Water Of Boshporus

Water of Water of BosporusBosporus

ForewordForeword

Our purpose for choosing this project Our purpose for choosing this project was to get to know the Bosporus, the was to get to know the Bosporus, the famous strait that we see everyday. We famous strait that we see everyday. We wanted to get a good knowledge about wanted to get a good knowledge about the living organisms in water, mainly the living organisms in water, mainly fishes and microscobic organisms. fishes and microscobic organisms. While doing these, we had a challenging While doing these, we had a challenging time, but yet we think we have made a time, but yet we think we have made a good project.good project.

HypothesisHypothesis

• Microscopic OrganismsMicroscopic Organisms:: My hypothesis is My hypothesis is that the population of microscobic organisms that the population of microscobic organisms vary from place to place. To search I will vary from place to place. To search I will observe water from 3 different spots on the observe water from 3 different spots on the Bosporus.Bosporus.

• Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic Organisms – Fish: – Fish: My My purpose of doing this project was to purpose of doing this project was to investigate the fishes especially in the investigate the fishes especially in the Bosphorus, and the effects of the pollution on Bosphorus, and the effects of the pollution on the amount and the variation of fish.the amount and the variation of fish.

Where is Istanbul and theWhere is Istanbul and the Bosporus?Bosporus?

• İstanbulİstanbul, in northwestern , in northwestern TurkeyTurkey, is the , is the only city in the world that sits astride two only city in the world that sits astride two continents—Europe and Asia. İstanbul is the continents—Europe and Asia. İstanbul is the largest city in Turkey and the country’s chief largest city in Turkey and the country’s chief commercial and cultural center. With the commercial and cultural center. With the finest natural harbor in the region, it is also finest natural harbor in the region, it is also an important trade hub. The city is also the an important trade hub. The city is also the capital of İstanbul Province.capital of İstanbul Province.

• There is a a narrow strait in the middle of There is a a narrow strait in the middle of İstanbul, world wide known as “Bosporus” İstanbul, world wide known as “Bosporus” links the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara links the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara separating Europe and Asia.separating Europe and Asia.

Where is Where is Istanbul and Istanbul and the the Bosporus?Bosporus?

Where is Istanbul and the Where is Istanbul and the Bosporus?Bosporus?

• İstanbul was founded in the 7th İstanbul was founded in the 7th century BC as Byzantium. In the century BC as Byzantium. In the 4th century AD it was renamed 4th century AD it was renamed Constantinople by Roman Constantinople by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. emperor Constantine the Great. The city served as the capital of The city served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire until it the Byzantine Empire until it was captured by the Ottomans was captured by the Ottomans in the 1453 and it became the in the 1453 and it became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. capital of the Ottoman Empire. There are different ideas about There are different ideas about the name “İstanbul”, according the name “İstanbul”, according to some sources, the name to some sources, the name İstanbul is derived from the İstanbul is derived from the Greek term Greek term stin poli,stin poli, meaning meaning “to the city” or “in the city.”“to the city” or “in the city.”

http://www.sights-and-culture.com/Turkey/Istanbul-Bazaar-5488.jpg

Method & Method & MaterialsMaterials

The methods used in the The methods used in the progress of this progress of this project are;project are;

• Interviewing with Interviewing with fishermanfisherman

• The Internet The Internet • Encyclopedias & Encyclopedias &

BooksBooks• Lab Experiments Lab Experiments - By Lab Equipment - By Lab Equipment

observing water from observing water from 3 spots3 spots

DiscussionDiscussionLiving Organisms in the Living Organisms in the BosporusBosporus

• Microscopic OrganismsMicroscopic Organisms

- Monera- Monera

- Protists- Protists

-Netamodes-Netamodes

• Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic Organisms

- Fish- Fish

DiscussionDiscussionMicroscopic OrganismsMicroscopic Organisms

• Monera (Bacteria): Monera (Bacteria): They are the first They are the first living organisms that have formed. All living organisms that have formed. All other living organisms evolved from other living organisms evolved from bacteria. The members of Kingdom bacteria. The members of Kingdom Bacteria are prokaryotic, their DNA are Bacteria are prokaryotic, their DNA are found in their cyptoplasm. All of them found in their cyptoplasm. All of them are unicellular. are unicellular.

The small dot shaped organisms that you see are bacteria. Although the image was taken under the microscope, we are not able to see the organelles due to their small size.


• Coliform testing at Rumelihisarı Coliform testing at Rumelihisarı showed positive for showed positive for E. coli. E. coli.

• Coliform testing at Bebek and Coliform testing at Bebek and Kuruçeşme showed negative for Kuruçeşme showed negative for E. E. coli.coli.

