Water Pollution LCHS

8/9/2019 Water Pollution LCHS

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Water PollutionWater PollutionChapters 13 and 20Chapters 13 and 20

Living in the EnvironmentLivi

ng in the Environment, 11, 11thth Edition, Miller Edition, Miller

Advanced Placement Environmental Science

La Canada igh School!r" E


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Water #ualit$ !e%initionsWater #ualit$ !e%initions

& Contaminant ' an$ constituent in the (ater

deleterious to a particular end use regardless o% its

origin and (hether it occurs in the (atershed,

source or in a (ater suppl$ s$stem& Pollutant ' an$ constituent in the (ater source

deleterious to a particular end use that is o%

anthropogenic origin

& Pollutant ) su*set o% contaminant

Contaminants

Pollutants

Contaminants

isis"csuha$(ard"edu+alss+eograph$+ mlee+geog-3.0+-3.0c-%01"ppt

http://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt


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Water PollutionWater Pollution& An$ chemical, *iological and ph$sical change in

(ater /ualit$ that has a harm%ul e%%ect on living

organisms or maes it unusa*le %or agriculture

he massive /uantit$ o% pollutants produced *$

*illion humans, their machines, plants, animals he limited suppl$ o% %resh li/uid (ater into (hich most

(ater'destined pollutants are discharged

he gro(ing num*er o% 4technological pollutants5

released into the environment, i"e" manu%actureds$nthetic materials

*ss"s%su"edu+ehines+geog00+ 6resh(ater720and

720ocean720Pollution"ppt


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& $pes and Sources o%$pes and Sources o%

PollutionPollution& Pollution o% Streams and Laes

& 8cean Pollution& round(ater Pollution

& !rining Water #ualit$& Waste Water reatment

& Water Legislation


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&Point sources 9e"g", %actories, se(age treatment plants, mines, oil (ells, oil taners:

&Nonpoint sources 9e"g", acid deposition,

su*stances piced up in runo%%, seepage intoground(ater:

&Agriculture is largest source o% (ater pollution

in the ;"S" 9-7 o% pollutants into streams and

.roos+Cole Pu*lishing Compan$ + ?P


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$pes o% Pollution$pes o% Pollution& !isease'causing Agents @ pathogens& 8$gen !emanding Agents @ organic (asteB manure

& Water'solu*le ?norganic Chemicals @ acids, toicmetals

& ?norganic Plant utrients @ nitrogen and phosphorus& 8rganic Chemicals @ oil, pesticides, detergents

& Sediment or Suspended Material @ erosion, soil

& Water'solu*le Dadioactive ?sotopes @ radon uranium

& eat @ electric and nuclear po(er plants

& enetic Pollution


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E" coli out*rea in WalertonE" coli out*rea in Walerton

& ?n Ma$ 2000 the small communit$ o%Walerton, 8ntario (as laid (aste *$ a toic

strain o% E. coli:0157"

@ he contamination came %rom the pu*lic (atersuppl$"

@ Si people died in the %irst (ee including a t(o

$ear old daughter o% a local medical doctor"

@ 6our ne( cases sur%aced in late ul$, all ver$ $oung

children"

@ 8ver a thousand innocent people (ere in%ected" *ss"s%su"edu+ehines+geog00+ 6resh(ater720and



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Water*orne >acteriaWater*orne >acteria

Escherichia coli Vibrio sp.

>ar*ara E" Moore, Ph"!", !epartment o% >iolog$, ;niversit$ o% eas at San Antonio

& !isease s$mptoms usuall$ are eplosive

emissions %rom either end o% the digestivetract

http://www.texastmdl.org/presentations/%20Pathogen%20Issues%20I%20final.ppthttp://www.texastmdl.org/presentations/%20Pathogen%20Issues%20I%20final.ppt


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Water*orne ProtoFoansWater*orne ProtoFoans

Giardia sp"G

GP" !ar*en


& !isease s$mptoms are usuall$ eplosive

emissions %rom either end o% the digestivetract



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Water*orne uman HirusesWater*orne uman Hiruses

epatitis A virus epatitis E virus

or(al virusG DotavirusG

G6" Williams>ar*ara E" Moore, Ph"!", !epartment o% >iolog$, ;niversit$ o% eas at San Antonio



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?ndicator ests?ndicator ests

otal coli%ormIEndo agarJ

6ecal coli%ormIm'6C agarJ

6ecal streptococciIM'enterococcusJ

Prescott et al", Micro*iolog$




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Case Stud$ on EradicatingCase Stud$ on Eradicating

!racunculiasis!racunculiasis

Water and Sanitation @ Critical Elements in !evelopment ' Mie Lee CS; K a$(ardWater and Sanitation @ Critical Elements in !evelopment ' Mie Lee CS; K a$(ard


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uinea Worm !iseaseuinea Worm !isease

& People have su%%ered %rom uinea Worms %orcenturies @ the %ier$ serpent (as mentioned inthe *i*le

& People are in%ected *$ drining (ater that

contain the larvae in a tin$ %resh(ater crustaceancalled C$clops

& A $ear later, larvae mature into 3 %eet (orms that

emerge through sin *listers& his is such a painful process that men and

(omen can5t (or, children can5t attend school

Water and Sanitation @ Critical Elements in !evelopment ' Mie Lee CS; K a$(ard


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httpB++((("pmeh"uio(a"edu+%uortes+3111+;?EA+

he uineahe uinea

Worm gro(sWorm gro(sdo(n the leg anddo(n the leg and

its se organsits se organs

appear at theappear at theanle or on theanle or on the

%oot usuall$,%oot usuall$,

*ursting (hen it *ursting (hen itsenses (ater,senses (ater,

releasing ova"releasing ova"

