Water Storage, LossesWater Storage, LossesAnd Developing And Developing

underground Water underground Water Usman ChopraUsman Chopra

2008-ag-19162008-ag-1916

Agronomy 7thAgronomy 7th

ContentsContents

Water Storage “The Phenomenon”?Water Storage “The Phenomenon”? ImportanceImportance Losses “Agriculture Point Of View”Losses “Agriculture Point Of View” ManagementManagement Underground WaterUnderground Water ProjectsProjects

Water Storage “The Phenomenon”Water Storage “The Phenomenon”

Surface water and groundwater are stored in a number of ways Surface water and groundwater are stored in a number of ways to supply agriculture, industry and urban users. Some of these to supply agriculture, industry and urban users. Some of these storages include:storages include:

large dams (generally constructed by a government water large dams (generally constructed by a government water authority or large industry) authority or large industry)

farm dams farm dams

aquifer storage (use of an underground aquifer as a storage aquifer storage (use of an underground aquifer as a storage mechanism for water).mechanism for water).

ImportanceImportance

Halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking Halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015 is a UN Millennium Development Goal. But equally water by 2015 is a UN Millennium Development Goal. But equally important are issues of agricultural water management and important are issues of agricultural water management and multilateral water treaties.multilateral water treaties.

Groundwater storage can improve water security and help poor Groundwater storage can improve water security and help poor

communities adapt to climate change. communities adapt to climate change.

Population could keep climbing — and we must be prepared

water is probably the most water is probably the most necessary element for human life, necessary element for human life, with the exception of oxygen. with the exception of oxygen.

ImportanceImportance Pakistan’s agriculture rely heavily on irrigation. Agriculture is the main player of the economy of Pakistan with 21%

contribution to GDP and more than 45% contribution in labour force

Pakistan has the world’s largest contiguous irrigation system

Pakistan ranks 4th in the world as for as irrigated area ( About 7%) is concerned. About 36 MA( About 75% of the cultivated area) in Pakistan is irrigated land.

Pakistan has invested heavily in the irrigation sector. Allocated about $ 8 billion in this sector upto the year 2011-12

SourcesSourcesRainfallRainfall

Annual rainfall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West)Annual rainfall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West)Total water generated by rainfall is around Total water generated by rainfall is around 32 BCM32 BCM Contribution to crops is 10-20%Contribution to crops is 10-20%

GroundwaterGroundwater

Exploitation of Groundwater is 59 BCMExploitation of Groundwater is 59 BCMOver 9,00,000 private tube wells Over 9,00,000 private tube wells 40% of total supply at farm-gate40% of total supply at farm-gate

Surface Water Surface Water

Total Inflow is 171 BCMTotal Inflow is 171 BCMTarbela (10.38 BCM - 485 ft),Tarbela (10.38 BCM - 485 ft),Mangla (5.90 BCM - 380 ft) Mangla (5.90 BCM - 380 ft) 48 Canals (61000 km), 19 Barrages48 Canals (61000 km), 19 Barrages1,70,000 Watercourses (1.6 Million km)1,70,000 Watercourses (1.6 Million km)

8

Resources

o 5 Riverso 3 Large Dams & 85 Small Damso 19 Barrageso 12 Link Canalso 0.7 Million Tube Wellso US$ 300 billion Of Investment

Where We Stand In World?Where We Stand In World?

The storage capacity of Colorado is 497%.The storage capacity of Colorado is 497%. The storage capacity of Egypt 347%.The storage capacity of Egypt 347%. And the India stores 33% of its water.And the India stores 33% of its water. While pakistan has just 9%storage capacity.While pakistan has just 9%storage capacity.

(a) Terbela dam reservoir(a) Terbela dam reservoir World’s largest earth and rock World’s largest earth and rock

filled dam was built at Terbela filled dam was built at Terbela on river Indus in 1976 with a on river Indus in 1976 with a gross capacity of 11.62 maf. gross capacity of 11.62 maf.

live storage capacity 9.68 maf. live storage capacity 9.68 maf. Due to silting, 24.6% of the Due to silting, 24.6% of the

storage has been lost and now it storage has been lost and now it has a live storage of 7.295 maf.has a live storage of 7.295 maf.