• Currently, sewage is put into the Currently, sewage is put into the Bosporus near Rumelihisarı. My test Bosporus near Rumelihisarı. My test showes showes E. coli. E. coli. enters near there.enters near there.


• Protists:Protists: They are simple organisms like They are simple organisms like bacteria but have more complex structure. bacteria but have more complex structure. Their cells have nuclei. They can be both Their cells have nuclei. They can be both unicellular and multi-cellular members. All unicellular and multi-cellular members. All of the protists live in water, because they of the protists live in water, because they can dry out without water. There are can dry out without water. There are different kinds of protists which live in the different kinds of protists which live in the sea and in fresh water. In this project sea and in fresh water. In this project protoctists which live in sea water are protoctists which live in sea water are observed.observed.

DiscussionDiscussionMicroscopic OrganismsMicroscopic OrganismsProtists that were Protists that were

seen...seen...• Diatoms:Diatoms: Diatoms are Diatoms are

very small. They are very small. They are members of subkingdom members of subkingdom chromobiont. Their class chromobiont. Their class is Class Bacillariophyceae is Class Bacillariophyceae . We can see their . We can see their organelles because they organelles because they are unicellular. are unicellular.

• Red Algae:Red Algae: As you see As you see in the pictures and they in the pictures and they are multicellular. We are multicellular. We can’t see their can’t see their organelles. Red algae are organelles. Red algae are non motile.non motile.


• Green Algae:Green Algae: You see three You see three types of green algae. Two of types of green algae. Two of them are special, filamentous them are special, filamentous algae and colonial algae. They algae and colonial algae. They are all stationary. are all stationary.

• Paramecium:Paramecium: Paramecia are Paramecia are the member of phylum ciliate. If the member of phylum ciliate. If we look carefully to the photos we look carefully to the photos we can see that there are some we can see that there are some tiny hair-like structures around tiny hair-like structures around the paramecium cells, these the paramecium cells, these called cilia and paramecia move called cilia and paramecia move by cilia. The picture on the right by cilia. The picture on the right side is taken during they are side is taken during they are feeding. I couldn’t name what feeding. I couldn’t name what they were feeding on, maybe, they were feeding on, maybe, different small algae. different small algae.


• Netamodes: Netamodes: Apart from protista Apart from protista and monera netamodes are another and monera netamodes are another group of microscobic organisms group of microscobic organisms living the water of Bosporus. They living the water of Bosporus. They are members of Kingdom Animalia are members of Kingdom Animalia and called roundworms. They have and called roundworms. They have internal body cavity called internal body cavity called pseudocoelum. They don’t have pseudocoelum. They don’t have cilia or well defined head. Having cilia or well defined head. Having no defined head makes them no defined head makes them different from other animals. As different from other animals. As many animals, they have muscles many animals, they have muscles nerves, pharynx, excretory canal. nerves, pharynx, excretory canal. Their skin is different, a Their skin is different, a combination of cellular material and combination of cellular material and nuclei which don’t have membranes nuclei which don’t have membranes to separate. In the photos to separate. In the photos netamodes are moving.netamodes are moving.

DiscussionDiscussion Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic OrganismsFishFish• What is fish?What is fish?““Any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having Any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having

scales and breathing through gills”, or “The flesh of fish used as scales and breathing through gills”, or “The flesh of fish used as food”food”

• Why should we eat fish?Why should we eat fish?Omega-3 fatty acids are important for normal growth especially for Omega-3 fatty acids are important for normal growth especially for

blood vessels and nerves as well as keeping our skin and other blood vessels and nerves as well as keeping our skin and other tissues youthful and supple. Research studies have shown that in tissues youthful and supple. Research studies have shown that in populations that consume large quantities of fish, with a high populations that consume large quantities of fish, with a high consumption of Omega3s, there is a reduced risk of heart disease. consumption of Omega3s, there is a reduced risk of heart disease.

As of now, there is no recommended daily allowance for Omega3s, but As of now, there is no recommended daily allowance for Omega3s, but studies show that consuming two servings a week of fish do result in studies show that consuming two servings a week of fish do result in health benefits. However, because of the mercury content in fish, it health benefits. However, because of the mercury content in fish, it is also recommended that consumption be limited to two to three is also recommended that consumption be limited to two to three servings a week, especially among children, and pregnant and servings a week, especially among children, and pregnant and nursing women since they are at higher risk of suffering from nursing women since they are at higher risk of suffering from mercury toxicity according to the American Heart Association. mercury toxicity according to the American Heart Association.

