Water Reuse: Experiences and New International Trends · SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT and BU’s *USA 1.425...

Valentina Lazarova

Suez EnvironnementChair of the IWA Specialist Group on Water

Reuse

Member of the International Water Academy

Water Reuse: Experiences and New International Trends

Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 2

Adaptation to Climate Change & Growing Urbanization

Increasing Recognition of Water Reuse in Water Management and Urban Planning

2011, drought in France

2009, drought in Spain

River’s pollution

Why Reuse Water?A Concern for Sustainability

Oceanand

BrackishWater

Industrialreuse

Treatment&

Engineering

Surface and

RunoffWater

Irrigation

Potable reuse

Urban non Potable reuse

GroundWater

AtmosphericVapor Natural

water cycleAnthropogenic

water cycle

recycledwater


Water Reuse: a Global Trend towards Sustained Growth in All Continents

Recycled water is becoming to be recognized as a beneficial resource and not a waste lost in the ocean– Policy targets and mandatory reuse 20 to 100% recycling ratio of treated wastewater (California,

Cyprus, Florida, Israel, Spain) satisfy up to 15-35% of water demand (Australia, Singapore)


Amount of wastewater

reused(en %)

Wastewater production

Wastewater reused

Source : GWI – Global Water Market 2011

4% 11% 12% 14% 14% 15%

32% 35%

85%

91%

21m 12mWastewater production (in Mm3/d)

4m 70m 119m 5m 10m 1m 21m 1m

Egypt Singapore Israel KuwaitAustraliaUSAChinaSyriaSpainMexico

Water Reuse: Recycling Ratio of Treated Wastewater in Selected Countries


Water Reuse: Increasing Food Security S

ourc

e: F

AO

, Aqu

asta

t, 20

07

Water withdrawal for agriculture, 2001

At least 20,000,000 ha in 50 countries are irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater (UN, 2003)

> 1/10 of the world’s population consumes crops irrigated with wastewater

Security of food production and market growth in developed countries (Australia, California, Florida, Spain)A matter of Food Security for developing countries (Hyderabad Declaration on wastewater use on agriculture)


Annual renewableWater resourcesm3/inh/year<500500-10001000-17001700-40004000-10,000>10,000No data

0.16 Mm3/dMendoza

0.02 Mm3/dWindhoek

2 Mm3/dCalifornia

5 Mm3/dMexico City

2.2 Mm3/dFlorida

0.1 Mm3/dWashington DC

1 Mm1 Mm33/d/dTotal IsraelTotal Israel

0,15 Mm3/dAbu Dhabi

0,2 Mm3/dRiyadh

0,5 Mm3/dJapan

Agricultural irrigation

Urban uses & golf courses

Potable reuse & aquifer recharge

Industrial uses

2.4 Mm3/dWestern Corridor

0.27 Mm3/dNeWater Singapore

14.8 Mm14.8 Mm33/d/dTotal ChinaTotal China

7,6 Mm7,6 Mm33/d/dTotal USATotal USA

0,82 Mm0,82 Mm33/d/dTotal SpainTotal Spain

14.4 Mm14.4 Mm33/d/dTotal MexicoTotal Mexico

1.85 Mm1.85 Mm33/d/dTotal Saudi ArabiaTotal Saudi Arabia

Annual renewableWater resourcesm3/inh/year<500500-10001000-17001700-40004000-10,000>10,000No data

0.16 Mm3/dMendoza

0.16 Mm3/dMendoza

0.02 Mm3/dWindhoek

2.2 Mm3/dCalifornia

5 Mm3/dMexico City

2.5 Mm3/dFlorida

0.1 Mm3/dWashington DC


0,15 Mm3/dAbu Dhabi

0,2 Mm3/dRiyadh

0,5 Mm3/dJapan


0,15 Mm3/dAbu Dhabi

0,2 Mm3/dRiyadh

0,5 Mm3/dJapan

Agricultural irrigation

Urban uses & golf courses

Potable reuse & aquifer recharge

Industrial uses

2.4 Mm3/dWestern Corridor

0.27 Mm3/dNeWater Singapore

14.8 Mm14.8 Mm33/d/dTotal ChinaTotal China

7,6 Mm7,6 Mm33/d/dTotal USATotal USA

0,82 Mm0,82 Mm33/d/dTotal SpainTotal Spain

14.4 Mm14.4 Mm33/d/dTotal MexicoTotal Mexico

1.85 Mm1.85 Mm33/d/dTotal Saudi ArabiaTotal Saudi Arabia

SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT and BU’s

*USA1.425 km3/yr

831 reuse plantsJapan

0.291 km3/yr218 reuse plants

Australia0.213 km3/yr

435 reuse plants

South Africa0.293 km3/yr

20 reuse plants

Europe1.0 km3/yr

200 reuse plants

Middle East&North Africa1.218 km3/yr

72 reuse plants

Water Reuse: a Global Trend towards Sustained Growth in All Continents

World7.1 km3/yr (0.18% of water demand)

5% of treated wastewater>2000 reuse plants

Source: GWI, 2005


Sou

rce:

Aqu

arec

EU

pro

ject

& A

quaf

in

>3300 projects>250 projects with tertiary treatment

SIZE(million m ³/a)

<0.1

0.1 -0.5

0.5 -5

> 5

N/A?

Agriculture

Industry

Urban

Multipurpose

Water reuse projectsEND USESIZE

(million m ³/a)

<0.1

0.1 -0.5

0.5 -5

> 5

N/A?

