and

unde

r the

con

trol o

f Phn

om P

enh

mun

icip

ality

. Loc

al c

omm

uniti

es a

re

not w

ell c

onsu

lted

and

ofte

n re

fuse

to c

onne

ct to

sew

er s

yste

ms

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Sani

tatio

n

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t67

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Equi

tyUS

H 15

Budg

et a

lloca

tion

crite

riaHa

ve c

riter

ia (o

r a

form

ula)

bee

n de

term

ined

to a

lloca

te

urba

n sa

nita

tion

fund

ing

equi

tabl

y to

urb

an

utilit

ies

or s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

and

amon

g m

unic

ipal

ities

and

is

it be

ing

cons

iste

ntly

appl

ied?

Yes,

app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

Yes,

but

no

t app

lied

cons

iste

ntly

No0

See

abov

e ; t

here

is n

o co

nsol

idat

ed n

atio

nal b

udge

t tha

t rec

ords

cap

ital

spen

ding

at t

he p

rovin

cial

and

util

ity le

vel

Expe

rt Op

inio

n

Equi

tyUS

H 16

Redu

cing

in

equa

lity

Do lo

cal g

over

nmen

t or

urba

n se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers

(nat

iona

l or i

n 3

larg

est

citie

s) h

ave

spec

ific

plan

s or

mea

sure

s de

velo

ped

and

impl

emen

ted

for s

ervin

g th

e ur

ban

poor

?

Plan

s de

velo

ped

and

impl

emen

ted

Plan

s de

velo

ped

but n

ot

impl

emen

ted

No p

lans

do

cum

ente

d0.

5Up

to n

ow, t

here

is n

o sp

ecifi

c po

licy

to s

ubsi

dize

the

poor

to g

et a

cces

s to

the

sani

tatio

n se

rvic

e, o

nly

on a

cas

e by

cas

e ba

sis

acco

rdin

g to

the

avai

labi

lity

of th

e pr

ojec

t. In

pra

ctic

e, ta

riff f

or s

ewag

e co

nnec

tion

and

mon

thly

serv

ice

fee

base

d on

the

hous

ehol

d in

com

e an

d lo

catio

n. T

wo

was

te tr

eatm

ent u

nits

(Sih

anou

kville

& S

iem

Rea

p) h

ave

plan

s to

offe

r sp

ecia

l low

cos

t con

nect

ions

for t

he u

rban

poo

r. Ot

her t

han

sew

ers

and

WTT

P, M

PWT

is n

ot c

once

rned

with

man

agin

g on

-site

san

itatio

n th

roug

h fe

cal s

ludg

e m

anag

emen

t, or

with

elim

inat

ing

open

def

ecat

ion

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Sani

tatio

n

Outp

utUS

H 17

Quan

tity

(acc

ess)

Is th

e an

nual

exp

ansi

on

of u

rban

hou

seho

lds

gain

ing

acce

ss to

saf

e sa

nita

tion

suffi

cien

t to

mee

t the

sub

sect

or

targ

ets?

Over

75%

of t

hat

need

ed to

reac

h se

ctor

targ

ets

Betw

een

75%

an

d 50

% o

f th

at n

eede

d to

ac

hiev

e ta

rget

s

Less

than

50%

of

that

nee

ded

to

reac

h ta

rget

s

1W

hen

look

ing

at o

n-si

te im

prov

ed s

anita

tion

acce

ss, t

he c

urre

nt tr

endl

ine

will

achi

eve

the

2025

targ

et o

f ach

ievin

g un

ivers

al a

cces

s. In

term

s of

pu

tting

suf

ficie

nt s

ewer

and

trea

tmen

t cap

acity

in p

lace

, the

pro

pose

d ta

rget

of 5

0% s

eem

s un

real

istic

give

n th

e ex

istin

g lo

w le

vels

of t

reat

men

t (e

stim

ated

at 2

%)

JMP

Upda

te

2014

Cam

bodi

a W

ater

an

d Sa

nita

tion

Sect

or re

view

–

Wor

ld B

ank

2013

Outp

utUS

H 18

Quan

tity

(trea

tmen

t)Is

the

annu

al in

crea

se

in th

e pr

opor

tion

of

feca

l was

te th

at is

sa

fely

colle

cted

and

tre

ated

gro

win

g at

the

pace

requ

ired

to m

eet

the

subs

ecto

r tar

gets

(fo

r bot

h on

site

and

se

wer

age)

?