Water and Sanitation @ Critical Elements in !evelopment ' Mie Lee CS; K a$(ard


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& o vaccine %or uinea

(orm is availa*le"& People do not seem to

*uild up an$ resistanceand the disease can *e

rein%ected over and over"& o research is *eing

conducted %or an$vaccine or cure"

& Worms are removedslo(l$ each da$ *$(inding around a stic"

httpB++((("pmeh"uio(a"edu+%uortes+3111+;?EA+Water and Sanitation @ Critical Elements in !evelopment ' Mie Lee CS; K a$(ard


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$pes and Sources o% Pollution$pes and Sources o% Pollution&

!isease'causing Agents ' Pathogens& Oxygen Demanding AgentsOxygen Demanding Agents& Water'solu*le ?norganic Chemicals

&?norganic Plant utrients& 8rganic Chemicals

& Sediment or Suspended Material

& Water'solu*le Dadioactive ?sotopes

& eat

& enetic Pollution


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>iological 8$gen !emand 9>8!:>iological 8$gen !emand 9>8!:

& >8!B 8$gen is removed %rom (ater (hen organic

matter is consumed *$ *acteria"

& Lo( o$gen conditions ma$ ill %ish and other organisms"

ources o! organic matter & atural inputs'' *ogs, s(amps, lea% %all, and vegetation

aligning (ater(a$s"

&uman inputs'' pulp and paper mills, meat'pacing plants, %ood processing industries, and (aste(ater

treatment plants"

& onpoint inputs'' runo%% %rom ur*an areas, agricultural

areas, and %eedlots"


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$OD E!!ects on %ater &uality$OD E!!ects on %ater &uality

All streams have some capa*ilit$ to degrade organic (aste"

Pro*lems occur (hen stream is overloaded (ith *iochemical

o$gen'demanding (aste"


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!isease'causing Agents ' Pathogens& 8$gen !emanding Agents

& %ater'solu(le )norganic C#emicals%ater'solu(le )norganic C#emicals& ?norganic Plant utrients

& 8rganic Chemicals



& eat

& enetic Pollution


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eav$ Metalseav$ Metals

& Metallic elements having a densit$greater than . g+cm3

& Most are etremel$ toic

@ Water solu*le @ Deadil$ a*sor*ed into plant or animal

tissue

& >ioconcentrate @ Com*ine (ith *iomolecules

& Proteins

& ucleic acidseav$ Metals *$ !r" ena amra


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Sources o% eav$ MetalsSources o% eav$ Metals

& atural

@ Dedistri*uted *$ geologic and *iologic

c$cles

& ?ndustrial

& >urning o% %ossil %uels& Environmental pollution

eav$ Metals *$ !r" ena amra


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Acid DainAcid Dain

& >road term used to descri*e several(a$s that acids %all out o% the

atmospherehttpB++((("paci%icnet"net+N%astoso

+smOacid"pg

!r" arve$ 6" homas K ?llinois State ;niversit$


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Wet and !r$ Acid DainWet and !r$ Acid Dain

& Wet deposition re%ers to acidic rain, %og,and sno("

& !r$ deposition re%ers to acidic gases and

particles"


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Causes o%Causes o%

Acid DainAcid Dain

& Sul%ur dioide 9S82: and nitrogen oides 98:

are the primar$ causes o% acid rain"

& ?n the ;S, a*out 2+3 o% all S82 and 1+- o% all 8 comes %rom electric po(er generation that relies

on *urning %ossil %uels lie coal"


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6ormation o% Acid Dain6ormation o% Acid Dain

& ases react in the atmosphere (ith (ater,

o$gen, and other chemicals to %orm a

mild solution o% sul%uric acid and nitricacid"


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Measuring Acid DainMeasuring Acid Dain

& Acid rain is measured using a QpQscale" @ he lo(er a su*stanceRs p, the more

acidic it is"& Pure (ater has a p o%


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>u%%ering Capacit$>u%%ering Capacit$

& Acid rain primaril$ a%%ects sensitive *odieso% (ater, (hich are located in (atersheds

(hose soils have a limited *u%%ering

capacit$& Laes and streams *ecome acidic (hen the

(ater itsel% and its surrounding soil cannot

*u%%er the acid rain enough to neutraliFe it& Some laes no( have a p value o% less

than .