DiscussionDiscussion Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic OrganismsInterview QuestionsInterview QuestionsPreamblePreamble• The reason why I decided to interview fishermen is The reason why I decided to interview fishermen is

to get the real information from real life. I thought to get the real information from real life. I thought it would be better to talk to them, than searching it would be better to talk to them, than searching for already-known information. I have aimed to for already-known information. I have aimed to learn about fish types in Istanbul, their change learn about fish types in Istanbul, their change during years and seasons, and the effect of all during years and seasons, and the effect of all these on fishermen; such as how much they earn these on fishermen; such as how much they earn with fishing and are the amounts fair? Before with fishing and are the amounts fair? Before getting started with the reportage, I have prepared getting started with the reportage, I have prepared my questions, concerning these matters.my questions, concerning these matters.

DiscussionDiscussion Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic Organisms• The Interview Questions;The Interview Questions;• Could you tell me about the general fish types in Istanbul Could you tell me about the general fish types in Istanbul

seas, their sizes, their tastes and popularities in public?seas, their sizes, their tastes and popularities in public?• How are the fish prices and how do they affect the How are the fish prices and how do they affect the

economy?economy?• How much do you make by fishing? Can you give How much do you make by fishing? Can you give

examples of varying fish types’ prices?examples of varying fish types’ prices?• Where in Istanbul are the fishes’ quantity more than Where in Istanbul are the fishes’ quantity more than

other places? Where are the most common fishing areas?other places? Where are the most common fishing areas?• Could you tell us about your ideas, about the fact that Could you tell us about your ideas, about the fact that

pollution affects fishing in a negative way?pollution affects fishing in a negative way?• To be specified, how is fishing in Bosporus? Does the To be specified, how is fishing in Bosporus? Does the

whole transportation system over the sea create any whole transportation system over the sea create any harm on living things?harm on living things?

• Do you have any idea to make fishing easier and more Do you have any idea to make fishing easier and more profitable? If so, are you planning to actualize it?profitable? If so, are you planning to actualize it?

DiscussionDiscussion Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic Organisms• Interview Results:Interview Results:• The most found fish in Bosporus; The most found fish in Bosporus; bluefishbluefish, , bonitobonito• The most productive season; november, because in The most productive season; november, because in

November all the fishes that emigrates, have to pass November all the fishes that emigrates, have to pass through the Bosporusthrough the Bosporus

• The most popular fish type; The most popular fish type; turbotturbot, , bluefishbluefish..• Fish prices; dependant on their tastes, fattiness, for Fish prices; dependant on their tastes, fattiness, for

example example turbotturbot; 70 YTL.; 70 YTL.• The best places in Istanbul to fish; in MarmarThe best places in Istanbul to fish; in Marmara Sea a Sea , ,

various fish types and very productive every season, in various fish types and very productive every season, in BlackBlack S Sea mostly in November, the emigration season.ea mostly in November, the emigration season.

• The effects on the Turkish economy; export fish to The effects on the Turkish economy; export fish to many European countries, mostly Greece.many European countries, mostly Greece.

• A fisherman’s living conditions; can not be rich but can A fisherman’s living conditions; can not be rich but can go on with their lives easily.go on with their lives easily.

DiscussionDiscussion Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic Organisms• Interview Results:Interview Results:• 9 out of 10 fishermen now what water 9 out of 10 fishermen now what water

pollution means, and its effects on fishing.pollution means, and its effects on fishing.• 7 out of 10 fishermen now the effects of 7 out of 10 fishermen now the effects of

fishing on the Turkish economy.fishing on the Turkish economy.• One fisherman has got an idea, how to One fisherman has got an idea, how to

prevent water pollution; which is to put prevent water pollution; which is to put stricter rules and worse penances.stricter rules and worse penances.

• So most of the fishermen are aware of So most of the fishermen are aware of water pollution.water pollution.

DiscussionDiscussion Macroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic Organisms

Some Fish from Bosporus

The Other The Other Organisms...Organisms...

......That were not That were not observed,observed,

• MolluskMollusk

• A baby shrimpA baby shrimp

• A small organismA small organism

ConclusionConclusionMicroscopic OrganismsMicroscopic Organisms

•To conclude, there are many To conclude, there are many members of kingdom members of kingdom protoctista and moneraprotoctista and monera i in the n the sea water of Bosporussea water of Bosporus.. I found I found many different kinds of monera many different kinds of monera and protoctistaand protoctista.. BBy using a y using a video microscope I recorded video microscope I recorded the samples to make a movie the samples to make a movie and take photographs. and take photographs.