(b) Mangla dam reservoir(b) Mangla dam reservoir Mangla reservoir is the Mangla reservoir is the

second major storage of second major storage of Pakistan.Pakistan.

Built in 1967 on river Jhelum Built in 1967 on river Jhelum Gross capacity of 5.882 maf Gross capacity of 5.882 maf

and live storage of 5.41 maf. and live storage of 5.41 maf. siltation has lost 13.2% of its siltation has lost 13.2% of its

storage and presently can storage and presently can store 4.636 maf of water.store 4.636 maf of water.

(c) Chashma barrage reservoir(c) Chashma barrage reservoir Chashma barrage situated Chashma barrage situated

on river Indus built in on river Indus built in 1972 1972

storage of 0.870 maf and storage of 0.870 maf and live storage of 0.717 maf. live storage of 0.717 maf.

storage capacity reduced storage capacity reduced by 39.3% and is left with a by 39.3% and is left with a storage capacity of 0.435 storage capacity of 0.435 maf. maf. 

Flow of RiversFlow of Rivers

The Average annual runoff of our rivers is The Average annual runoff of our rivers is 142MAF.142MAF.

That’s the Minimum recorded so far as low as That’s the Minimum recorded so far as low as 97MAF.97MAF.

And maximum recorded as 172MAFAnd maximum recorded as 172MAF Annual diversion at the barrages for irrigation Annual diversion at the barrages for irrigation

purposes is about 104MAF.purposes is about 104MAF.

LocationLocationDelivery at Delivery at

Head Head (MAF)(MAF)

LossLoss

% age% age MAFMAF

Main and Branch Main and Branch CanalsCanals 106106 1515 1616

Disty. And MinorsDisty. And Minors 9090 88 77

WatercoursesWatercourses 8383 3030 2525

FieldsFields 5858 3030 1717

Crop UseCrop Use 4141

TotalTotal 6262 6565The additional irrigation water requirement at farm gate has been estimated at 12.61 MAF, which is 31.93 MAF at canal head (PWSS 2002). Which we can save even if we save water at water course level

30%

PAKISTAN WATER BUDGET -

SHRINKING WATER RESOURCES

• Freshwater availability scenario (Per person)Freshwater availability scenario (Per person)

YearYear Population Water availabilityPopulation Water availability (Million)(Million) per capita (mper capita (m33) )

19511951 34 34 5300530019611961 46 46 3950395019711971 65 65 2700270019811981 84 84 2100210019911991 115 115 1600160020002000 148 148 1200120020102010 168 168 1066106620202020 196 196 915 91520252025 209209 850850

Major Concerns/ProblemsMajor Concerns/Problems

A : Problems from management perspectiveA : Problems from management perspective

Overall water scarcity, low water availability during winter and at the Overall water scarcity, low water availability during winter and at the beginning and end of summer with limited reservoir capacity.beginning and end of summer with limited reservoir capacity.

o Low efficiency in delivery and use.Low efficiency in delivery and use.

o Inequitable water distribution.Inequitable water distribution.

o Inadequate operation and maintenance of the systemInadequate operation and maintenance of the system

o Excess seepage and wastage in the system.Excess seepage and wastage in the system.

o Administrative and financial constraints. Administrative and financial constraints.

B- Problems from Farmer’s PerspectiveB- Problems from Farmer’s Perspective

o Unreliable and inequitable distribution of irrigation water.Unreliable and inequitable distribution of irrigation water.

o Deterioration of the canal system and frequent breaches due to weak bands.Deterioration of the canal system and frequent breaches due to weak bands.

o Increased cases of water theft and failure of management to check them.Increased cases of water theft and failure of management to check them.

o Increase in water disputes and delay in actions and justice.Increase in water disputes and delay in actions and justice.

o Political interference in system management.Political interference in system management.

o Increasing cost of groundwater extractionIncreasing cost of groundwater extraction

C- Problems From Society’s C- Problems From Society’s PerspectivePerspective

o Overall poor performance of Government agency Overall poor performance of Government agency managed irrigation system.managed irrigation system.

o Wastage of water and low water use efficiency.Wastage of water and low water use efficiency.

o The failure of government to finance, recovery The failure of government to finance, recovery from farmers and high cost of management. from farmers and high cost of management.

o Financial mis-management and poor Financial mis-management and poor accountability.accountability.

o Lack of farmers participation in decision making.Lack of farmers participation in decision making.

o Political influence in management of irrigation Political influence in management of irrigation water delivery system.water delivery system.