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E%%ects on Wildli%eE%%ects on Wildli%e& enerall$, the $oung o% most species are

more sensitive to environmental conditions

than adults

& At p ., most %ish eggs cannot hatch

& At lo(er p levels, some adult %ish die

& Some acid laes

have no %ish


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utrients utrients

& Acidic (ater dissolves the nutrients andhelp%ul minerals in the soil and then (ashes

them a(a$ *e%ore trees and other plants can

use them to gro("

& Acid rain also causes the release o%

su*stances that are toic to trees and plants,such as aluminum, into the soil"


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$pes and Sources o% Pollution$pes and Sources o% Pollution& !isease'causing Agents ' Pathogens

& 8$gen !emanding Agents

& Water'solu*le ?norganic Chemicals

& )norganic Plant Nutrients)norganic Plant Nutrients& 8rganic Chemicals



& eat

& enetic Pollution

S l d P ll iS l t d P ll t t t i t


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Selected PollutantsB utrientsSelected PollutantsB utrients

Phosphorus and nitrogen are the maor concerns

ourcesB&uman, animal 9e"g", og 6arms:, and industrial (aste&Storm (ater

&Soil erosion&Ecessive use o% %ertiliFers %or crops, la(ns, and home

gardens

S l t d P ll t t t i tS l t d P ll t t t i t


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Selected PollutantsB utrientsSelected PollutantsB utrients

Eutrophication is characteriFed *$

rapid increase in plant li%e" An

eample is the algae *loom sho(n

here"

&Algae *looms *loc sunlight so

plants *elo( die"&!ecomposition o% dead plants

consumes o$gen"&Lo( o$gen conditions ma$ ill

%ish etc"&Aesthetics 9color, clarit$, smell:

&;ptae and release o% toics

igh nutrient concentrations can cause Eutrophication 9(ell'

%ed in ree: o% (ater *odies


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& ?norganic Plant utrients

& Organic C#emicalsOrganic C#emicals& Sediment or Suspended Material


& eat

& enetic Pollution


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concentrations

increase at

increasing levels

in the %ood chain @PC>s, !!, etc"

>iological Magni%ication>iological Magni%ication

6ig" 12@20= >roos+Cole Pu*lishing Compan$ + ?P

Water Desources and Water PollutionWater Desources and Water Pollution by Paul Richby Paul Rich

http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/iscor310/iscor310_archive/Chapter_12_Lecture/mi0212-conc0112.ppthttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/iscor310/iscor310_archive/Chapter_12_Lecture/mi0212-conc0112.ppthttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/iscor310/iscor310_archive/Chapter_12_Lecture/mi0212-conc0112.ppthttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/iscor310/iscor310_archive/Chapter_12_Lecture/mi0212-conc0112.ppthttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/iscor310/iscor310_archive/Chapter_12_Lecture/mi0212-conc0112.ppthttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/iscor310/iscor310_archive/Chapter_12_Lecture/mi0212-conc0112.ppt


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!egrada*le+>iodegrada*le!egrada*le+>iodegrada*le

& !egrada*leB hat can *e chemicall$decomposedB decomposable plastic wastes

& Photodegrada*leB that the product isdecomposed 9*roen do(n: *$ eposure tolight

& >iodegrada*leB Capa*le o% *eingdecomposed *$ *iological agents, especiall$

*acteriaB a biodegradable detergent




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& 8rganic Chemicals

& ediment or uspended *aterialediment or uspended *aterial& Water'solu*le Dadioactive ?sotopes

& eat

& enetic Pollution


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ErosionErosion

Sediment 9cla$, silt: is the 1 source o% (ater pollution">are soil easil$ (ashes into storm drains and streams,

clouding the (ater and su%%ocating a/uatic li%e"& ever leave soil eposedT Place stra( over ne(l$

seeded areas"

& Cover $our garden during (inter months"

& Sod, seed, gro( plants, or *uild terraces on slopes"

& Doc gardens can also *e e%%ective %or slo(ing the %lo(o% (ater and minimiFing erosion"


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E%%ects o% Sediment LoadingE%%ects o% Sediment Loading

& !estruction o% spa(ning *eds

& Adsorption and transport o% other pollutants

& Deduced light penetration, a/uatic

vegetation

& reater nutrients loadings, o$gen demand

& ?nter%erence (ith navigation, %lood control,

recreation, industr$


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& 8rganic Chemicals


& %ater'solu(le +adioacti,e )sotopes%ater'solu(le +adioacti,e )sotopes& eat

& enetic Pollution


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China S$ndromeChina S$ndrome

& ?n a complete reactor meltdo(n, the etremel$ hot

9a*out 2


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William La(lessWilliam La(less

& At Savannah Diver, SouthCarolina, the ;S !epartment o%Energ$ ran plutonium productionreactors 9to mae plutonium %or

*om*s: and a reprocessing plant9to separate plutonium %rom spentnuclear %uel:

& William La(less (as surprised(hen '' (ith no prior eperience'' he (as put in charge o%radioactive (aste management atthe huge militar$ comple


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Whistle*lo(er Whistle*lo(er

& La(less (anted to do a good o*, so hestarted asing some pointed /uestionsB @ Wh$ (ere li/uid radioactive (astes *eing

poured into shallo( trenches, (here the$ couldlea into the soil and enter the sur%ace (atersV

@ Wh$ (ere solid plutonium'contaminated(astes *eing *uried in card*oard *oes andcovered (ith earthV

& e (as told to eep /uiet

& ?nstead, he (ent pu*lic, and promptl$ losthis o*


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Post Whistle'>lo(ingPost Whistle'>lo(ing

& e (as hired to teach mathematics at alocal college, (hich ena*led him to mae aliving (hile he ept on taling '' to the press, on national radio and H '' a*out

shodd$ (aste management practices atSavannah Diver

& Since then, all plutonium productionreactors and reprocessing plants have *eenshut do(n not onl$ at Savannah Diver *utthroughout the ;S, and environmentalcleanup has *ecome a priorit$


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!isease'causing Agents ' Pathogens& 8$gen !emanding Agents


