Water Purification Using Thermal Method
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SOLAR WATER PURIFICATION BY
USING THERMAL METHOD---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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CONTENTS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
1. SYNOPSIS
2. INTRODUCTION
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
4. TYPES OF SOLAR COLLECTOR 5. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
6. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR PARABOLIC DISH
. WORKING PRINCIPLE
!. DRAWINGS
". CONTROL OF HEAT LOSS
1#.ADVNATAGES
11.LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
12.LIST OF MATERIALS
13.COST ESTIMATION
14.CONCLUSION
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SYNOPSIS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER-1
SYNOPSIS
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INTRODUCTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION
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S%%(+)0 '(+'"+%)%+, *(l) '(ll"'%()*
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COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
T* &0 /$+$0*0) $ ) +'$*/) &'*?
S$%&' K*))%*
R*%*/)$'
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1. SOLAR KETTLE:-
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O)*' )+* $ /$0/*0)'&)0 )* &8* &0 &''& $ '*%*/)$' )&) 0787,&%%
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2. REFLECTOR:-
O0* 7* /$&)*7 %& ''$' ,*7 & & R*%*/)$'. T* '*%*/)$' ,*7 )$
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3. TILTING MECHANISM:-
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7. COOKER:-
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9. FILTER:-
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METHODS OF FILTRATION
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$' /'**0? & %)*' /&0 '*$8* +&')/%* ,/ &%%*' )&0 )* $%* )'$, (/ )*
(&)*' +&*.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filter
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TYPES OF FILTRATION
W%") %)"%"+% &l+% $l%")*
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+$,07#.5-1.# $' %*>? &07 ,,&%% %)*' (&)*' ($'0 & */&0/&% &07 +,+?
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T** %)*' ($' )$ '*$8* &/)*'&? +'$)$$& &07 /'$&% /) )&) /&0 /&,*
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR PARABOLIC DISH
FOCUSSING TYPE SOLAR COLLECTORS:-
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The structure of the reflector can * 787*7 0)$ )($ +&') & :&> )* *%%- )*
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B*' &)+'&l" ($ *(l) '(+'"+%)%()*:-
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FINANCIAL MATTERS
T* I07&0 R*0*(&%* E0*' D*8*%$+*0) A*0/ :IREDA> (&
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+'$870 $0* /$$*' 0 ,/ 0)),)$0 (%% /$0)0,*. T* 0&0/&% &)&0/* '$
MNES (%% * )$ )* *)*0) $ R-1?###- +*' /$$*' $' )* &/),&% +'/* &)*' )&)* ,7
(/*8*' %*. B&%&0/* /$) &0 (%% * *0) )&)* 0$7&% &*0/ $' )*
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,07 MNES (%% +'$87* R-5#?###- +*' '*)&,'&0) & $0* )* '&0) )$(&'7 '*0) $'
'0 & +%&/*? $%&' /$$*'? *)&%*0) *)/.
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@ SEW*.
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0/*0)8* '$ MNES S)&)*. T* )&07&'7 &8* **0 '*8*7 )* BIS &07 /$,%7 *
$)&0*7 '$ )*' R*$0&% $/* *)&%*7 &%% $8*' )* /$,0)'.
T** )&07&'7 &'*
1. IS 1342" :P&')1 R*@,'**0)>2###S$%&' C$$*'-B$ T+*-S+*//&)$0
2. IS 1342" :P&')2 C$+$0*0)> 2###S$%&' C$$*'- B$ T+*-S+*//&)$0
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3. IS 1342" :P&')3 T*) M*)$7>2###S$%&' C$$*'-B$ T+*- S+*//&)$0
In the scheme of IREDA, )* &* 0)*'*) ,7 %$&0 & $*'*7 MNES )'$,
N&)$0&%*7 B&0 &'* &%$ &7* &8&%&%*. H$(*8*'? )$ *&* )* $+*'&)$0 &07
&0)*0&0/* $ %$&0 '*/$'7? $0% ,% +,'/&*' &'* *0/$,'&*7 &8&%0 ) %$&0.
