Water Resources Essential uses for sustaining life in all its forms Breck Bowden Patrick Professor...
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Water ResourcesWater ResourcesEssential uses for sustaining lifeEssential uses for sustaining life
in all its formsin all its forms
Breck BowdenPatrick Professor of Watershed Science & Planning
Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resourceshttp://www.uvm.edu/~wbowden
Take Home MessagesTake Home Messages
• Water is a wonderfully strange compound.
• We use a lot of water, often without knowing it.
• Water management is an issue of critical importance: the Stormwater example.
• Why use a ‘watershed’ approach?
Unusual characteristics of waterUnusual characteristics of water
• Why is it possible to skate on ice? [key concept: phases]
• Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom? [key concept: density]
To Water Use
To Water Quality
The ‘phases’ of waterThe ‘phases’ of waterP
ress
ure
(atm
osph
eres
)
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
.01
.001
.0001-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LiquidSolid
Vapor
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
• Sea level
• Denver
The ‘phases’ of waterThe ‘phases’ of waterP
ress
ure
(atm
osph
eres
)
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
.01
.001
.0001-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LiquidSolid
Vapor
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
• Gutterson Field House
• 1 atmosphere = ~14.7 lbs per square inch• 1 hockey player weighs about 190 lbs• 1 hockey blade is about 10” long and <0.01” wide = <0.1 square inches• applied pressure is 190 lbs/0.1 in2 = 1900 psi = ~130 atms
• Denver
• Sea level
Hockey player
Dullskates
Glaciers
The ‘phases’ of waterThe ‘phases’ of waterP
ress
ure
(atm
osph
eres
)
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
.01
.001
.0001-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LiquidSolid
Vapor
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
• Gutterson Field House
• Most other substances
• Denver
• Sea level
Return to Characteristics
Continue
Why do some objects float?Why do some objects float?
• Mass is not the same thing as weight
• Density = mass/volume (g/cm3)
> = < =
Why don’t lakes freezeWhy don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? from the bottom up?
15oC
10oC
Why don’t lakes freezeWhy don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? from the bottom up?
12oC
10oC
Why don’t lakes freezeWhy don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? from the bottom up?
10oC
10oC
Why don’t lakes freezeWhy don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? from the bottom up?
3.97oC
10oC
Why don’t lakes freezeWhy don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? from the bottom up?
3.97oC
3.97oC
Why don’t lakes freezeWhy don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? from the bottom up?
1oC
3.97oC
Why don’t lakes freezeWhy don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? from the bottom up?
0oC
3.97oC
The basic structure of waterThe basic structure of water
Density changes with phaseDensity changes with phase
Free molecules in liquid Fixed molecules in solid
Return to Characteristics
Continue
We often ‘use’ water without We often ‘use’ water without realizing itrealizing it
Miller (2004)Fig. 13.6, p. 298
1 automobile
1 kilogramcotton
1 kilogramaluminum
1 kilogramgrain-fed beef
1 kilogramrice
1 kilogramcorn
1 kilogrampaper
1 kilogramsteel
400,000 liters(106,000 gallons)
10,500 liters(2,400 gallons)
9,000 liters(2,800 gallons)
7,000 liters(1,900 gallons)
5,000 liters(1,300 gallons)
1,500 liters(400 gallons)
880 liters(230 gallons)
220 liters(60 gallons)
Typical Water Use in the HomeTypical Water Use in the Home
How much water do you use?
Water Use Trends in the USWater Use Trends in the US
In Vermont: 187 gal/person/day (USGS data)
Water Use Water Use World WideWorld Wide
Assessment Assessment & Forecast& Forecast
UNESCO (2000)
We use more water than mostWe use more water than most
Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)
What is the incentive to conserve?What is the incentive to conserve?
Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)
We pay lessWe pay lessfor water for water
than almost than almost anyone elseanyone else
Environment Canada(http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)
Where do Where do we get we get
the water the water we use?we use?
USGS Water Science Web Site
Where does all the water go?Where does all the water go?
Miller (2004)Fig. 19.5, p. 482
Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage
(nitrates and phosphates)
Nitrogen compoundsproduced by cars
and factories
Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage
(primary and secondarytreatment:
nitrates and phosphates)
Discharge of detergents
( phosphates)
Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates
Manure runoffFrom feedlots(nitrates andPhosphates,
ammonia)
Dissolving of nitrogen oxides
(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)
Runoff and erosion(from from cultivation,mining, construction,
and poor land use)
Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction
lots (nitrates andphosphates)
Lake ecosystemnutrient overload
and breakdown of chemical cycling
Stormwater
Take Home MessagesTake Home Messages
• Water is a wonderfully strange compound.
• We use a lot of water, often without knowing it.
• Water management is an issue of critical importance: the Stormwater example.
• Why use a ‘watershed’ approach?
• USGS’s Water Science Web Site
• EPA’s Surf Your Watershed
• EPA’s Watershed Academy
• Lake Champlain Basin Program (Atlas)
Useful WebsitesUseful Websites
http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/wacademy/
http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm
http://wwwga.usgs.gov/edu/mwater.html
http://www.lcbp.org/
Thank you!Thank you!