Managerial

• Better irrigation scheduling• Improving canal operations for timely deliveries• Applying water when most crucial to a crops yield• Water-conserving tillage and field operation methods• Better maintenance of canal, watercourses and equipment• Recycling drainage water

Institutional

• Establishing water users organizations for better management of water • Fostering rural infrastructure for private sector dissemination of efficient

technologies• Better training and extension efforts

Recent ProjectsRecent ProjectsMangla Dam Raising Project 2003-10. 63 Billions, 30 ft.Mangla Dam Raising Project 2003-10. 63 Billions, 30 ft.The Greater Thal Canal Project 2002-10 . 30 Billions, 1.5 MA.The Greater Thal Canal Project 2002-10 . 30 Billions, 1.5 MA.

Katchi Canal Project 2002-12. 31 Billions, .71 MA.Katchi Canal Project 2002-12. 31 Billions, .71 MA.

Diamer Bhasha Dam. 18 oct 2011 270 m 12 Billions 4500 Diamer Bhasha Dam. 18 oct 2011 270 m 12 Billions 4500

MWMWRainee Canal – SindhRainee Canal – Sindh

Chasma Right Bank Canal (CRBC) - KPKChasma Right Bank Canal (CRBC) - KPK

Construction of Large and Small Dams Construction of Large and Small Dams

Construction of New Canal SystemsConstruction of New Canal Systems

Methods Of DevelopmentMethods Of Development

Ground water aquifers can be develop by various kinds of Ground water aquifers can be develop by various kinds of structures to ensure percolation of rainwater in the ground structures to ensure percolation of rainwater in the ground instead of draining away from the surface. instead of draining away from the surface.

Commonly used methods are:-Commonly used methods are:-a)    Developing of bore wells                a)    Developing of bore wells                b)    Developing of dug wells.b)    Developing of dug wells.c)    Developing pits                                   c)    Developing pits                                   d)    Develop Trenchesd)    Develop Trenchese)    Soak ways or Recharge Shafts    e)    Soak ways or Recharge Shafts    f)    Percolation Tanksf)    Percolation Tanks

Developing Of Wells Developing Of Wells Rainwater collected from rooftop of the building Rainwater collected from rooftop of the building

is diverted through drain pipes to filtration is diverted through drain pipes to filtration tank. After settlement filtered water is diverted tank. After settlement filtered water is diverted to bore wells to recharge deep aquifers.to bore wells to recharge deep aquifers.

  Optimum capacity of filtration tank can be Optimum capacity of filtration tank can be designed on the basis of :-designed on the basis of :-

Area of catchementArea of catchement Intensity of rainfallIntensity of rainfall

Developing Of PitsDeveloping Of Pits

  

Recharge pits are small pits of any shape Recharge pits are small pits of any shape rectangular, square or circular, contracted rectangular, square or circular, contracted with brick.with brick.The capacity of the pit designed on the basis The capacity of the pit designed on the basis of :-of :- Catchments area Catchments area Rainfall intensity Rainfall intensity Recharge rate of soil.Recharge rate of soil.

Developing Of Dug WellsDeveloping Of Dug Wells

Dug well can be used as recharge structure.Dug well can be used as recharge structure.

Rainwater from the rooftop is diverted to dug Rainwater from the rooftop is diverted to dug wells after passing it through filtration bed. wells after passing it through filtration bed.

Develop TrenchesDevelop Trenches

Development of trench is provided where upper Development of trench is provided where upper impervious layer of  soil is shallow.This impervious layer of  soil is shallow.This method method

is suitable for small houses, playgrounds, parks is suitable for small houses, playgrounds, parks and roadside drains. and roadside drains.

The recharge trench can be of sizeThe recharge trench can be of size 0.50 to 1.0 m wide 0.50 to 1.0 m wide 1.0 to 1.5 m deep.1.0 to 1.5 m deep.

Percolation TanksPercolation Tanks

Percolation tanks are artificially created surface Percolation tanks are artificially created surface water bodies, submerging a land area with adequate water bodies, submerging a land area with adequate permeability to facilitate sufficient percolation to permeability to facilitate sufficient percolation to develop the ground water.develop the ground water.