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WATER SECURITY ISSUES AFTER THE MEGA EARTHQUAKES OF 2015: SCARCITY OF SAFE
DRINKING WATER IN THE RURAL COMMUNITIES OF NEPAL
Pabitra Gurung and Cecial Adhikari
WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE:CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ASIA
Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand29 November - 01 December 2016
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OUTLINES OF THE PRESENTATION• Introduction• Challenges of Re-construction in Working Districts• Data for the Vulnerable Ranking• Methods• Results and Discussion• Conclusions
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General:• More than 8000 people were died and more than 22,000 people were injured• More than 600,000 houses were destroyed and more than 300,000 houses were
damaged • 14 districts were severally affected earthquake• Disconnected from basic services: Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
Impact of Earthquake on the Drinking Water and Sanitation:• Water schemes: Total 11,288 (Complete destroyed 1,570 & Partial destroyed 3,663)• Nearly 2.2 million Household latrines were totally destroyed• Lack of water and destroyed latrines: Affected to hygiene practices• Affected on water availability: Reduced water yield, Lost of sources, Contamination due
to damaged of infrastructure and landslides
INTRODUCTION
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CHALLENGES IN WORKING DISTRICTSChallenges of Reconstruction and Study Area (Working Districts):
• Prioritization of working area and Village Development Committees (VDCs)
• Prioritization of vulnerable communities
4 Working Districts:• Dhading: 47 VDCs• Gorkha: 62 VDCs• Nuwakot: 62 VDCs• Rasuwa: 18 VDCs
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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKING
Three Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
1) Number of households without safe drinking water after the earthquakes
2) Number of households without improved sanitation after the earthquakes
3) Disadvantage Group (DAG) Ranking of the VDCs
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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKINGThree Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
1) Number of households without safe drinking water after the earthquakes
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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKINGThree Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
2) Number of households without improved sanitation after the earthquakes
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DATA FOR THE VULNERABLE RANKINGThree Major Community Level Parameters and Indicators:
3) Disadvantage Group (DAG) Ranking of the VDCs
METHODS: WeightageA. Disadvantage Group (DAG) Ranking
I (Very Low Concentration of DAG) 5%II (Low Concentration of DAG) 7%3A (Medium Concentration of DAG) 25%3B (High Concentration of DAG) 28%IV (Very High Concentration of DAG) 35%
B. Status of Water and Sanitation SystemPercentage of Households without safe water after earthquake 60%Percentage of Households without improved sanitation after earthquake 5%Weightage of DAG Ranking in Percentage 35%
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METHODS
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONVulnerable Ranking Map of All the VDCs in Working Districts:
Percentage of HHs without Safe Drinking Water and Improved Sanitation Services after Earthquakes
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONVulnerable Ranking Map of All the VDCs in Working Districts:
Final Vulnerable Rank Maps of Intra-Districts and Inter-Districts Comparison of the VDCs
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONVulnerable Rank Status Analysis of the Working VDCs (Correlation with Overall V-Rank):Percentage of HHs without Safe Water, Improved Sanitation, and DAG Ranking
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
Hou
seho
lds
with
out
Safe
Wat
er
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
Hou
seho
lds
with
out
Impr
oved
San
itatio
n
Overall Vulnerable Rank
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
Wei
ghta
ge o
f D
AG
Ran
k
All the VDCs of Study Districts
Working VDCs in Study Districts
Affect of the Earthquake in:
All of VDCs
Working VDCs
Damaged/Destroyed Houses (percentage of total houses)
83% 92%
Human Casualties (percentage of total population)
0.23% 0.16%
Households without improved water after earthquake
61% 65%
Households without improved sanitation after earthquake
76% 71%
DAG Ranking in Percentage 25% 25%
Overall Vulnerable Rank 63% 64%
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• The technique was based on the damage of Water and Sanitation infrastructures, people excess to basic services, and socio-economic status within the VDCs and Districts
• Small exercise, but very useful technique to make the important decision to categorize vulnerable communities
• The technique was found socially and scientifically justifiable among the stakeholders and donor
• Considering community level parameter and indicators in the technique is a strength of decision making to select the working VDCs
• The technique was applied to reach out the re-construction activities to the relatively higher vulnerable communities/VDCs
CONCLUSIONS
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THANK YOU