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Transcript of Water Problems and Solutions in Spain by Professor J. Gonzalez-Lopez and Professor M.V....
Water Problems and Solutions in Spain
by
Professor J. Gonzalez-Lopezand
Professor M.V. Martinez-Toledo
Universidad de Granada. (SPAIN)
THE WORLD
EUROPE
Modelo digital del terreno de Europa. Fuente: U.S. Geological Survey’s EROS Data Center
TEMPERATUREANUAL RAINFALL
ANUAL POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION HUMIDITY INDEX
SPAIN
Spanish Main Problems
SCARCITY
IRREGULAR DISTRIBUTION IN
SPACE
EXTREMAL EVENTS:
DROUGHTS & FLOODS
IRREGULAR DISTRIBUTION IN
TIME
SCARCITY
DIFFICULT DEVELOPMENT
AQUIFERS OVEREXPLOITATION
DESERTITATION
MANY OTHERS...
IRREGULAR DISTRIBUTION IN
SPACE
ANUAL AVERAGE RAINFALL (mm)
IRREGULAR DISTRIBUTION IN
SPACE
AVERAGE ARIDITY INDEX
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic
Q(
m3/
s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic
Q(
m3/
s)
River Ródano, Beaucaire (Francia) 1990-97 except year 91
River Guadiaro, San Pablo de Buceite (España).1990-96
ANUAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN SPAIN
IRREGULAR DISTRIBUTION
IN TIME
Fuete: CEDEX
IRREGULAR DISTRIBUTION
IN TIME
PRECIPITACION ANUAL EN GRANADA
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1902
1905
1908
1911
1914
1917
1920
1923
1926
1929
1932
1935
1938
1941
1944
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
465 mm
INTERANUAL VARIATION
EXTREMAL EVENTS:
DROUGHTS & FLOODS
1995 Rhine flood
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
8/01
15/0
1
22/0
1
29/0
1
5/02
12/0
2
19/0
2
days
m3/
s
Hidrograma de la avenida de 1995 en el Rhin. Fuente:
German Ministry for the Environment, 1996.
Almanzora flood, 19 October 1973
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4
hours
m3/s
Hidrograma del río Almanzora en
Almería, España durante la avenida
del 19 de Octubre de 1973. Fuente: MIMAM, 1998
Fuete: CEDEX
FLOODS
Tous Dam Break, (1982). 550mm/24h, Qin max=10,000m3/s Qout max=15,000m3/s, 8 deaths.
EXTREMAL EVENTS: DROUGHTS
& FLOODS
DROUGHTS
Aracena Dam, (Huelva), 1995
What can we do with this problem?
A.- Leave such a “horrible” country and move to a more comfortable land
B.- Stay and enjoy our “paradise” but “fighting against the Gods”
C.- Just drink some WINE, have a “SIESTA” and wait for a better weather
What can we do with this problem?
A.- Leave such a “horrible” country and move to a more comfortable land
B.- Stay and enjoy our “paradise” but “fighting” against the Gods
C.- Just drink some WINE, have a “SIESTA” and wait for a better weather
Spanish Hydraulic Works through the HISTORY
Roman Empire
• Water supply, industry, irrigation and navigation
• Small dams but with regulation capacity
• Examples:
II
IV
VI
X
VIII
XII
XIV
XVI
XX
XVIII
XXII
• Toledo: Alcantarilla (17) + 40 km
• Mérida: Proserpina (19) & Cornalvo (24) +
10km
• Cádiz: 75 km
• Granada: Barcinas + 10km
• Itálica: 37 km
• Córdoba: 15 km
• Segovia: 12 km
• Tarragona.
• Ponferrada: 100 km
Germanic Tribes
• more pasture than agriculture
• not new hydraulics works
• hydraulic development stopped
II
IV
VI
X
VIII
XII
XIV
XVI
XX
XVIII
XXII
Arabs & Christians
• water as a valuable natural resource
• agriculture (great development) and gardens
• water distribution more than water regulation
• use of Roman structures
• origin of the traditional Spanish irrigation systems
II
IV
VI
X
VIII
XII
XIV
XVI
XX
XVIII
XXII
• Granada: Alhambra and Generalife
• Zaragoza: Almonacid Dam (30)
• Albacete: Almansa Dam (15-21)
Habsburg´s Dynasty
• new Hydraulic Works in Levante and Ebro´s Area
• use of rivers for navigation purposes
• hundreds of new projects
II
IV
VI
X
VIII
XII
XIV
XVI
XX
XVIII
XXII
• „Canal Imperial de Aragón“
• Huesca: Arguis Dam (1687, 23m)
• Castilla Channel (beginning)
• Alicante: Tibi Dam (1580, 46m)
• Transfers to Murcia (project)
BORBONES´ DINASTY
• navigation channels as first objective all across the country
• still using Roman structures (repaired) and new ones
• lots of large dams
II
IV
VI
X
VIII
XII
XIV
XVI
XX
XVIII
XXII
• Madrid: Gasco Dam (1787, 91m but destroyed with only 50m)
• Alicante: Relleu Dam (1653,32m )
• Murcia: Puentes Dam (1785,50m)
• Zaragoza: Mezalocha Dam (1719, 45m)
• Castilla Channel (cont.)