For c

olle

ctio

n an

d fo

r tre

atm

ent

For c

olle

ctio

n bu

t not

for

treat

men

t

Not f

or c

olle

ctio

n or

trea

tmen

t (or

if

no ta

rget

)

0Th

ere

are

only

two

func

tioni

ng w

aste

trea

tmen

t sys

tem

s in

the

coun

try

as p

er 2

013.

Few

larg

er u

rban

tow

ns h

ave

colle

ctio

n sy

stem

(com

bine

d dr

ains

mos

tly) b

ut n

ot tr

eatm

ent s

yste

m a

nd c

apac

ity is

ver

y lim

ited.

Bas

ed

on th

e SD

A st

udy

from

4 s

yste

ms

(Phn

om P

enh,

Sie

m re

ap, S

ihan

oukv

ille,

Batta

mba

ng) s

how

ed th

at m

axim

um o

f 40%

of e

fflue

nt d

isch

arge

d is

bei

ng

colle

cted

, how

ever

the

leve

l of t

reat

men

t is

arou

nd 5

-7%

for t

hese

tow

ns.

At n

atio

nal l

evel

, inc

ludi

ng a

ll th

e sm

alle

r urb

an d

istri

ct a

nd p

rovin

cial

ca

pita

ls, t

his

mea

ns th

at tr

eatm

ent o

f fec

al w

aste

is a

roun

d 2%

.

SDA

Calc

ulat

ions

for

Siem

Rea

p, a

nd

Siha

nouk

ville

ba

sed

on d

ata

prov

ided

by

MPW

T. Ca

mbo

dia

Wat

er

and

Sani

tatio

n Se

ctor

revie

w

– W

orld

Ban

k 20

13

Outp

utUS

H 19

Repo

rting

Ar

e th

ere

proc

edur

es

and

proc

esse

s ap

plie

d on

a re

gula

r bas

is

to m

onito

r urb

an

sani

tatio

n ac

cess

and

th

e qu

ality

of s

ervic

es

and

is th

e in

form

atio

n di

ssem

inat

ed?

Qual

ity,

quan

tity

and

diss

emin

ated

Qual

ity o

r qu

antit

yNe

ither

0Th

ere

are

no w

ell-d

efine

d se

ctor

targ

ets

and

M&E

sys

tem

to e

valu

ate

the

prog

ress

and

ach

ieve

men

t of t

he s

ecto

r yet

. It h

as b

een

done

at

proj

ect l

evel

. In

prac

tice,

the

was

te tr

eatm

ent s

yste

m in

Sie

m R

eap

and

Siha

nouk

ville

hav

e so

me

M&E

sys

tem

but

qua

lity

of d

ata

is lo

w. H

owev

er,

less

ons

lear

nt fr

om th

ese

two

units

can

be

appl

ied

in o

ther

pro

vince

s.

Expe

rt Op

inio

n

Wat

er S

upp

ly a

nd S

anita

tion

in C

amb

odia

68

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

SUST

AINI

NG

Mai

nten

ance

USH

20Co

llect

ion

and

treat

men

t W

hat i

s th

e pr

opor

tion

of to

tal f

aeca

l was

te

gene

rate

d th

at g

ets

safe

ly co

llect

ed a

nd

treat

ed?