T** 0/%,7* +'8&)* $' +,%/ */)$' /$'+$'&)* $7*? +,%/ 0)),)$0? /$$+*'&)8*
$/*)* &07 )* %*. S)&)* R*0*(&%* E0*' A*0/*? 0$0-+'$) &0 0)),)$0
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0)),)$0 $' $' 0787,&%.
T &''&0**0) &%$ /$8*' )* /$0/*+) $ ,++% $%&' /$$*' $0 %*&* '*
+,'/&* &. T** %$&0 '$ IREDA &'* )$ * '*+&7 0 )($ *&' $0 @,&')*'%
0)&%%*0) & () $0) 0)&% +*'$7 & $'&)$',. IRDEA &%$ $*' $)
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&07 '*%&)*7 /$$*' &/)8)*.
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R+," ($ *(l) T")l D"='"* El,/l" $() L(+*:
B&*7 $0 )* '&0* $ )*+*'&),'*? )** )* &'* /%&*7 &
S.N$ G'&7* T C A++%/&)$0
1.
2.
3.
L$( )*'&% )*
M*7, )*'&% )*
H '&7* )*'&%
)*
B*%$( 1## C
1## C-3## C
A$8* 3## C
F$' (&)*' *&)0? &' *&)0
:7'0 &07 +&/* *&)0> &07
7*&%0&)$0 $ (&)*'.
F$' /$$0 ? )*& *0*'&)$0
0 07,)'*? (&)*' +,+0
F$' *0*'&)$0 $ '7 @,&%)
+$(*'
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*0*'&% +,%/. T*'* &'* *8*0 '*$0&% )*) /*0)*' &07 22 &0,&/),'*' &80 ISI
/*')/&)* $' )*' +'$7,/). A) )* *07 $ M&'/? 1""!? 5? 2#?### $ /$%%*/)$' &'*&
*@,8&%*0) & **0 0)&%%*7. U07*' MNES /** $ 0)*'*) ,7 0&)$0&%*7
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)* $'* )&0 2### %)'* +*' 7& /&+&/)? IRDEA *)*07*7 $) %$&0 !.3
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0)*'*)? () '*+&*0) +*'$7 *)*07*7 ,+ )$ *&'? () 1## 7*+'*/&)$0 *0*) )$
)& +&0 0)),)$0 &07 )* %*.
CHAPTER-
WORKING PRINCIPLE
I0 $,' P'$*/)? )* )+* $ /$0/*0)'&)0 )* )&) +$%* )$ ,* 0 & *&)0
&++%/&)$0 )* +&'&$%/ 7. T & & $(% &+*7 '*%*/)$' )&) $/,* )* ,0
$0)$ & '*%&)8*% &%% '*/*8*'. T* %&0 /$*0 $ )&) & &, &$,0) $
,0%) (%% +& )$, ) &07 '*&/ )* &$'*'.
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() )* '*%*/)$'. T /$+%/&)* )*' +'&/)/&% &++%/&)$0 $' (&)*' &07 +&/*
*&)0. M$) +&'&$%/ 7 )* &'* 8*' $+)/&)*7 )* ,*7 $' *%*/)'/)
*0*'&)$0 $' 8*' +%* )* $' /$$0 $$7 $0 & &%%-/&%*. O)*' )+* $
/$0/*0)'&)0 )* &8* &0 &''& $ '*%*/)$' )&) 0787,&%% )'&/ )* ,0 &07 $/,
,0%) $0)$ & /*0)'&% '*/*8*' %$/&)*7 $0 & )$(*'. D*8*%$+*0) $ )** )* &
$/,*7 $0 *%*/)'/ +$(*' *0*'&)$0.
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CONTROL OF HEAT LOSS
L$* & * 787*7 0)$ )'** /&)*$'*
> O+)/&% %$*
> R&7&)$0 %$*.