& ?norganic Plant utrients& 8rganic Chemicals


& Water'solu*le Dadioactive ?sotopes& -eat-eat& enetic Pollution

? d t i l W t P ll ti? d t i l W t P ll ti


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?ndustrial Water Pollution?ndustrial Water Pollution

& hermal Pollution occurs (hen (ater is(ithdra(n, used %or cooling purposes, and

then heated (ater is returned to its original

source& An increase in temperature, even a %e(

degrees, ma$ signi%icantl$ alter some

a/uatic ecos$stems

W t tW t t


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&A pollutant as dangerous to aters as more tangi(le o! !orms

o! aste

&On national scale/ industrial cooling aters is a !irst'order

source o! #eat

&Electric poer generation uses 0 o! cooling aters

&Past experience #as indicated t#at t#ermal pollution #as

not multiplied as !ast as poer generation (ecause o!

impro,ements in t#ermal plant e!!iciency and de,elopment

o! #ydropoer

&Nuclear plants ' aste e,en #ig#er proportion o! #eat t#an

!ossil'!uel plants

Waste eatWaste eat


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& 8rganic Chemicals



& eat

& 2enetic Pollution2enetic Pollution


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$drillaB on'native A/uatic Plant$drillaB on'native A/uatic Plant

& !ense mats alter (ater /ualit$ @ raising p

@ decreasing o$gen under the mats

@ increasing temperature

@ stagnant (ater @ good *reeding grounds %or mos/uitoes

& $drilla (ill gro( (ith less light and %e(er

nutrients, and can out compete other native andnon'native plant

& 6ish populations are negativel$ a%%ected i% h$drillaeceeds 30'-07 coverage o% the lae




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& $pes and Sources o% Pollution

& Pollution o% Streams andPollution o% Streams andLaesLaes

& 8cean Pollution

& round(ater Pollution

& !rining Water #ualit$

& Waste Water reatment

& Water Legislation


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DiversDivers

& Divers have *een eas$ targets %or dumpingo% se(age and industrial (astes

& Man$ rivers that are in industrial areas are

so polluted and lo( in o$gen that ver$ %e(species can live in them an$more

& he Dhine, !anu*e, ?llinois, Cu$ahoga, and

Mississippi are the (orst eamples o% polluted rivers


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%lo(ing (ater can recover rapidl$ *$ dilution and deca$

Pollution o% Streams and LaesPollution o% Streams and Laes

= >roos+Cole Pu*lishing Compan$ + ?P Water Desources and Water PollutionWater Desources and Water Pollution by Paul Richby Paul Rich

E t hi tiE t hi ti



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Accelerated results (ith human input o% nutrients to a lae

EutrophicationEutrophication

= >roos+Cole Pu*lishing Compan$ + ?P Water Desources and Water PollutionWater Desources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

C St d t L C St d t L


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& >asin contains

.7 o% %resh

sur%ace (ater in

;"S" and 207 o%

(orld

& Severe cultural

eutrophication in10s 9e"g", Lae

Erie:

& X20 *illion

pollution@control program

improved (ater

/ualit$ since

1


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& (ater pollution la(s o% 1


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& Pollution o% Streams and Laes& 8cean Pollution8cean Pollution

& round(ater Pollution& !rining Water #ualit$

& Waste Water reatment& Water Legislation


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& Coastal areas most impacted @ especiall$ (etlands and

estuaries, coral ree%s, and mangrove s(amps

& al% o% (orldRs population lives (ithin 100 m 90

miles: o% oceans and 1- o% 1. largest cities coastal

& A*out 3.7 o% ;"S" municipal se(age discharged

virtuall$ untreated in ocean (aters

& !umping o% industrial (aste directl$ into ocean o%% ;"S"

coasts stopped, *ut man$ countries still dump large

/uantities o% toic su*stances

& 8cean is the ultimate repositor$ o% (aste

8cean Pollution8cean Pollution

= >roos+Cole Pu*lishing Compan$ + ?P




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M i % 8 P ll iM i % 8 P ll ti


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Main $pes o% 8cean PollutionMain $pes o% 8cean Pollution

& Petroleum 9oil:

& Se(age sludge& !! and PC>s& Mercur$

& Point sourceB clearl$ discerna*le in terms o%origin 9municipal se(age out%all, oil tanerspills, o%%shore oil (ell *lo(outs:

& on'point'source pollutionB ill'de%ined ordi%%used sources, runo%% 9har*ors and marinas,>, po(er*oat pollution, invasive species,agriculture, %orestr$, ur*an runo%%, ocean de*ris,air pollution, noise pollution, dredging




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& 3olatile Organics Compounds immediatel$ ill man$ o%the a/uatic organisms 9especiall$ planton and larvae: and

contaminate %ish

& "loating oil coats *irds and ocean mammalY destro$snatural insulation and *uo$anc$ and causes deaths

& -ea,y oil sins to ocean *ottom and (ashes into estuaries

(here it contaminates cra*s, o$sters, mussels, clams, etc"

& Oil slic4s on (eac#es harm intertidal li%e and cause

economic losses to tourism and %ishing industries

E%%ects o% 8il SpillsE%%ects o% 8il Spills





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8cean PollutionB Petroleum8cean PollutionB Petroleum