Over

75%

of

that

gen

erat

ed

is c

olle

cted

and

tre

ated

Over

50%

of

that

gen

erat

ed

is c

olle

cted

fro

m th

e HH

le

vel

Less

than

50%

of

that

gen

erat

ed0

Base

d on

the

was

te m

odel

cal

cula

tion

by S

DA fr

om 4

maj

or to

wns

pr

ovin

ces

show

ed th

at th

e le

vel o

f was

te c

olle

cted

and

trea

ted

is v

ery

low

on

ly 7%

, whi

le th

e ra

te o

f col

lect

ion

of w

aste

is h

ighe

r at 4

1%

SDA

Calc

ulat

ions

-

Was

te M

odel

Ca

lcul

atio

n.W

SP

Mai

nten

ance

USH

21Co

st re

cove

ryAr

e O&

M c

osts

of

treat

men

t sys

tem

s (b

eyon

d ho

useh

old

leve

l fa

cilit

ies)

ass

esse

d/kn

own

and

fully

met

by

eith

er c

ost r

ecov

ery

thro

ugh

user

fees

and

/or

loca

l rev

enue

or

trans

fers

?

O&M

cos

ts

know

n an

d >

75%

cov

ered

th

roug

h co

st

reco

very

O&M

cos

ts

are

know

n an

d 50

% c

over

ed

thro

ugh

cost

re

cove

ry

O&M

cos

ts n

ot

know

n1

The

sew

age

treat

men

t sys

tem

s w

ere

built

by

dono

rs a

nd g

over

nmen

t fu

nds.

Cur

rent

ly th

e re

venu

e of

two

publ

ic w

aste

trea

tmen

t uni

ts is

not

abl

e to

cov

er 1

00%

of c

ost r

ecov

ery

yet a

s it

has

been

new

ly es

tabl

ishe

d an

d op

erat

ion

is n

ot fu

ll ca

paci

ty y

et. I

t was

sta

ted

that

inco

me

has

cove

red

88%

of c

ost a

nd w

ill be

abl

e to

cov

er 1

00%

in th

e ne

ar fu

ture

.

Inco

me

and

Expe

nditu

re

from

3

was

te u

nits

(S

ihan

oukv

ille,

Siem

Rea

p, a

nd

Batta

mba

ng)

Cons

ulta

nt

wor

ksho

p

Mai

nten

ance

USH

22Di

scha

rge

Are

ther

e no

rms

and

stan

dard

s fo

r w

aste

wat

er d

isch

arge

fo

r sep

tage

and

se

wer

age

treat

men

t pl

ants

that

are

sy

stem

atic

ally

mon

itore

d un

der a

re

gim

e of

san

ctio

ns

(pen

altie

s)?

Exis

t and

are

m

onito

red

unde

r a

regi

me

of

sanc

tions

Exis

t and

m

ajor

ity a

re

mon

itore

d, b

ut

ther

e ar

e no

sa

nctio

ns

Stan

dard

s ex

ist

but m

ajor

ity

of p

lant

s ar

e no

t reg

ular

ly m

onito

red

0Th

e M

PWT

has

esta

blis

hed

one

cent

ral l

ab (i

n Si

em R

eap)

and

will

be u

sed

it as

the

natio

nal l

ab to

con

trol a

ll se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers.

At

two

was

te tr

eatm

ent s

yste

ms

in S

ihan

oukv

ille a

nd S

iem

Rea

p ha

s ow

n la

b bu

t not

regu

larly

con

trollin

g. T

he M

inis

try o

f Env

ironm

ent a

lso

cond

uct

annu

ally

mon

itorin

g bu

t the

leve

l of a

ctua

l mon

itorin

g an

d en

forc

emen

t is

wea

k

Expe

rt Op

inio

n

Mai

nten

ance

USH

23M

anag

emen

t of

Disa

ster

Ris

k an

d Cl

imat

e Ch

ange

Do u

tiliti

es (n

atio

nal o

r 3

larg

est u

tiliti

es) h

ave

plan

s fo

r cop

ing

with

na

tura

l dis

aste

rs a

nd

clim

ate

chan

ge?

Yes,

the

maj

ority

of

urb

an s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

a

plan

for d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent

and

clim

ate

chan

ge

No. O

nly

som

e se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

a

plan

for

disa

ster

risk

m

anag

emen

t an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

or

mos

t ser

vice

prov

ider

s ha

ve

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

No s

ervic

e pr

ovid

er h

as a

cl

imat

e ac

tion

plan

or h

as

unde

rtake

n a

vuln

erab

ility

asse

ssm

ent.