> C$07,/)$0 &07 /$08*/)$0 %$*.
C$0/*+),&% *)$7 $ /$0)'$%%0 )** %$* &'* %)*7 &07 7/,*7 )*
$%%$(0 */)$0.
1. OPTICAL LOSSES
O+)/&% %$* &'* 7*0*7 *'* & )$*? (/ '*7,/* )* &$,0) $? *&) *0
&$'*7 )* /$%%*/)$'. T* &'* $ )* )$+ & &++$*7 )$ )* *&) %$ &)*' )*
&$'+)$0 '*/*8*'
O+)/&% %$* &'* '*7,/*7
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LOW REFLECTIVITY COVERS
A) 0$'&% 0/7*0) %& '*%*/) &$,) 4.3 $ )* 0/7*0) $%&' '&7&)$0 &) *&/
%& )$ &' 0)*'&/* &07 1.3 &$'*7 0 )* %&. R*%*/)$0 %$* &'* 7$,%*7
(*0 0/7*0) 6# &$8* '$ )* 0$'&%. T /&0 * /$0)'$%%*7 %) *)/0 &
), $0% 2 $' 3 +*'/*0) $ 0/7*0) '&7&)$0 '*%*/)*7.
HIGH TRANSMISSIVITY COVERS
G'**0 )0)*7 %& & %*&8* *)0/)$0 /$-*/*0) $ #.! +*' 0/? (/ *&0
1# *0*' (%% * &$'*7 0 ! 0/ $ %&. H$(*8*' /%*&0 %& & #.2 +*' 0/
.*.? 25 &$'*7.
T & 7$,%* &) 0/7*0/* $ 6# &07 ), 0/'*&*7 &$'*7 *0*' $ )*
/$%%*/)$' +%&)* 0$) /$07*'*7 & & %$? ,) )* 0/'*&*7 )*+*'&),'* $ )* %& +%&)*
+'*8*0) %$ $ *&) '$ )* /$%%*/)$'.
HIGH ABSORPTIVITY COVERS
A$'+)8) $ )* /$%%*/)0 ,'&/* )* (*)*7 &8*'&* $ *0*' &$'*7
&) &%% (&8*%*0) $ )* 0/7*0) $%&' '&7&)$0. A$'+)8) J& '*%&)*7 )$ '*%*/)8)
J'
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&1-'
T* &$'*7 *0*' 0/'*&*7 )* '*%*/)$0 $ %&. F'&/)$0 $ 0$'&%%
0/7*0) '&7&)$0.
F* 1.##! T&
W*'* T-**/)8* )'&0))&0/* $ /$8*' +%&)*.
&07 $,%7 &7* /%$*7 ,0) &07 *$') $,%7 0$) * )&*0 )$ 0/'*&*
*$07 #."5 (*'* & * $0% #.!. T* A$'+)8) $ )* +%&)* & * . B,)
/$07*'&)$0 $,%7 * )&*0 )$ '*7,/* )* *8).
2. RADIATION LOSSES
M*)$7 ,*7 )$ /$0)'$% '&7&)$0 %$ & * /%&*7 & +*/)'&%% *%*/)8*
,'&/*? '&7&)$0 )'&++0 ,'&/* &07 '&7&)$0 *%70.
SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE SURFACES
F$' &0 &)*'&% ,07*' $0$/'$&)/ '&7&)$0 )* , $ A$'+)8) :$'
*8) >
T* &$'0 +%&)* ,) * +*'*/)% $+&@,* : #> $ $0% :$'> 0**7 )$ *
7*0*7 $8*'&%% (&8*%*0) $ 0)*'*). A *%*/)8* ,'&/* $0* $' (/ A$'+)8)
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&07 *8) 7*' () '*+*/) )$ )* (&8*%*0) $ $%&' '&7&)$0 :$')*' )&0 2 $'
3 /'$0> &07 )* (&8*%*0) $ 0)'& '*7 '&7&)$0 :%$0*' )&0 2 $' 3 /'$0>. T,? &
,'&/* & &8* &0 0'& '*7 *8) ,/ %$(*' )&0 $%&' A$'+)8)? (*0
'*7,/*7 (%% &%$ '*7,/*7 $? )$ +'$7,/* & *%*/)8* ,'&/*.
