Water Pollution Miller Chapter 21. Water Resources Water is a renewable but finite resource Clean...
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Transcript of Water Pollution Miller Chapter 21. Water Resources Water is a renewable but finite resource Clean...
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Water PollutionMiller Chapter 21
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Water ResourcesWater is a “renewable” but finite
resourceClean water is essential to
human/animal health – humans can only live about 3 days without water
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“Water Planet”About 70% of Earth’s surface is
water97.5% of that is ocean water2.5% is fresh water
1.5% is frozen in ice caps & glaciers0.5% is inaccessible/brackish
Only about 0.02% of the Earth’s water supply is available as liquid freshwater
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Who is using Earth’s water resources?
What 2 conclusions
can you draw from this data?
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Hydrological Cycle
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Hydrological CycleTranspiration – from plantsEvaporation – from rivers, lakes,
ponds, oceansPrecipitation – rainRunoff – to rivers, lakes, etcInfiltration/Seepage – to aquifers,
groundwater, to rivers & oceans, to plants
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Surface WaterSurface water is
water that is above ground in lakes, rivers, ponds, and streams
A watershed is the entire area of land that is drained by a river
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Fig. 14-3, p. 308
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Precipitation Evaporation and transpirationEvaporation
Confined Recharge Area
Runoff
Flowing artesian well
Recharge Unconfined Aquifer
Stream Well requiring a pump
Infiltration Water table Lak
eInfiltrationUnconfined aquiferConfined aquiferConfining impermeable rock layer
Less permeable material such as clay
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Groundwater and Aquifers
Groundwater – water that seeps down into the soil and is stored underground
Aquifers – large amounts of water in underground rock formationsEx. Edward’s Aquifer (TX)
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AquifersAquifers are running low – people are
pumping too much out!It can take millions of years to formRecharge zone: area of land from
which groundwater originates
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Freshwater Pollutionthe introduction of chemical,
physical, or biological material into water that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms that drink it and live in it.
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Major Water Pollutants and Their Sources
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Common Diseases Transmitted to Humans through Contaminated
Drinking Water
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Point Pollutionpollution that is
discharged from a single source, such as a factory, a wastewater treatment plant, or an oil tanker
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Point Pollution Fairly easy to
identify, regulate, and control
Ex: septic tanks, storage lagoons for polluted waste, landfills, underground gasoline storage tanks, wastewater treatment plants, industrial plants
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Nonpoint PollutionPollution that comes from many
sourcesReaches bodies of water via
streets and sewersAccumulation of small amounts
of pollution adds up to huge problems
Hard to regulate and control – mostly public awareness is only help
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Nonpoint PollutionEx: highway
construction and maintenance; oil, gasoline, dog feces, litter from storm drain runoff; pesticides and fertilizer; dry salt (for snow and ice on roads)
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Major kinds of water pollution
Pathogens – disease causing organisms such as bacteria; caused by untreated human sewage entering water
Organic matter – biodegradable remains of animals and plants, including feces; mainly nonpoint sources
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Water PollutionOrganic
chemicals – pesticides, fertilizers, plastics, detergents, gasoline and oil, and other fossil fuel materials (hydrocarbons); nonpoint pollution
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Water PollutionInorganic
chemicals – acids, salts, toxic metals; point and nonpoint
Toxic chemicals – poisonous chemicals, incl. heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium); industrial and household chemicals
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Water PollutionPhysical
agents – heat and suspended solids such as soil
Radioactive waste – from power plants or nuclear processing and defense facilities
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Wastewater Treatment Plants
Pipes lead from residential and industrial areas to wastewater treatment plants for treatment before being returned to lakes and rivers
Not 100% effective, especially with industrial wastewater
Sludge – product of treatment – can be used as fertilizer or bricks
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Primary Sewage Treatment
One settling tank
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Secondary Sewage Treatment
Two settling tanks
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Other Treatment Uses
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Solutions: Primary and Secondary Sewage
Treatment
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Solutions: Septic Tank System
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PathogensDisease-causing
microorganismsEnter water
through untreated wastewater/animal feces
Cholera, hepatitis, typhoid
E. coli checked using “fecal coliform test”
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BioaccumulationOr biomagnificationBuild up of toxic pesticides in
animals through the food chain
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EutrophicationEutrophication – build-up of
abundance of nutrients in lakes and streams over time
uses up large amounts of oxygen dissolved in water
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Artificial eutrophicationEutrophication caused by
humansNormal process which has been
acceleratedInorganic plant nutrients
(phosphorous and nitrogen) enter water through sewage and fertilizer runoff
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EutrophicationPhosphorous –
contained in detergents, animal wastes
- causes excessive algal growth
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Algae BloomsLarge mats of
algae which float on the water
As algae die and decompose, large amts of dissolved oxygen are used
Fish suffocate
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Water Quality as Measured by Dissolved Oxygen Content in Parts per Million
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Dilution and Decay of Degradable, Oxygen-Demanding Wastes in a Stream
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Thermal PollutionExcessive amounts of heat
added to a body of waterFrom power plants and other
industries -use water as a cooling
system -hot water returned to
stream/river -can cause massive fish kills
(suffocate) -hot water does not hold as
much dissolved oxygen as cold water
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Clean Water Act“to restore and maintain the
chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters”
To make all surface water clean enough for fishing and swimming
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Groundwater PollutionPesticides, fertilizers, agricultural
chemicals that seep into groundwater
EPA has detected at least 200 hazardous chemicals that can seep through the soil and into groundwater
Porosity vs. Permeability
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Principal Sources of Groundwater Contamination in the U.S.
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Groundwater Contamination from a Leaking Gasoline Tank
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Solutions: Groundwater Pollution, Prevention and Cleanup
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Ocean Pollution
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RunoffAt least 85% of ocean pollution
comes from the landRiver runoff
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Dumped directly in the ocean
Sludge from wastewater treatment
Ships dump directly into ocean
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Residential Areas, Factories, and Farms Contribute to Pollution of Coastal Waters
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A Large Zone of Oxygen-Depleted Water in the Gulf of Mexico Due to Algal Blooms
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Oil SpillsLarge
disasters: ex. Exxon Valdez - 1989 only about 5% of oil pollution
Most oil is from tankers slowly leaking (706 Million Gallons of oil per year!!!)100 Million in
the USOil spilled
when loading and offloading tankers
Offshore oil rigs
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Plastic
Plastic fishing lines - strangulation, trapped animals
Clear plastic bags - block digestive systems in turtles
Six-pack rings - around necks
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The North Pacific Gyre
The world’s largest “landfill”: 100 Million tons of floating plastic, stretching for 500 nautical miles!
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PreventionMARPOL - International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships
prohibits discharge of oil and plastics in oceans and coastal waters
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act - double hulls on tankers
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Solutions: Coastal Water Pollution, Prevention and Cleanup
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Ocean OwnershipJurisdiction problemsLaw of the Sea Treaty - 22 km
(12 nautical miles) = exclusive economic zone