0M

ost o

f exis

ting

was

te s

yste

m a

re o

ld n

etw

orks

. The

re is

no

risk

asse

ssm

ent o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

und

erta

ken

for t

he s

ecto

r as

a w

hole

, and

ne

ither

hav

e w

aste

wat

er u

nits

put

in p

lace

pre

vent

ive a

nd e

mer

genc

y ac

tion

plan

s. H

owev

er, i

n th

e fe

asib

ility

stud

ies

and

mas

ter p

lan,

the

impa

ct

of fl

oodi

ng is

incl

uded

in th

e pr

ojec

t des

ign.

Cons

ulta

tive

Wor

ksho

p on

Ur

ban

Sani

tatio

n

Ser

vice

Del

iver

y A

sses

smen

t69

Build

ing

Bloc

kNo

Area

s of

ev

iden

ceIn

dica

tor q

uest

ion

High

(1)

Med

ium

(0.5

)Lo

w (0

)Sc

ore

Expl

anat

ion

for s

core

Sour

ce o

f ev

iden

ce

Expa

nsio

nUS

H 24

Upta

ke

Polic

ies

and

proc

edur

es

(inst

rum

ents

) de

velo

ped

and

bein

g im

plem

ente

d

Som

e po

licie

s an

d pr

oced

ures

(in

stru

men

ts)

deve

lope

d bu

t not

im

plem

ente

d

No p

olic

ies

or

proc

edur

es

(inst

rum

ents

) ex

ist

0So

me

proj

ect-

base

d ex

ampl

es c

an b

e fo

und,

suc

h as

that

MPW

T is

sued

th

e re

com

men

datio

n to

Sie

m R

eap

was

te tr

eatm

ent u

nit t

o en

forc

e th

e ho

useh

old

conn

ectio

n to

sew

age

syst

em. T

here

is a

lso

such

inte

rnal

gu

idan

ce a

t Min

istry

leve

l. It

was

impl

emen

ted

case

by

case

. How

ever

, th

ere

is n

o co

mm

unic

atio

ns p

rogr

am o

r inc

entiv

es to

stim

ulat

e up

take

of

urb

an s

anita

tion.

Thi

s re

late

s to

con

nect

ions

to s

ewer

age

but a

lso

for

hous

ehol

ds to

em

pty

thei

r pits

and

sep

tic ta

nks

with

regu

lar i

nter

vals

.

Expe

rt Op

inio

n

Expa

nsio

nUS

H 25

Plan

sHa

s go

vern

men

t (n

atio

nal o

r loc

al)

deve

lope

d an

y po

licie

s,

proc

edur

es o

r pro

gram

s to

stim

ulat

e up

take

of

urb

an s

anita

tion

serv

ices

and

beh

avio

rs

by h

ouse

hold

s?

Busi

ness

pla

ns

for e

xpan

sion

of

col

lect

ion

& tre

atm

ent b

eing

im

plem

ente

d

Busi

ness

pla

ns

for e

xpan

sion

of

col

lect

ion

& tre

atm

ent

unde

r pr

epar

atio

n

No B

usin

ess

Plan

s0.

5Th

e w

aste

trea

tmen

t ser

vice

prov

ider

s ar

e un

der t

he M

PWT

cont

rol.

Ther

e is

no

priva

te s

ervic

e pr

ovid

er in

vest

ing

on s

ewag

e tre

atm

ent s

yste

m y

et.

Befo

re e

stab

lishi

ng th

e tw

o w

aste

sew

age

treat

men

t sys

tem

s, th

e do

nor

has

cond

ucte

d th

e fe

asib

ility

stud

y w

hich

incl

uded

the

busi

ness

pla

n. A

s pe

r the

nat

iona

l bud

get p

lan,

exp

ansi

on o

f sew

er a

nd tr

eatm

ent c

apac

ities

ar

e pl

anne

d.

.1. E

xper

t Op

inio

n2.