THIN FILMS
H '*%*/)8) &)*'&% $ $0* 8%* %) (&8* %*0) :#.5 /'$0>. T*
)/0* ,/*0) )$ &$' 8%* %) */*0)% &07 '*%*/) %$0 (&8*%*0)
)*'&% '&7&)$0.
GEOMETRIC TRAPPING
A *)&%%/ ,'&/* +$%*7 $0 5 /'$0 (&8*%*0) ,) +))*7 $0 )* /&%* $
#.5 /'$0. S$? ) &$' 8%* %).
A /&'$0 %&/ ,'&/* &8* #."5? #."5. B,) & *%*/)8* ,'&/* *&+%*
N/*% %&/ &
#."4
#." 8*' $$7 $' &++%/&)$0.
RADIATION TRAPPING SYSTEMS
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I) /&0 * /%$*% +%&/*7 0 )* $'7*' $ $0* /*0)*)*'. H$(*8*' (*0 &'
)&0&0) 0 )* &' &+ /$08*/)$0 &/'$ &+ /*&* &07 $0% /$07,/)$0 '*&0. A
&%% &+ (%% )&07 & *' '&7*0) *$'* /$08*/)$0 *) 0? ,) /$07,/)$0 %$* &'*
08*'*% +'$+$')$0&% )$ )* (7) $ )* &+.
HONEY COMBS OR CELLS
T* $0*/$ &'* ,*,% 0 )* /$0)'$% $ /$08*/)$0 %$* & (*%% & '&7&)$0
%$*. I0 +'&/)/* &' &+ &'* $ &$,) 1.25 / $' %* $' )*+*'&),'* 7*'*0/* &0
$'7*' $ 5#X C. E+*'*0) &8* $(0 )&) & 1/ /&%% ,) ,++'** /$08*/)$0.
T*'*$'* )* /*%% /&0 * $7* 0&''$( C )$ +'*8*0) /$08*/)$0> &07 %$0 :)$ '*7,/*
/$07,/)$0>.
EVACUTION
A) +'*,'* 0 )* '&0* $ 1#Z )$ 1#⁴ &)$+*'* /$08*/)$0 ,++'**7 &07
)* *&) )'&0*' 7*)*'00 /$07,/)$0. H$(*8*' )* )*'&% /$07,/)8) $ &'
0$) '*7,/*7 ,0)% +&) $ $%*/,%* */$* /$+&'&%* )$ (&%% +&/0. A & '*,%)
$' 8&/,, 1#‐⁵ )$ 1# &) )*'&% /$07,/)8) '*7,/*7 &$,) 1# $' &0$)*' 7*/&7*
'*7,/)$0 0 +'*,'* :1# $ H>. T* /$07,/)8) &$,) 1 $ )&) $ &' &) 1
&).
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ADVANTAGES
E'(+('l *&"'%:
L*&) &0)*0&0/* /$).
N$ )'&0+$')&)$0 '$ %$0 7)&0/*
N$ '*0) $' *%*/)'/) ,)%*7
N$ ,*% '*@,'*7 $' $+*'&)$0
T"'+'l *&"'%:
N$ $80 +&')? ), %$0 %*
N$*%* $+*'&)$0
N$ +*'$0 '*@,'*7 )$ $+*'&)* )* )*
M+5$'%5)+, *&"'%:
S+%* 0 /$0)',/)$0? $ *& )$ &'/&)*
N$ *&8 &)*'&% &'* ,*7
S$"%0 *&"'%:
P$%%,)$0 '**
L* /&0/* $ &//7*0)
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LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS:-
H 0)&% 0)&%%&)$0 /$)
C&'* $,%7 * )&*0 $' C$$0
N**7 %&'* * $ $%&' +&0*% &'*& $' +$(*' $,)+,).