& When oil (ashes upat a *each, it can

negativel$ a%%ect the

ocean environment

& 8il can coat ocean

organisms and render

their insulating %ur or

%eathers useless

Oil on t#e (eac# !rom t#e Exxon Valdez oil spill/

Alas4a *ss"s%su"edu+ehines+geog00+ 6resh(ater720and


8 P ll ti8cean PollutionB


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8cean PollutionB8cean PollutionB

PetroleumPetroleum

& Petroleum is *iodegrada*le

& Man$ pollution eperts

consider oil to *e amongthe least damaging ocean

pollutants

& !ata %rom the 1Z Exxon

Valdez oil spill sho(s the

recover$ o% e$ organisms



8 P ll ti P t l8 P ll ti P t l


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8cean PollutionB Petroleum8cean PollutionB Petroleum

Harious processes act

to *rea up

and degradeoil in the

ocean

environment



C St d E H ld 8il S illC St d E H ld 8il S ill


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& March 2-, 1Z, tanerin Prince William

Sound, Alasa, (orst oil

spill in ;"S" (aters

& Coated 1,00 o%

shoreline, illed (ildli%e,

and caused serious

contamination

& Eon spent X2"2 *illion

on direct cleanup [ X1 *illion %ines and

damagesY another X.

*illion *eing appealed

Case Stud$B Eon HaldeF 8il SpillCase Stud$B Eon HaldeF 8il Spill





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E H ld l .3VVVVE H ld l .3VVVV


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Eon HaldeF onl$ .3VVVVEon HaldeF onl$ .3VVVV



8cean Poll tionB Se age Sl dge8cean PollutionB Se(age Sludge


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8cean PollutionB Se(age Sludge8cean PollutionB Se(age Sludge

& Se(age sludge is thesemisolid material thatremains a%ter se(age

treatment& Much se(age sludge

(as dumped o%%shoreuntil la(s restrictedse(age dumping




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8cean PollutionB !!8cean PollutionB !!

& !! (as a (idel$ used pesticide that

*ecame concentrated in ocean %ish

& !! caused *ro(n pelicans and ospre$s to produce thin egg shells

& World(ide, !! has *een *anned %rom

agricultural use *ut is still %ound indeveloping countries\




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8cean PollutionB PC>s8cean PollutionB PC>s

& PC>s are industrial chemicals used as li/uid

coolants and insulation in industrial

e/uipment such as po(er trans%ormers& PC>s enter the ocean environment through

leas and %rom discarded e/uipment

& PC>s can accumulate in animal tissues anda%%ect reproduction




71/122

8cean PollutionB Mercur$ and8cean PollutionB Mercur$ and

Minamata !iseaseMinamata !isease& Mercur$ has man$industrial uses *ut is

etremel$ toic

& A chemical plant

released large

/uantities o% mercur$

into Minamata >a$,apan

& Desidents (ho ate

highl$ contaminated

%ish su%%ered

neurological disease

and *irth disorders




72/122

*ss"s%su"edu+ehines+geog00+ 6resh(ater720and720ocean720Pollution"ppt

C S d Ch C S d Ch >


73/122

& Largest

estuar$ in ;"S"

& Severel$

degraded *$

(ater pollution %rom

states

& !eposition o%air pollutants

Case Stud$B Chesapeae >a$Case Stud$B Chesapeae >a$

6ig" 12@2-



8 P ll ti P i t S8 P ll ti P i t S



74/122

8cean PollutionB Point Source8cean PollutionB Point Source

& Are clearl$ discerni*lein terms o% origin

& 8riginate %rommunicipal and industrial

%acilities& >$passes and over%lo(s

%rom municipal se(ages$stems

& 8il taner spills ando%%shore oil (ell

*lo(outs *ss"s%su"edu+ehines+geog00+ 6resh(ater720and



75/122

8cean PollutionB on'Point Source8cean PollutionB on'Point Source

& on'point'source

pollution comes %rom

material (ashed do(n

storm drains aspoison runo%%

& ?ncludes %ertiliFers,

pesticides, road oil,and trash




76/122

Plastic in the 8cean EnvironmentPlastic in the 8cean Environment

& PlasticB @ Either does not

*iodegrade or not

in human time\ @ 6loats

@ as high strength

@ ?s ingested *$ and

entangles ocean

animals *ss"s%su"edu+ehines+geog00+ 6resh(ater720and720ocean720Pollution"ppt


77/122


& Pollution o% Streams and Laes& 8cean Pollution

& round(ater Pollutionround(ater Pollution& !rining Water #ualit$


d ll i


78/122

& reater threat to humans than much o% more visi*le sur%ace

(ater pollution

& Much ground(ater rene(ed slo(l$, such that pollution

lingers %or long time

& Crude estimates indicate that up to 2.7 o% usa*leground(ater in the ;"S" contaminated

& Etremel$ di%%icult to clean up contaminated ground(aterY

prevention more e%%ective& Main approachB pump ground(ater to sur%ace, puri%$ing

(ater, and returning to a/ui%erY costs high

round(ater Pollutionround(ater Pollution





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75 o! 175/000 4non aste disposal sites in may (e


80/122

*ss"s%su"edu+ehines+geog00+ 6resh(ater720and720ocean720Pollution"ppt

/ p yproducing #a6ardous su(sur!ace plumes contaminatedregions o! t#e su(sur!ace8



81/122


alt %ater )ntrusion

Extensi,e pumping in

coastal areas can cause

salt ater to rise into

ells/ !orming a cone o!