Nat

iona

l Bu

dget

: In

vest

men

t bu

dget

201

3-20

15

Expa

nsio

nUS

H 26

Priva

te s

ecto

r de

velo

pmen

tDo

gov

ernm

ent/s

ervic

e pr

ovid

ers

have

bus

ines

s pl

ans

for e

xpan

ding

the

prop

ortio

n of

city

wid

e fe

cal w

aste

that

is

safe

ly co

llect

ed a

nd

treat

ed?

Yes,

var

ious

co

mpo

nent

sIn

dev

elop

men

t, fe

w

com

pone

nts

No0

The

MPW

T ha

s no

any

con

cret

e st

rate

gy to

eng

age

the

priva

te s

ecto

r to

enga

ge in

urb

an s

anita

tion

serv

ice

deliv

ery

(eith

er in

the

Oper

atio

n an

d m

anag

emen

t of W

WTP

, or a

s in

sup

porti

ng th

e co

llect

ion

and

trans

port

of

sept

age)

How

ever

, gov

ernm

ent i

s op

en to

PSP

, and

som

e pr

ivate

sec

tor

stud

y is

und

erw

ay fo

r Sih

anou

kville

.

Expe

rt Op

inio

n

User

Ou

tcom

esUS

H 27

Subs

ecto

r pr

ogre

ssDo

es th

e go

vern

men

t ha

ve o

ngoi

ng p

rogr

ams

and

mea

sure

s to

st

reng

then

the

dom

estic

pr

ivate

sec

tor f

or th

e pr

ovis

ion

of s

anita

tion

serv

ices

in u

rban

or

peri-

urba

n ar

eas?

On-t

rack

Off-

track

but

ke

epin

g up

w

ith p

opul

atio

n gr

owth

Off-

track

1JM

P 20

14 s

tate

s 83

% im

prov

ed a

cces

s an

d th

us o

n tra

ck to

reac

h un

ivers

al a

cces

s by

202

5.JM

P up

date

d re

port

2014

User

Cos

tum

erUS

H 28

Equi

ty o

f use

Is th

e su

bsec

tor o

n tra

ck to

mee

t the

sta

ted

targ

et?

Less

than

2

times

Betw

een

2 an

d 5

Mor

e th

an 5

tim

es1

Base

d on

CSE

S re

port

2011

sho

ws

the

ratio

of i

mpr

ove

urba

n sa

nita

tion

acce

ss q

uint

ile is

97%

/58%

=1.

67. H

owev

er in

equa

lity

pers

ists

with

36%

of

the

poor

pra

ctis

ing

open

def

ecat

ion,

whi

le a

ll of

the

riche

st q

uint

ile h

ave

an im

prov

ed to

ilet.

CSES

201

1

User

Cos

tum

erUS

H 29

Use

of fa

cilit

ies

Wha

t is

the

ratio

of

impr

oved

toile

t acc

ess

betw

een

the

low

est a

nd

high

est q

uint

ile in

urb

an

area

s?

Mor

e th

an 9

0%

of p

eopl

eM

ore

than

75%

of

peo

ple

Less

than

75%

of

peop

le0.

5JM

P 20

14 s

tate

s 83

%JM

P 20

14


Annex 2: Assumptions and Inputs for Financial Model

Table A2.1. Population (millions) and access to improved water supply and sanitation 1990, 2010, and 2025 used for SDA Financial model

Region

1990 Estimated 2012 Estimated 2025 Target

PopAccess

Pop.Access

Pop.Access

WS SAN WS SAN WS SAN

Rural 8.3 20% 0% 11.3 66% 25% 11.4 100% 100%

Urban 1.2 32% 18% 3.1 94% 82% 6.1 100% 100%

National 9.5 22% 3% 14.4 71% 37% 17.5 100% 100%Source: Access data from JMP (2014) –progress on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation - Update 2014; Population date in 2012 and prediction for 2025 from National Institute of Statistics (2011); access targets for rural water supply and sanitation from the National Rural Water Supply Sanitation and Hygiene Strategy and for urban subsectors agreed with stakeholders during SDA process.