S. XIX
• great development after Independence War
• trains substitute navigation channels
• 1799: Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos and ist “Technical Highest School”
• 1864 first “global” planification
• 1866: first Law of Water
• 1870. Law of channels and reservoirs
II
IV
VI
X
VIII
XII
XIV
XVI
XX
XVIII
XXII
• Madrid: El Villar Dam (1873, 50m)
•Murcia:Valdeinfierno Dam (1785-1806,49m)
S. XX
• 1902 General Plan of Irrigation Channels and Reservoirs (205 new hydraulics works but without a general organisation)
• 1926 creation of the “Hydrografic Confederations”
• 1936-1939 Civil War
• 1933 and 1940 National Plans of Hydraulic Works
• 1967-1978 Transfer Tajo-Segura
• 1985 Present Law of Water
• Enormous developmentII
IV
VI
X
VIII
XII
XIV
XVI
XX
XVIII
XXII
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Capac
idad a
cumula
da de
embal
se (hm
3 )
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Núme
ro acu
mulad
o de p
resas
Capacidad
Número
... And, what do we have TODAY?
WATER RESOURCES
DAMS
GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION
TRANSFERS
DESALINIZATION
WATER RE-USE
WATER RESOURCES
DAMS
GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION
TRANSFERS
DESALINIZATION
WATER RE-USE
MORE THAN 1,200 LARGE DAMS IN SPAIN
WATER RESOURCES
DAMS
GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION
TRANSFERS
DESALINIZATION
WATER RE-USE
Fuete: CEDEX
AQUIFERS-RESERVOIRS SYSTEMS
WATER RESOURCES
DAMS
GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION
TRANSFERS
DESALINIZATION
WATER RE-USE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Júca
r
Seg
ura
Bal
eare
s
Can
aria
s
Gua
dalq
uivi
r
Sur
Gua
dian
a
Ebr
o
C. I
. Cat
aluñ
a
Nor
te
Gal
icia
Cos
ta
Due
ro
Taj
o
hm3 /a
ño
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Reutilización actual
Reutilización previsible
Reut. Previs. / Dem. Abast.
Volúmen total de reutilización previsible en España (2º horizonte de los Planes Hidrológicos de cuenca): 1.100 Hm3/año : (CEDEX)
Fuete: CEDEX
WATER RESOURCES
DAMS
GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION
TRANSFERS
DESALINIZATION
WATER RE-USE
Mapa de municipios con instalaciones de desalación para abastecimiento urbano
Agua de mar Uso urbano 89 hm3/añoUso agrícola 5 hm3/año
Agua salobre Uso urbano y turístico 29 hm3/añoUso industrial 40 hm3/añoUso agrícola 58 hm3/año
Distribución por usos de las aguas desaladas marinas y salobres. Total: unos 220 Hm3/año
Fuete: CEDEX
DESALINIZATION INSTALLATIONS
WATER RESOURCES
DAMS
GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION
TRANSFERS
DESALINIZATION
WATER RE-USE
GALICIA COSTA
GUADIANA II
CANARIAS
NORTE I
NORTE II
4
DUERO
CEUTA
6
GUADIANA I
4
GUADALQUIVIR
4
TAJO
10 287
SUR
7
MELILLA
NORTE III
EBRO
190
225
SEGURA
30
JUCAR
55
53C.I. DE CATALUÑA
BALEARES
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 K m
N
Main Current Tranfers in Spain (average anual values hm3)
Fuete: CEDEX
346000
111000
9990
4300070000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Hm
3
RAINFALL RUNOFF NAT. REG. RESERVOIRS REG. MAXIMUNRESERVOIRS
SPANISH FRESH WATER RESOURCES
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Portugal
España
Francia
Italia
Grecia
UE
Uso urbano
Uso industrial
Uso agrícola
Uso energético
Fuete: CEDEX
... Is the problem solved, or we have
to keep on working
TOMORROW?
IN THE NEXT DECADE WE HAVE TO DO...
PLAN HIDROLÓGICO NACIONAL
PLAN NACIONAL DE REGADÍOS
NEW LAW ABOUT FLOOD RISK PROTECTION
NEW REGULATIONS ABOUT DAM SAFETY
EUROPEAN ENVIRONTMENTAL POLICY
AUTONOMIC COMUNITIES´ HYDRAULIC WORKS
CONCLUSSIONS
Thank you for your attention