APPLICATIONS:-
D$*)/ A++%/&)$0
I07,)'&% )*'&% *&)0 A++%/&)$0
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LIST OF MATERIALS
Sl. N(.N" ($ %" P)%* >5+%%0 M%")l*
1 C$$*' 1 A%,0,
2 R*%*/)$' 1 G%&
3 B$))$ +%&)* 1 M%7 S)**%
4 N*) 5 K G.I
5 T$+ P+* 1 M%7 S)**%
6 B, 4 M%7 S)**%
F'&* S)&07 1 C.R P+*
! C$$*' /%&+ 1 M%7 S)**%" B$%) &07 0,) - M%7 )**%
1#. F%)*' 1 S%8*'
1. MATERIAL COST:-
Sl. N(.N" ($ %" P)%* >5+%%0 M%")l* A(5+% R*;
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1 C$$*' 1 A%,0,
2 R*%*/)$' 1 G%&
3 B$))$ +%&)* 1 M%7 S)**%
4 N*) 5 K G.I
5 T$+ P+* 1 M%7 S)**%
6 B, 4 M%7 S)**%
F'&* S)&07 1 C.R P+*
! C$$*' /%&+ 1 M%7 S)**%
" B$%) &07 0,) - M%7 )**%
1# F%)*' 1 S%8*'
TOTAL
CONCLUSION
T +'$*/) ($' & +'$87*7 , &0 */*%%*0) $++$'),0) &07 *+*'*0/*? )$ ,*
$,' %)*7 0$(%*7*. W* &0*7 & %$) $ +'&/)/&% 0$(%*7* '*&'70? +%&000?
+,'/&0? /$+,)0 &07 &/00 (%* 7$0 ) +'$*/) ($'. W* **% )&) )*
+'$*/) ($' & $$7 $%,)$0 )$ '7* )* &)* *)(**0 0)),)$0 &07 07,)'*.
W* &'* +'$,7 )&) (* &8* /$+%*)*7 )* ($' () )* %)*7 )* ,//*,%%.
T* S$%&' (&)*' +,'/&)$0 ,0 )*'&% *)$7 ($'0 () &)&/)$'
/$07)$0. W* &'* &%* )$ ,07*')&07 )* 7/,%)* 0 &0)&00 )* )$%*'&0/* &07
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&%$ @,&%). W* &8* 7$0* )$ $,' &%) &07 %% &0 &, ,* $ &8&%&%*
&/%)*.
I0 /$0/%,$0 '*&' $ $,' +'$*/) ($'? %*) , &77 & *( $'* %0* &$,) $,'
+'*$0 +'$*/) ($'.
T* /* &78&0)&* $ $,' )* )&)? +%* +$')&%* )+* %$( /$) $%&'
(&)*' +,'/&)$0 ,0 )*'&% *)$7 (*0 /$+&'*7 )$ $)*' $%&' /$%%*/)$'
(/ &'* &8&%&%* 0 &'*). O+*'&)0 +'0/+%* $ $%&' (&)*' +,'/&)$0 ,0
)*'&% *)$7 &%$ 8*' *&. W* /&0 $8* )* $%&' (&)*' +,'/&)$0 ,0
)*'&% *)$7 '$ $0* +%&/* )$ &0$)*' +%&/* 8*' *&%.
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. BASIC HEAT TRANSFER FRANK KREITH
WILLIAM [.BLACK
2. SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING RICHARD S.GREELEY
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OF BUILDINGS ROBERT P.OUELLETTE
PAUL N.CHEREMISIONOFF
3. SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING R.PATTON
OF BUILDINGS
7. BASIC HEAT TRANSFER .P.HALMON.
8. HAND BOOK-SOLAR RADIATION ANNA MANI
OVER INDIA S.RATHAKRISHNAN.