This annex describes the key inputs that were used to generate estimates of the required expenditures to meet government targets and anticipated capital expenditures (CAPEX) from 2012 to 2025. It discusses the sources, ad-justments and assumptions of the following information: Exchange rates, demographic variables, sector-specific technologies and spending plans.

Exchange Rates

Budgets and project costs in Cambodia are frequently pre-sented in both riel and US dollars, and even historically (from 2009 on) use an exchange rate of 4,000 riel to 1 US dollar. This rate has been used to convert riel to US dollars. Other amounts (for example amounts expressed by devel-opment partners in their own currencies) were converted using a constant exchange rate at the time the information was obtained (Oct 2012—March 2013).

Demographic and Access Estimates

The main demographic variables in the SDA financial model are rural and urban population estimates or projections for 1990, 2012, and the target year (2025). Combined with es-timates of actual and target coverage rates for water and sanitation, this information assists in the calculation of the number of people who will be needing access to improved facilities from 2013 to the target year. The second set of information refers to the average size of households. This is used to convert costs of facilities, which are generally expressed on a per household basis, into per capita terms.

Table A2.1 shows the key demographic variables used in the analysis. The average household size (4.8 persons) was drawn from official government figures.


Table A2.2 Selected information on water supply.

OptionDistribution of facilities (2012, %)a Projected distribution of facilities

(2025, %)a Unit capital cost ($/capita) Lifespan (years)

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

Piped into dwelling/yardfor rural schemes

8% - 8% - 35 - 15

Piped into dwelling/yardfor urban schemes

- 74% - 9% - 117 25

Tube well or borehole 72% 18% 72% 6% 21 21 10

Protected dug well 20% 7% 20% 4% 16 16 10

Improved rainwater 0% 1% 0% 0% 16 16 5

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - - -

a Expressed as a relative share of population that have access to improved source as per JMP; and in target year

Sector-Specific Technologies: Water

Information on sector-specific technologies, unit costs, and expected life span are necessary for the calculation of investment requirements. Table A2.2 presents data on the variables mentioned above for water supply.

The options included and technology shares for 2012 were based on the technology shares reported in the Cambodia Socio Economic Survey (2011/2010), and were then applied to the JMP access rates for 201290. Given the absence of documents, the distribution of water supply technologies for 2025 was based on SDA stakeholder guidance. For ur-ban water supply, this meant that piped water supply ser-vices are expected to increase. For rural water supply it meant that the distribution of the technology mix was held constant. Unit capital costs represent expenditures for materials and labour used in the construction of the different facili-

ties while lifespan refers to the projected number of years before a facility needs to be fully replaced. For urban wa-ter supply, the information was based on estimations from the Norith treatment and expansion project91. On the other hand, unit costs for rural water supply were based on es-timates from MRD for point source services, and for piped services, a weighted average was used of MRD estimates for small community based piped systems, and small-scale private sector based schemes (using data from the Cam-bodia country study on private sector investment in water supply, see Sy. J. et al, 2013). Lifespan were taken from estimates provided by government.

It should be noted, however, that functionality of water sup-ply systems is not an absolute (either functioning or non-functioning). Especially in the case of rural water supply systems, the supply may be partially functional or a small repair such as a valve or pump would make systems func-tional. The SDA model however assumes that all capital in-vestment must be fully replaced after its functional lifespan.

90For rural water supply this might have led to underestimation of the investment costs, as for rainwater, only government definition of improved was included (> 3000 l tank available), while the overall improved access levels of JMP 2014 were used (that include all rainwater as improved). However, this underestimation is not likely to have a major impact on the overall findings and narrative with respect to sector financing.91This estimate is based on the cost for the Niroth project, which was said to be around 200 USD/capita overall, covering 600,000 people costing US% 120 million. However to get a more realistic figure for expansion of urban services outside of Phnom Penh, expensive land costs (US$20 million), industrial treatment capacity (US$30 million), reduces the amount to around US$70 million for 600,000 people, which is USD 117.