• After I finished my all experiments, my After I finished my all experiments, my hypothesis hypothesis was supportedwas supported. The results . The results of the experiment proved that the of the experiment proved that the population population ofof protists and bacteria protists and bacteria vary vary from place to place. The first spot I took from place to place. The first spot I took water was in the northern Bosporus, water was in the northern Bosporus, “Rumelihisarı.” I observed lots of “Rumelihisarı.” I observed lots of differents organisms mainly protists and differents organisms mainly protists and monera. monera.


• However, in the other two spots However, in the other two spots “Bebek” and “Kuruçeşme” the quantity “Bebek” and “Kuruçeşme” the quantity of organisms was very low. So, I think of organisms was very low. So, I think that there is a big food source in that there is a big food source in Rumelihisarı so the population is high. Rumelihisarı so the population is high. In Bebek and Kuruçeşme there are no In Bebek and Kuruçeşme there are no adequate food sources for the adequate food sources for the microscopic organisms. microscopic organisms.


• I think my experiment is reliable. I I think my experiment is reliable. I think it could be more relaible if I think it could be more relaible if I could take the exact number of could take the exact number of microscopic organisms. However, the microscopic organisms. However, the difference in population sizes were difference in population sizes were obvious even with estimations.obvious even with estimations.

ConclusionConclusionMacroscopic OrganismsMacroscopic Organisms• Was thWas thisis interview sufficient enough to generalize interview sufficient enough to generalize

for allfor all Bosporus fishermen? Bosporus fishermen?• Yes, because I have especially chosen different kinds of Yes, because I have especially chosen different kinds of

fishermen, with different backgrounds. (family background, fishermen, with different backgrounds. (family background, nationalities, incomes, locations.. nationalities, incomes, locations.. eectct..) I have had help from ) I have had help from a relative, to be able to choose the best and various a relative, to be able to choose the best and various fishermen. fishermen. MMost ost have have given similar answers, but there were given similar answers, but there were alsoalso diffreces. diffreces.

• Was the project, as a whole, beneficial for myself?Was the project, as a whole, beneficial for myself?• Very much, yes. First of all, right now I have a Very much, yes. First of all, right now I have a better ideabetter idea

about a fishermen’s living conditionsabout a fishermen’s living conditions. . I have learnt that I have learnt that water pollution does affect fishing and it does reducewater pollution does affect fishing and it does reduce the the population of fish, but still population of fish, but still the the Bosporus is a profitable Bosporus is a profitable place to fish. I have also learnt how to use place to fish. I have also learnt how to use aa fishing rod, fishing rod, and how hard it is to fishand how hard it is to fish..

Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis

• Nitrate:Nitrate: In three different spots In three different spots ((Rumelihisarı, Bebek, KuruçeşmeRumelihisarı, Bebek, Kuruçeşme) that we ) that we took water, the observed nitrate rate was took water, the observed nitrate rate was very low. However, this can also show that very low. However, this can also show that there are high levels of chloride in the there are high levels of chloride in the water because high level of chloride cause water because high level of chloride cause this method to give low results. So, this method to give low results. So, tthere here can be an experiment error. If the results can be an experiment error. If the results wewere correct we can say the population of re correct we can say the population of decomposer bacteria is very small in these decomposer bacteria is very small in these three places. three places.


• Sulfide: Sulfide: The sulfide was very low The sulfide was very low (less than 1 %) in all three sides. If (less than 1 %) in all three sides. If sulfide had been present, it would sulfide had been present, it would also indicate the presence of bacteria also indicate the presence of bacteria or sulfur containing minerals in the or sulfur containing minerals in the soil.soil.


• Ca HardnessCa Hardness: The water in the : The water in the Bosporus would be classified as very Bosporus would be classified as very hard (it conntained more than 300 hard (it conntained more than 300 ppm of calcium carbonate).ppm of calcium carbonate).


• Total Hardness: It measures the Total Hardness: It measures the mineral content of the water. The mineral content of the water. The Bosporus contains many minerals Bosporus contains many minerals and it is classified as hard water and it is classified as hard water (greater than 200 ppm).(greater than 200 ppm).


• Dissolved Oxygen: I found 6 ppm at Dissolved Oxygen: I found 6 ppm at all three sites. Dissolved oxygen all three sites. Dissolved oxygen needed for fish should be around 4 needed for fish should be around 4 ppm, so there is no problem with ppm, so there is no problem with dissolved oxygen in the Bosporus.dissolved oxygen in the Bosporus.

Prepared byPrepared by::Micro Micro

Organisms & Organisms & Presantation: Presantation:

Kerim Kerim GüvengilGüvengil

Fish: Fish:

YasemiYasemin İşcann İşcan

The Koç School, Istanbul, TURKEY

Water Of Boshporus

Technology

Transcript of Water Of Boshporus