Agriculture

Industry

Urban

Multipurpose

END USE

Water Reuse: Increased Growth in Europe


The First EU project on Indirect Potable Reuse: Torreele, Flanders (Belgium)

2002: Torreele WRP, UF/RO/UV (6,800 m3/d), artificial recharge with 2.5 Mm3/yr of the dune aquifer of St-André

10 years of R&D and pilot tests (1997-2000) Capex €7 million, 0.50±0.4 €/m3

Benefits: improvement of water supply and water quality (hardness)


The Largest EU project: Milan, ItalyNosedo & San Rocco Recycling Plants

PretreatmentDegritting, sand and oil removal

Activated sludgeNitrification & denitrification

Sand filtrationvith P removal

DisinfectionPeracetic acid

UV disinfectionLow dose

UV disinfectionHigh dose

Reuse

Reuse

RiverSludge treatment

Aerobic stabilisationDewatering

Thermal drying Sludgevalorisation

Odour treatment

Nosedo WWTRP5 to 15 m3/s

San Rocco WWTRP4 to 12 m3/s

PretreatmentDegritting, sand and oil removal

Activated sludgeNitrification & denitrification

Sand filtrationvith P removal

DisinfectionPeracetic acid

UV disinfectionLow dose

UV disinfectionHigh dose

Reuse

Reuse

RiverSludge treatment

Aerobic stabilisationDewatering

Thermal drying Sludgevalorisation

Odour treatment

Nosedo WWTRP5 to 15 m3/s

San Rocco WWTRP4 to 12 m3/s

86±6 Mm3/yr used for irrigation of rice, corn, grass and horticulture


New concerns: environmental protection, climate change adaptation (droughts), improved urban water management (cities of the future, decentralized wastewater treatment)

Sou

rce:

Wor

ld W

ater

Dev

elop

men

t Rep

ort 3

, ba

sed

on W

intg

ens

and

Hoc

hstra

t 200

6

Water Reuse: Water Scarcity Remains the Major Driver


Water Reuse: a Global Trend to Diversify Water Reuse Practices

Increase of recycled water quality

Agriculturalirrigation

Landscape+ urban uses

Environ-mental

Industrialuses

Acquiferrecharge

Up to 1995

Since 2000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

11

37

8

55

18

18

40

7

8

23

13

5

35

14

18

51

25

Florida, 2010

California, 2008

Costa Brava,Spain, 2007

West Basin, 2007

%


Distribution of water reuse by application: 52% of the total volume of recycled water is used for irrigation

Water Reuse: a Global Trend to Diversify Water Reuse Practices

Sou

rce:

GW

I/PU

B W

ater

Reu

se In

vent

ory,

2010

Landscape irrigation 20%

Agricultural irrigation 32%

High disparity of wastewater treatment level by country

Sou

rce:

Wor

ld W

ater

Dev

elop

men

t Rep

ort 3


CONCLUSIONS


Milestones of Water Reuse in Agriculture

20102000199019801970

1989Dan Region, Israel

310,000 m3/d15,000 ha

100 km pipelinesFood crops

(citrus, avocado)

1998Monterey County,

California120,000 m3/d

4,900 ha74 km pipelines

Market crops (artichokes, letuce)

Demonstration study 1976

1986Water Conserv II, Florida

160,000 m3/d34+79 km pipelinesFood crops: citrus+rapid infiltration

basins

Pilot plant study1958 Cherguia,TunisiaCitrus&olive trees1966Tallahassee, FloridaCorn, soybeans

.

1999Virginia pipeline,Australia120,000 m3/d20,000 ha150 km pipelinesMarket crops(salad, broccoli)

1995Vitoria,Spain

35,000 m3/d10,000 ha

350 km pipelinesVegetable crops

1.Industrial crops & orchards

(secondary effluent)

2. Food crops(tertiary effluent)

3. Crops eaten raw(tertiary effluent)

1967Irvine Ranch,California1976Mendoza, ArgentinaVineyards

2004Sulaibiya, Kuwait, UF/RO375,000 m3/d1680 haFooder (75%)potatoes, eggplants


Water Reuse for AgricultureLessons Learned Keys to success: subsidies, efficient and reliable

treatment, extensive research, education and training Feed back from operations demonstrated that tertiary

disinfected effluent can be safely used for irrigation of food crops

Extensive scientific studies can be needed to demonstrate safety and benefits and gain farmers’ acceptance

Major challenges Food safety and public perception are very important

issues on the minds of farmers (E.coli outbreaks impact: fresh spinach Sept 2006 in the USA (revenue loss >$74 million), cucumber May 2011 in Europe (revenue loss >$600 million)

Agronomic aspects: salinity, sodicity and toxic ions management

Storage capacity and O&M of irrigation networks


Apply a policy-driven integrated approach taking into account the entire (urban) water cycle and/or catchment area and all benefits (market + nonmarket)

How to Succeed in Water Reuse ?

Management ofwater resources

and environment

Economic development

and tourism

Social development and employment

Viable

EquitableBearable

Sustainable

Water bodies qualityBiodiversity& river flow

Air quality Energy & GHG

Reliability of supplyHealth safety

Wellbeing Employment

Long term vision Costs & RevenuesEconomic benefits


How to Succeed in Water Reuse ? Frame Good Practices

Critical step for health protection

Wastewater

Wastewater Treatment

Storage

Application, type of irrigation

Barrier to pathogens


Protection measure

Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure

ControlHarvesting Measures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure

Wastewater

Wastewater Treatment

Storage

Application, type of irrigation



Protection measure

Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure

ControlHarvesting Measures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure


Each water drop is precious: so use

water again safely and for the right

purpose

What are the Perspectives ?

Water Reuse: Experiences and New International Trends · SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT and BU’s *USA 1.425...

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