Option

Distribution of facilities (2012, %)a

Projected distribution of facilities (2025, %)a

Unit capital cost ($/capita, 2012 prices) Lifespan

(years)

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

Pour flush connectedto sewer / DEWAT rural

2% - 2% - 60 9

Pour flush connectedsewer plus treatment urban

- 50% - 50% - 250 35

Pour flush connected to septic tank/soakpit rural

95% - 95% - 20

Pour flush connected to septic tank/soakpit urban

- 49% - 49% - 45 15

Pit latrine with slab 3% 1% 3% 1% 5 5 3

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - - -

a Expressed as a relative share of population that have access to improved sanitation as per JMP; and in target year

Table A2.3 Selected information on sanitation technologies

Sector-Specific Technologies: Sanitation

Table A2.3 presents information on the expected household technology distribution, costs and lifespans of key sanita-tion technologies.

The options included and technology shares for 2012 were based on the technology shares reported in the Cambo-dia Socio Economic Survey (2011), and were then applied to the JMP improved access rates for 2012. Given the ab-sence of documents, the distribution of sanitation technolo-gies for 2025 was based on SDA stakeholder guidance. For urban sanitation, an explicit target of 50% of those with im-proved access requiring sewer and treatment systems was set. For rural sanitation it meant that the distribution of the technology mix was held constant, as most people anyway use a soak pit or basic septic tank.Unit capital costs repre-

sent expenditures for materials and labour used in the con-struction of the different facilities (excluding the superstruc-ture/shelter) while lifespan refers to the projected number of years before a facility needs to be fully replaced. Costs of septic/pour flush latrine in rural areas was based on the expectation that one in ten rural households would have a more expensive septic tank, as compared to a cheaper lined wet pit92. Costs of pit latrines (mostly build with natural materials) were estimated to be low. Rural households that are somehow connected to simple sewer and/or decentral-ized treatment system in rural markets were estimated to have a higher per capita cost, as derived from data shared by BORDA93. For urban sanitation, a rough benchmark esti-mate as derived from the World Bank Cambodia Water and Sanitation Sector review of US$250 for low-cost treatment and sewer systems was used as an estimate. Lifespan fig-ures were discussed with sector stakeholders.

92As per WSP Economics of Sanitation Study (2012), a septic tank costs US$215, and a wet lined soak pit around US$118. WB and ADB project cost for soak pit are estimated at US$80 million. Thus, and average of US$80 has been used for a wet-pit; and the lifespan is expected to reflect the average between septic tank (15 years) and wet lined pit (8 years) is weighted average is 9 years. 93BORDA brochure estimates US$50,000 for a facility of 250 households; which is around US$200 per household or US% 40 per capita (BORDA / GRET Tra Peangsap project brochure); in addition additional US$20 per capita is added to allow for pre-treatment/settling tank.


Table A2.5 Public investments in capital expenditure (million US$, annual average).

Sector Domestic government

Development partners Total

Anticipated (2013-2015)

Rural water supply 0.9 5.0 5.9

Urban water supply 2.2 21.5 23.7

Rural sanitation 0.4 2.5 2.9

Urban sanitation 1.6 4.3 5.9

Total 19.5 32.8 52.3

Recent (2010-2012)

Rural water supply 0.8 7.9 8.7

Urban water supply 2.4 24.4 26.8

Rural sanitation 0.2 1.6 1.8

Urban sanitation 0.3 5.3 5.6

Total 3.7 39.2 42.9

Subsector2012 O&M 2025 O&M Average O&M

US$m/year US$m/year US$m/year

Rural WS 2.7 4.1 3.4

Urban WS 4.1 9.9 7.0

WS total 6.8 14.0 10.4

Rural S&H 1.7 6.9 4.3

Urban S&H 5.6 13.5 9.5

S&H total 7.3 20.4 13.8

Table A2.4 Estimated operations and maintenance costs for water supply and sanitation

In addition to the capital expenditure for developing new urban sanitation services (that contribute to overall access), for urban sanitation additional average annual cost had to be calculated to cover for the lagging treatment capacity of those that are already having on-site access, with con-nections to sewer/combined drains. A ballpark figure was calculated as follows:. As per CSES data, half of those with access are connected to a sewer, while 83% is estimated to have improved access as per JMP. Based on the 2012 urban population, this means that 1.3 million people need to get access to treatment facilities. Assuming that treatment facilities alone will cost at least USD100/per capita, the total conservatively estimated additional investment required to address the lagging treatment capacity is US$129 million over the period to 2025, which would be on average around US$9.1 million per year. This amount is reflected under “other investment costs”.

cost of other types of water supply technologies. For sani-tation, the estimate is 3% of the capital cost for networked sewerage and for pour flush/flush into tanks or pits, and 1.5% for other technologies. Table A.2.4 below presents annual estimates of these costs in 2012 and 2025, and the average.