ascension

i


82/122

& Deduce sources that %eed into the a/ui%erY

& Monitor a/ui%ers near land%ills and underground storage

tansY

& De/uire lea detection s$stems and lia*ilit$ insurance %or

eisting and ne( underground tans that store haFardous

li/uidsY

& >an or more strictl$ regulate disposal o% haFardous

(astes in deep inection (ells and land%illsY

& Store haFardous li/uids a*oveground (ith more

sa%eguards"

PreventionPrevention



d S % P ll ti



83/122



& round(ater Pollution& !rining Water #ualit$!rining Water #ualit$


! i i W # li! i i W t # lit


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& Much o% the (orldRs drining (ater is contaminated and poses serious health threats

& Most drining (ater is puri%ied *$ storage in reservoir

9suspended matter settles:, and treated *$ sand %ilters,

activated charcoal, and addition o% chlorine

& ;"S" Sa%e !rining Water Act o% 1roos+Cole Pu*lishing Compan$ + ?P

Water Desources and Water PollutionWater Desources and Water Pollutionby Paul Richby Paul Rich

Water #ualit$ StandardsWater #ualit$ Standards



85/122


&he EPA 9Environmental Protection Agenc$: setsMaimum Contaminant Levels 9MCLs: %or drining (ater

&here are standards %or numerous contaminants, t(o o%

(hich cause an immediate health threat i% eceeded

&Coli%orm *acteria '*ecause the$ ma$ indicate presence

o% disease causing organisms

& itrate ' can cause 4*lue *a*$ s$ndrome]nitratereacts (ith *lood and *lood can5t carr$ as much o$gen

M i i l W t P i%i ti Pl tM i i l W t P i%i ti Pl t


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Municipal Water Puri%ication PlantMunicipal Water Puri%ication Plant

W S


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Water reatment StagesWater reatment Stages

1" Screening

2" Aeration

3" p correction

-" Coagulation and

%locculation

." Sedimentation" Pre'chlorination and

dechlorination


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?nitial Stages?nitial Stages

& creening ' the removal o% an$ coarse%loating o*ects, (eeds, etc" %rom the (ater"

& Aeration ' dissolving o$gen into the (aterto remove smell and taste, promote help%ul *acteria to gro(, and precipitate nuisancemetals lie iron and manganese"

& p- correction ' preparing %or coagulationand to help precipitate metals"


M Cl ;M Cl ;



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Maor Clean ;pMaor Clean ;p& Coagulation and !locculation ' causes the

agglomeration and sedimentation o% suspended solid particles through the addition o% a coagulating agent9usuall$ aluminum sul%ate and+or iron sul%ate: to the ra((ater along (ith a pol$mer to help %orm a %loc"

& edimentation ' 6loc settles out and is scraped andvacuumed o%% the *ed o% large sedimentation tans"Clari%ied (ater drains out o% the top o% these tans in agiant decanting process"

& Pre'c#lorination and dec#lorination ' mostl$ to illalgae that (ould other(ise gro( and clog the (ater%ilters" Also ills much o% the remaining unprotected *acteria"




90/122

CoagulationCoagulation

& +ac#el Casiday/ 2reg Noel4en/ and +egina "rey/ %as#ington ni,ersity

#ttp:99unmr.ustl.edu9EduDe,9a(;utorials9%at er9Pu(lic%aterupply9Pu(lic%aterupply.#tml 8isis"csuha$(ard"edu+alss+eograph$+ mlee+geog-3.0+-3.0c-%01"ppt

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.htmlhttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.htmlhttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html


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SedimentationSedimentation


#ttp:99unmr.ustl.edu9EduDe,9a(;utorials9%ater9Pu(l ic%aterupply9Pu(lic%aterupply.#tml 8isis"csuha$(ard"edu+alss+eograph$+ mlee+geog-3.0+-3.0c-%01"ppt

6il i 8 Wh 5 L %6ilt i 8 t Wh t5 L %t



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6iltering 8ut What5s Le%t6iltering 8ut What5s Le%t

& Either slo( or rapid !iltration 9depends on siFe o% plant+volume o% (ater considerations:

& Dapid'sand %ilters %orce (ater through a 0"-.'1mla$er o% sand 9d)0"-'1"2mm: and (or %aster,needing a smaller area" >ut the$ need %re/uent *ac'(ashing

& Slo('sand %ilters 9d)0"1.'0"3.mm: re/uire a much

larger area *ut reduce *acteriological and viral levelsto a greater degree due to the SchmutFdece la$er"he top 1 inch must *e periodicall$ scraped o%% andthe %ilter occasionall$ *ac'(ashed


6il i6ilt ti



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6iltration6iltration


#ttp:99unmr.ustl.edu9EduDe,9a(;utorials9%ater9Pu (lic%aterupply9Pu(lic%aterupply.#tml 8isis"csuha$(ard"edu+alss+eograph$+ mlee+geog-3.0+-3.0c-%01"ppt

6i l h6i l h



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6inal ouches6inal ouches

& Disin!ection ' (ater completel$ %ree o% suspendedsediment is treated (ith a po(er%ul oidiFing agentusuall$ chlorine, chlorine then ammonia 9chloramine:,or oFone"

@ A residual disin%ectant is le%t in the (ater to preventrein%ection"

@ Chlorine can %orm harm%ul *$products and has suspectedlins to stomach cancer and miscarriages"

