Water seminar
Transcript of Water seminar
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The Sandstone Ridge Trust Ltd Company limited by guarantee Number 7673603 Registered Charity Number 1144470
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David Joyce
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1 Water usage
2 Types of water source and associated features
3 Water characteristics and oddities
4 Water tasting exercise
5 Case studies
6 What next?
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Water consumption
Modern Water usage
45 – 100 m3/person/year
Drinking Water
2-3 litres/day
Approx. 0.5 to 1 m3 /year
Since 1900 water consumption in
Europe has gone up 500 fold.
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Water usage 1 m3
= 1000 litres = 220 gallons
25 metre pool; 1.5 metres deep; lane 1 metre wide= 37.5 m3/lane
So 1 lane of the pool is enough drinking water for up to 75 people for a year.
It takes about 1,000 litres of water to produce 1 litre of milk(includes irrigation, drinking, cleaning of cows and equipment, waste disposal etc.)
It takes 5,000 - 20,000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of meat
It takes 500 - 4000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of wheat
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The water cycle
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Rainfall
Cheshire Lake District Essex
790 mm/year
31 inches/year
1660 mm /year
65 inches/year
580 mm/year
23 inches/year
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Dew ponds
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Dew pondsA dew pond is an artificial pond usually sited on the top of a hill, intended for watering livestock.
Dew ponds are used in areas where a natural supply of surface water may not be readily available.
The name dew pond (sometimes cloud pondor mist pond) is first found in 1865.
Despite the name, their primary source of water is believed to be rainfall rather than dew or mist.
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Marl pits
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Marl Pits
1953 map
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Major lakes, streams and brooks
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Spring-fed lake: Harmer’s Lake, Helsby
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River source
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Sources of water
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Wells
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Spring source
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Well or borehole
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Typicalboreholeconstruction
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Wells and springs
1953 map
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Marl Pits Wells and springs
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Named Wells
Wanlow’s, Wandlow’s, Wanless Well?= green
Lord’s well= red
Swan’s well= purple
1953 map
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Water well in a perfect world
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Water well in reality
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Communal dipping wellWoodhouses
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Dropping stone wellBickerton hill
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Beeston Castle Well
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Brick and concrete reservoirs
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Water towers
Pale Heights
Eddisbury Hill Farm
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Harthill School Fountain, 1862
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Characteristics of waterThe following is a list of indicators of water quality:
AlkalinityColour of waterpHTaste and odourDissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium)Heavy metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.)Dissolved organicsRadonPharmaceuticalsHormone analoguesMicroorganisms
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Variation in water compositionMouldsworth
Water bearing stratum at 250 ft
Mouldsworth
Water bearing stratum at 800 ft
Calcium carbonate 170 170
Magnesium sulphate 6 60
Magnesium chloride
155 22
Sodium chloride 780 300
Total hardness 440 260
Water analysis in parts per millionThresh, Beale and Suckling (1949)
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Water hardness (mg/l CaCO3)
soft up to 50
moderately soft 50 – 100
slightly hard 100 – 150
moderately hard 150 – 200
hard 200 – 300
very hard over 300
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Water quality
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Water-borne diseasesBacteria Protozoa Viruses Parasites
Salmonella typhi
Vibrio cholerae
Campylobacter
Leptospira
Salmonella
E coli
Shigella
Legionella
pneumophilia
Giardia
Entamoeba
Cryptosporidium
Several groups
cause diarrhoea
Hepatitis
Several
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Sources of contamination
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Cholera in Soho
In August 1854, a major outbreak of cholera struck Soho. By 10 September, 500 people had died.
John Snow eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water. The local council disabled the well and the outbreak declined.
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Perrier Water - 1Rainfall
Water plus Carbon dioxide plus impurities
Clean carbon
dioxide
FAULT
IMPERMEABLE MARL
CAP ROCK
LIMESTONE
LIMESTONE
‘Boiling
pool’
Perrier
water
CLAY CAP
SAND
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Perrier
water
Perrier Water - 2
CLAY CAP
Rainfall
Water plus Carbon dioxide plus impurities
Clean carbon
dioxide
FAULT
IMPERMEABLE MARL
CAP ROCK
LIMESTONE
LIMESTONE
‘Boiling
pool’
Filter
Discard water
SAND
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Buxton water – 5000 years old
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Buxton water – 5000 years old
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Sulphur well at Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire
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Water from the Republic of Georgia“Borjomi spring water is beneficial in the treatment of diseases due to its mineral properties.”
“Borjomi mineral water has been used for centuries to treat chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic diseases of the liver and bile ducts, gallstones, kidney stones, urinary tract infections and respiratory diseases.”
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Chemical composition
Borjormi (mg/l) Peckforton (mg/l)
Calcium 100 90
Bicarbonate 3500-5000
Sodium and Potassium
1200-2000 36
Chloride 250-500 11
Sulphate Less than 10 28
Total solids 5500 - 7500
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Water from the Lake District
• The Willow aquifer is the source of the legendary Holy Well of Cartmel dating as far back as the 12th Century.
• Filtered through what was once a white willow forest, and limestone, willow water has a unique mineral composition including Calcium and Salicin.
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Whistlebitch well
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Whistlebitch well today
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Horsley bath
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Helsby Water TowerCheshire Observer 11 April 1896
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Manley water supplyLocation of storage tank
Location of feeder reservoir
Location of water ram
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Manley water supply
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Water ramBasic components of a hydraulic ram:
1. Inlet — drive pipe
2. Free flow at waste valve
3. Outlet — delivery pipe
4. Waste valve
5. Delivery check valve
6. Pressure vessel
Hydraulic Water Ram systems need no external source of power --the force of moving water gives them the power they need.They are extremely simple, with just two moving parts
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Bulkeley HillStaffordshire Potteries Water Board
Hauled tramway for the construction of the reservoir (c1953) and water storage tanks
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Mineral Composition Mg Per Litre
Calcium 90
Magnesium 21
Potassium 3.9
Chloride 11.4
Sulphate 27.9
Sodium 32
‘ The Spring...
The village of Tattenhall, beneath Cheshire's beautiful Peckforton Hills, is home to the spring which has provided this pure, clear and refreshing water for over 70 years.
The original borehole for the water was sunk in 1938, and over the years provided millions of litres of fresh water. A new borehole was created in 1993 to meet the highest modern standards of production.
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Frodsham Mineral Water Co
1900 to 1913
Two cousins by the name of Ellison and Corker founded a mineral water company in 1888. It was behind Millbank Cottages, off Main Street.
It was renamed Frodsham Mineral Water Co. in 1912 and many of their old bottles with 'glass alleys' in the neck still remain. The man holding the horse is Joe Ellison, a son of the founder, and the boy on the cart , Billy Booth
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General Discussion