Operations and Maintenance

The estimates of operations and maintenance costs are de-rived from averaging a set percentage of existing technolo-gies and expected future technologies to get an average cost. These are assumed to be 3% of the capital cost for water supply piped onto premises, and 1.5% of the capital

Investments

Population projections plus technology distributions, costs, and lifespans are the key ingredients in estimating capi-tal investment needed to reach national targets. To get a sense of how short- to medium-term actual expenditures measure against investment requirements, estimated capi-tal investments of the government, donor agencies, NGOs, and private institutions from 20010 to 2012 were obtained from documents available from the Cambodian Develop-ment Council, development partners, and other agencies and complimented by direct consultations with many of them. Given limitations on time and resources, the SDA in-


Table A2.6 Share of users in capital/development costs, %

Technology Rural Urban

Water Supply

Piped into dwelling 60% 10%

Tube well/Borehole 20% 80%

Protected dug well 20% 99%

Improved Rainwater 99% 99%

Sanitation

Pour flush to sewer and treatment 33% 1%

Pour flush to septic tank/ soak pit 93% 99%

Pit latrine with slab 99% 99%

vestment estimates should not be regarded as in-depth or highly detailed, but helicopter view of spending. Apart from the difficulties associated with collecting information from various sources, several other challenges were confronted in the process. The financial model uses information on only hardware costs (for example, construction costs of facili-ties) and excludes software costs (for example training and awareness programs, project implementation, and salaries). Moreover, such information must be disaggregated among the four sectors (that is, rural water supply, urban water sup-ply, rural sanitation, and urban sanitation) and, in the case of multiyear projects, for each year. This disaggregation is usually not readily available, or even known, for projects. The SDA team consulted project funders, implementers, and other experts as well as examples of similar or previous projects to make informed estimates.

Table A2.5 shows the projected average annual spending of government and development partners, including NGOs from 2013 to 2015. At the time of SDA data-gathering, fig-ures for 2012 actual expenditures were not available (they were estimated). The overall approach to calculating investment require-ments was to look at average annual calculate annual aver-age requirements, minus an ‘expectation’ of average annual investment based that on the next three year investment (2013-2015) (which is extrapolated to exist in future years). Similarly, recent expenditures were average over a three year period (2010-2012). This resulted in the following in-formation

Future Estimates of Household Expenditures

The planned spending of users is computed by specify-ing the proportion of investments that the government is households are expected to contribute. In the absence of an expressed policy or solid reporting, all users shares were discussed with stakeholders and simply provide a direction

of what the expected contributions to capital expenditure are. For rural sanitation, these are highest due to the “cau-tious hardware subsidy policy”. The figure is derived from estimating the population which is poor/eligible for public incentive to be average of 15% over period 2012-2025. The assumed hardware subsidy would be 50% of average cost of a toilet, this then computes the user share to be around 93% (85% of people pay 100% while 15% of people pay 50% of cost). It can also be seen that rural contributions to piped water supply are considerably higher due to less sub-sidies available and more private sector involvement, simi-larly they are expected to contribute a higher percentage to simple DEWAT systems in denser rural areas. Values of 99% are suggestion pure self supply and no subsidy from government (there is no option to use 100% in the model).


References

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CSES (Cambodia Socio-Economics Survey) 2010. http://www.nis.gov.kh/index.php/social-statistics/cses/cses-ta-bles. The 2010 survey sampled about 3.600 households

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Water Supply and Sanitation in CambodiaTurning Finance into Services for the Future

May 2015Service Delivery Assessment

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