@ Man$ agencies no( residuall$ disin%ect (ith Chloramine"& p- ad


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Additional Stepsdd o a S eps

& -ea,y metal remo,alB most treatment plantsdo not have special stages %or metals *ut rel$on o$genation, coagulation and ion echangein %ilters to remove them" ?% metals persist,additional treatment (ould *e needed

& ;rou(lesome organics: Activated car*on%ilters are re/uired (here solu*le organicconstituents are present *ecause man$ (ill pass

straight through standard plants, e"g" pesticides, phenols, M>E and so %orth




96/122

AdsorptionAdsorption


#ttp:99unmr.ustl.edu9EduDe,9a(;utorials9%ater9Pu (lic%aterupply9Pu(lic%aterupply.#tml 8isis"csuha$(ard"edu+alss+eograph$+ mlee+geog-3.0+-3.0c-%01"ppt



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Water reatment Hirtual oursWater reatment Hirtual ours

& A num*er o% (ater suppliers have help%ul and

interesting virtual tours o% their %acilities on the (e*B

&he Cit$ o% empe AFBhttpB++((("tempe"gov+(ater+30+de%ault"htm

& he Cit$ o% Arlington B

httpB++((("ci"arlington"t"us+(ater+virtualtour"html

& Central Coast Water Authorit$, CABhttpB++((("cc(a"com+treatment01"htm



http://www.tempe.gov/water/360/default.htmhttp://www.ci.arlington.tx.us/water/virtualtour.htmlhttp://www.ccwa.com/treatment01.htmhttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://smb//LCHSNOV2/SYS/APES%20Powerpoint/water/pollution/isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/%20mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppthttp://www.ccwa.com/treatment01.htmhttp://www.ci.arlington.tx.us/water/virtualtour.htmlhttp://www.tempe.gov/water/360/default.htmhttp://www.tempe.gov/water/360/default.htm


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& round(ater Pollution& !rining Water #ualit$

& Waste Water reatmentWaste Water reatment& Water Legislation

reatment 8*ectivesreatment 8*ectives


99/122

reatment 8*ectivesreatment 8*ectives

& Waste(ater treatment s$stems tae human andindustrial li/uid (astes and mae them sa%e

enough 9%rom the pu*lic health perspective: to

return to the a/uatic or terrestrial environment"

& ?n some cases, (aste(ater can *e clean

enough %or reuse %or particular purposes"

& Waste(ater treatment s$stems use the same

processes o% puri%ication that (ould occur in a

natural a/uatic s$stem onl$ the$ do it %aster

and in a controlled situation"isis"csuha$(ard"edu+alss+eograph$+ mlee+geog-3.0+-3.0c-%01"ppt

Se(age or Waste(ater reatmentSe(age or Waste(ater reatment



100/122

Se(age or Waste(ater reatmentSe(age or Waste(ater reatment

& Se(age or (aste(ater is composed o%se(age or (aste(ater %romB

@ !omestic used (ater and toilet (astes

@ Dain(ater

@ ?ndustrial e%%luent 9;oxic industrial ater ispretreated:

@ Livestoc (astes

GG micro*es degrade organic compounds

GG elimination o% pathogens occurs


101/122

!ecentraliFed Alternatives!ecentraliFed Alternatives


102/122

& ?n rural areas or in particular ur*an communities in the ;"S",

human (aste(ater (ill *e treated through individual septictan s$stems 9pumped or leach%ield varieties:

& Waste(ater is %iltered, microorganisms illed and chemicalsadsor*ed and+or diluted in its passage through the soils and

rocs o% the leach%ield& ?n developing countries, ur*an (aste(ater is seldom treated

and instead %lo(s ra( through collectors to receiving (ater *odies 9lie in the ;S 100 $ears ago:

& he solution %or man$ developing nations is centraliFedoidation lagoon s$stems 9*ut this needs space: or the useo% individual ventilated pit'latrines, especiall$ %or shant$to(ns and rural villages


eptic ;an4septic ;an4s



103/122

& Approx. == million systems in operation >0 o!

population8

& uita(ility determined (y soil type/ dept# to ater ta(le/ dept#to (edroc4 and topograp#y

& Commonly !ail due to poor soil drainage& Potential contaminants: (acteria/ #ea,y metals/ nutrients/

synt#etic organic c#emicals e.g. (en6ene8


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Se(age reatmentSe(age reatment


105/122


Waste(ater or se(age treatment is a multistep processB

1" Primar$ reatment 9Ph$sical Process:

@ Demoval o% large o*ects using grates andscreens

@ Settling to remove suspended solids 9primar$

sludge:

& %locculating chemicals are added to enhance

sedimentation



106/122

gg

2" Secondar$ reatment 9Micro*ial Process: @ Supernatant or primar$ e%%luent contains high

levels o% dissolved organic load 9>iological

8$gen !emand: @ Aeration to stimulate aero*ic degradation

& activated sludge reactor

& tricling %ilter reactor

*acteria degrade organic

car*on to C82

Anaero*ic !igestion o% SludgeAnaero*ic !igestion o% Sludge


107/122

& Sludges %rom the primar$ and secondar$treatment settling tans are pumped into an

anaero*ic digester

& Sludges contain cellulose, proteins, lipid and

other insolu*le pol$mers

&Anaero*ic *acteria digest the sludge tomethane and car*on dioide

g gg g



108/122


Pathogen Demoval *$ Activated Sludge& More than 07 o% E.coli" and Salmonella are

destro$ed

& >acteria are removed *$ inactivation, graFing *$

ciliated protoFoa, and adsorption to sludge solids

& Hiruses are removed mainl$ *$ adsorption process



109/122

g

3" ertiar$ reatment 9Ph$sicochemicalProcess:

& Precipitation

& 6iltration& Chlorination

& reated (ater is discharged to (ater(a$s

& ;sed %or irrigation& Dec$cled into drining (ater

epensive process, sharpl$

reduces inorganic nutrients

9P8-, 83:

Deusing Waste(ater Deusing Waste(ater


110/122

g& Currentl$, treated (aste(ater, no matter ho( clean

cannot *e directl$ mied (ith treated ra( (ater andsupplied as pota*le 9%rom Latin potare ) to drin:(ater 9most places:

& o(ever, i% a dual plum*ing s$stem is availa*le,

(aste(ater can *e piped into %acilities %or speci%ic,approved uses %or (hich non'pota*le (ater is ade/uate9process (ater, irrigation, sanitar$ use, etc":

& !ual plum*ing s$stems in America are colored purple to

distinguish pipes, valves, taps, etc" %rom pota*le ones9e"g" Las Positas CC and the adacent industrial par hasthis:


?ndirect ;se o% Waste(ater ?ndirect ;se o% Waste(ater ? i l d i * i d i A i%



111/122

& ?ncreasingl$, treated (aste(ater is *eing used in A/ui%er

Decover$ and Storage proects, used to recharge and protect

ground(ater that (ill ultimatel$ *e used %or pota*lesupplies"

& ?n ?srael and the etherlands, treated (aste(ater is allo(ed

to percolate into and %ilter through deep sand dunes or permea*le sandstone rocs to deep a/ui%ers and is pumped

out *elo( and sent to ra( (ater treatment plants"

& ?n Cali%ornia, man$ plans eist %or recharging ground(ater

*asins (ith (aste(ater 9^one


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Waste(ater Hirtual oursWaste(ater Hirtual ours

& he State o% South !aota has a use%ul generic

(aste(ater treatment plant tour on the (e*B

httpB++((("state"sd"us+denr+!ES+Sur%ace(ater+virt

ual"htm

& he Cit$ o% Camarillo, CA has a nice and clear

virtual tour o% their secondar$ treatment plantB

httpB++((("ci"camarillo"ca"us+csd+tour"html


CA ertiar$ Waste(ater S$stemsCA ertiar$ Waste(ater S$stems



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CA ertiar$ Waste(ater S$stemsCA ertiar$ Waste(ater S$stems

& ?rvine Danch Water !istrict has a ver$ advancedtertiar$ (aste(ater treatment s$stem used tosuppl$ reclaimed (ater that $ou can read a*outand virtuall$ tour atB

httpB++((("ir(d"com+inde"html"& 8range Count$ Water !istrict also has a ver$

sophisticated s$stem used %or ground(aterrecharge and a/ui%er recover$ that $ou can read

a*out and virtuall$ tours atBhttpB++((("oc(d"com+Ohtml+(%21"htmAnchor 'W6218vervie('-.


114/122

$p

& Pollution o% Streams and Laes

& 8cean Pollution

& round(ater Pollution

& !rining Water #ualit$

& Waste Water reatment

& Water LegislationWater Legislation


115/122


& ?n most countries, (ater /ualit$ standards

have graduall$ emerged and are still

evolving %or di%%erent (ater uses& Standards are a %unction o%

@ our a*ilit$ to detect and remove contaminants

@ our understanding and+or %ear o% their actual or possi*le impacts

isis"csuha$(ard"edu+alss+eograph$+ mlee



116/122

;"S" Water #ualit$ Standards;"S" Water #ualit$ Standards

& he EPA have recorded at least


117/122

Legal Attempts to Control WaterLegal Attempts to Control Water

PollutionPollution

1" Clean Water Act 1


118/122

& he Clean Water Act is a 1


119/122

& his Act 91:, Cali%ornia Water Code _13000 et

se/", provides %or aesthetic values, %ish and(ildli%e preservation, (ater reclamation, and

comprehensive planning and regulation to attain

the highest Qreasona*leQ (ater /ualit$ in

consideration o% con%licting demands"

& ?t is Cali%ornia5s Clean Water Act"

Environmental Science ESC 2Z00 ' Pollution in the >a$'!elta

Sa%e !rining Water ActSa%e !rining Water Act


120/122

Sa%e !rining Water ActSa%e !rining Water Act& he Sa%e !rining Water Act 91


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and oic En%orcement Actand oic En%orcement Act

& his 1Z la( 9Prop .: had t(o maor provisionsB

1" hat no person in the course o% doing *usiness shall no(ingl$

discharge or release a chemical no(n to the state to cause

cancer or reproductive toicit$ into (ater or onto or into land

(here such chemical passes or pro*a*l$ (ill pass into an$source o% drining (ater, not(ithstanding an$ other provision"

2" o person in the course o% doing *usiness shall no(ingl$ and

intentionall$ epose an$ individual to a chemical no(n to the

state to cause cancer or reproductive toicit$ (ithout %irstgiving clear and reasona*le (arning"

& ?t strengthened *oth the 6ederal CWA and S!WA"



Current La( Degulating 8cean !umpingCurrent La( Degulating 8cean !umping


122/122

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