Water Pollution

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Water PollutionWater PollutionWater PollutionWater Pollution is is

the addition of any the addition of any substance that has substance that has a a negativenegative effect effect on water or the on water or the living things that living things that depend on water. depend on water.

The substances The substances that cause water that cause water pollution are called pollution are called pollutantspollutants..

Point source pollution

Sources of pollution are classified, in part, by how they enter a body of water.

Point source pollution is a specific source of pollution that can be identified.

Example: A pipe gushing colored water into a river       

Nonpoint source pollution

A widely spread source of pollution that can’t be tied to a specific point of origin is called nonpoint source pollution.

Example: Runoff from a farm field, a street, or a construction site

Effects of PollutantsEffects of Pollutants

Some pollutants can build up in the bodies of living things.

Pesticides are chemicals intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.

An example of a pesticide is DDT.

A very small amount of DDT in water can build up to harmful

levels in living things

Major Sources of Water Major Sources of Water PollutionPollution

The three major sources of The three major sources of water pollution are water pollution are human human wastes, wastes, industrialindustrial wastes, wastes, and and chemical runoffchemical runoff..

Human Waste

Sewage in citiesDuring heavy rains or floods,

sanitary sewers sometimes overflow and can pollute the surface water.

If this happens, people are often told to boil water for drinking and cooking after a flood.

The boiling kills many disease-causing organisms.

Sewage in Rural AreasSewage in Rural Areas

In rural areas, people must be careful where they locate septic tanks.

If a tank is too near a stream or on a hill, wastewater can leak into the stream or flow downhill to the area of a well.

Leaking septic tank

Sewage in Rural Areas

Wastes from cattle, pigs, and chickens can also be a problem in rural areas.

Animal wastes can run off from pastures and barnyards and pass disease-causing bacteria and other kinds of pollution into bodies of water.

Industrial WastesIndustrial Wastes

ChemicalsChemicals, , smokesmoke , and , and heatedheated water are three types water are three types of pollutants produced by of pollutants produced by factories, mines, and other factories, mines, and other industries. industries.

ChemicalsChemicals

Many factory processes Many factory processes involve toxic chemicals involve toxic chemicals and strong acids. and strong acids.

Other toxic wastes are Other toxic wastes are produced as a result of produced as a result of manufacturing and mining manufacturing and mining processes.processes.

Although Although lawslaws control control many many point sourcespoint sources of of chemical pollution, some chemical pollution, some factories still release toxic factories still release toxic chemicals directly into chemicals directly into nearby rivers and lakes. nearby rivers and lakes.

ChemicalsChemicals

Another problem is pollution Another problem is pollution caused by caused by nonpoint sourcesnonpoint sources. .

In the past, many industries In the past, many industries stored toxic wastes in stored toxic wastes in barrelsbarrels or or other containers buried other containers buried underground. underground.

Over the years, however, many of Over the years, however, many of these containers rusted or broke. these containers rusted or broke.

The chemicals leaked out, The chemicals leaked out, polluting both the soil and the polluting both the soil and the groundwater. groundwater.

Barrels of nuclear waste found in an abandoned

German salt mine

Smoke and ExhaustSmoke and ExhaustMany power plants and factories burn Many power plants and factories burn coalcoal

or or oiloil to fuel their processes. to fuel their processes.

The engines of millions of cars, trucks, The engines of millions of cars, trucks, and buses burn and buses burn gasolinegasoline. .

SmokeSmoke and and exhaust exhaust from these sources from these sources pour into the air, especially around large pour into the air, especially around large cities. cities.

Smoke and ExhaustWhen coal, oil, and

gasoline are burned, the gases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are released into the atmosphere.

The sulfur and nitrogen react with water, forming sulfuric and nitric acids.

The result is acid rain.

Acid RainAcid Rain

Acid rain is rain or another form of precipitation that is more acidic than normal.

Acid rain can affect fish, harm trees, and eat away the stone of buildings and statues.

Heat PollutionHeat Pollution Much of the water in

factories is used to cool machinery or metal objects.

The warm water alone can act as a pollutant.

Many water organisms can live in only a narrow range of temperatures.

Warm water released by factory into a nearby river or pond raises the temperature of the water, sometimes enough to harm the living things there.

Chemical RunoffChemical Runoff

Farmers spread or spray fertilizing chemicals on their fields to produce better crops.

When rain falls on the fields, it washes some of the chemicals away as runoff.

Water used for irrigation also creates runoff.

The fertilizers in the runoff are a nonpoint source of pollution.

Examples of runoff

Runoff from farmsRunoff from farms

With the addition of fertilizers running off into ponds and lakes, the process of eutrophication speeds up.

Runoff and irrigation water carry away pollutants from farm fields such as pesticides and fertilizers.

Runoff from farms

Runoff from roads When it rains, runoff carries oil into rivers

and lakes, or underground and into the groundwater.

During winter, runoff also picks up salt that is spread on roads and sidewalks to melt ice.

Gasoline, oil, and salt are nonpoint sources that pollute rivers and lakes.

They can also seep underground and pollute wells and aquifers.

Water Pollution Solutions

Solving pollution problems involves cleaning up existing problems as well as preventing new ones.

Cleanup Many pollutants are removed from fresh

water through natural cleanup processes. Living things in lakes, streams, and wetlands

help reduce pollution by filtering out and breaking down waste materials.

Living things helping cleanup pollution

Examples Plant roots filter larger particles from the

water. Certain bacteria consume oil and have been

used to cleanup oil spills. Natural and artificial wetlands can be used to

clean up water pollution. Wetlands have been built near coal mines to

treat acidic mining runoff before it returns to the environment.

Prevention Many industries have found that recycling

techniques that conserve water also reduce pollution. For example, factories cool the water used to cool

machinery and reuse it instead of releasing it into a river.

Another example is when farmers collect and reuse the runoff water from their pasture as water for irrigation.

Farmers can also plant fields of grasses that filter out pollutants before the water reaches a river or pond.