Water Management Under Severe Storm Conditions in Central...
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Water Management Under Severe Storm Conditions in Central and South Florida Chandra S. Pathak, Ph.D., P.E. Water Management Under Severe Storm Conditions in Central and South Florida Chandra S. Pathak, Ph.D., P.E. Severe Storm Prediction and Global Climate Impact in the Gulf Coast Conference October 29 to 31, 2008
Transcript of Water Management Under Severe Storm Conditions in Central...
Water Management Under Severe Storm Conditions
in Central and South Florida
Chandra S. Pathak, Ph.D., P.E.
Water Management Under Severe Storm Conditions
in Central and South Florida
Chandra S. Pathak, Ph.D., P.E.
Severe Storm Prediction and Global Climate Impact in the Gulf Coast Conference
October 29 to 31, 2008
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Introduction: Tommy Strowd, P.E. Director, Operations Division South Florida Water Management District Point out regional view from space…. Upper Chain, Kissimmee River, lake Okeechobee, the Evergaldes agricultural Area, Water Conservation Areas and Everglades National Park. One hydrologic system.
•• Covers 18,000 square milesCovers 18,000 square miles
•• Population more than 7 millionPopulation more than 7 million
•• FY 2008 Budget $1.3 BillionFY 2008 Budget $1.3 Billion
•• Oversees water resources in the southern Oversees water resources in the southern half of the statehalf of the state
•• Oldest and largest of FloridaOldest and largest of Florida’’s five water s five water management districtsmanagement districts
•• Established by the legislatureEstablished by the legislature
The South Florida Water The South Florida Water Management DistrictManagement District
Presenter
Presentation Notes
SFWMD land area (18,000 sq miles) is larger than 9 of the 50 United States, and about equal to the combined areas of Rhode Island, Delaware, Connecticut & New Jersey. SFWMD population (7 mill) is exceeded by only 12 of the United States (including Florida – pop 18 million) So, if a state, the SFWMD would be 10th largest by land area and 13th largest by population.
The SFWMD’s mission is to manage and protect water resources of the region by balancing and improving water quality, flood control, natural systems and water supply. A key initiative is cleanup and restoration of the Everglades.
The South Florida Water The South Florida Water Management DistrictManagement District
Who we are and what we do:Who we are and what we do:
Topography
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We have slope either by gravity, as in the Kissimmee flowing south toward Lake Okeechobee, or slope is created by using pump stations as in the Everglades Agricultural Areas where water has to be pumped from the lower elevations into the Storm Water Treatment areas and into the Water Conservation Areas. Pump stations are also required in order to move water in the South Miami-Dade canals.
Topographic and Hydraulic GradientTopographic and Hydraulic Gradient
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Distance in miles (Lake Tohopekaliga to Florida Bay)
Wat
er s
urfa
ce e
leva
tion
(ft N
GVD
)
Lake Kissimmee
Lake Okeechobee
EAAWCA 3
ENPSTAs
Lake Tohopekaliga
FL Bay
WCA 1
WCA 2
The Upper Kissimmee
Chain of Lakes form
the headwaters of the Kissimmee-
Okeechobee- Everglades watershed
The Upper Kissimmee
Chain of Lakes form
the headwaters of the Kissimmee-
Okeechobee- Everglades watershed
HistoricHistoricFlowFlow
CurrentCurrentFlowFlow
Water Resource Modifications
Presenter
Presentation Notes
However, the system works too well. It sends an average of 1.7 billion gallons of excess freshwater a day out to sea which is lost forever.
HistorySettlement in south Florida increased in the late 1800’s
Navigation ImprovementsEverglades Drainage District
Initial drainage works improved development opportunitiesSevere floods & droughts persisted
Settlement in south Florida increased in the late 1800’s
Navigation ImprovementsEverglades Drainage District
Initial drainage works improved development opportunitiesSevere floods & droughts persisted
Water Resources Purpose
Flood ControlWater Supply
AgricultureUrbanEverglades National ParkSaltwater Intrusion
NavigationProtection of “fish and wildlife”
Flood ControlWater Supply
AgricultureUrbanEverglades National ParkSaltwater Intrusion
NavigationProtection of “fish and wildlife”
Approximate Primary SystemWater Level Management Ranges (values
in feet, NGVD)Note: Map ranges consider seasonal operating variation & generally represent a system of canals &/or storage areas. Map values are primarily intended to show the relative spatial variability of operating stages.
Upper KissimmeeChain of Lakes
49’-64’
Kissimmee River 21’-46.3’
Lake 13.5’-17’Okeechobee
Caloosahatchee River 3.0’
St. Lucie River 14.5’
EAA 10.5’-11.5’
SDCS Canals2’-6’
PB Co.Canals7’-8.3’
Brow Co. Can3’-6’
Dade Co.Coastal Canals1’-2’
WCA-115.7’-17.5’
WCA-2A11’-13’
WCA-3A8.8’-10.7
UEC Canals18.4’-23.2’
Lake Istokpoga 37’-39.5’
Indian Prairie CanalsNorth Basin 24.3’-26.2’South Basin 19.8’-21.2’
“Central and Southern Florida Project for Flood Control and Other Purposes”
Initially authorized in 1948Constructed between 1950’s
and 1970’sOperated in accordance with USACE criteria
USACESFWMD
Central and South Florida Project
Major C&SF Project
ComponentsRiver ChannelizationHerbert Hoover DikeWater Conservation AreasProtective Levees
Everglades Agricultural AreaLower East Coast
Drainage NetworkSalinity Structures
River ChannelizationHerbert Hoover DikeWater Conservation AreasProtective Levees
Everglades Agricultural AreaLower East Coast
Drainage NetworkSalinity Structures
Water Management System Components
Water Management System Components
~1,900 miles of canals and levees160 major drainage basins550+ major structures
200+ remotely operated300+ manually operated or fixed structures
About 50 pump stationsAlmost ½ with remote operation capability
~1,900 miles of canals and levees160 major drainage basins550+ major structures
200+ remotely operated300+ manually operated or fixed structures
About 50 pump stationsAlmost ½ with remote operation capability
Hydrologic Monitoring NetworkHydrologic Monitoring Network
Rainfall 279 active rain gaugesNEXRAD Radar rainfall
Weather Stations 41 full and partial stations
Surface Water Level 1195 active gauges
Surface Water Flow 420 active flow sites
Groundwater 975 active wells
Water ManagementWater ManagementThe water management system is operated by SFWMD, USACE and in cooperation between themUSACE regulates Lake Okeechobee water level in consultation with the SFWMDUSACE operates inflow and outflow structures on the Caloosahatchee and St. Lucie RiversUSACE operates outflows from WCA 1, WCA 2 and WCA 3SFWMD operates the rest of the system
The water management system is operated by SFWMD, USACE and in cooperation between themUSACE regulates Lake Okeechobee water level in consultation with the SFWMDUSACE operates inflow and outflow structures on the Caloosahatchee and St. Lucie RiversUSACE operates outflows from WCA 1, WCA 2 and WCA 3SFWMD operates the rest of the system
Water Management Decision MakingWater Management Decision Making
Environmental Advisory Team Weekly Meeting
District Operation of Water Control StructuresContinuous monitoring and decision making using water control manual
Automated and remote controlled sitesAutomated sitesManually operated sites
Environmental Advisory Team Weekly Meeting
District Operation of Water Control StructuresContinuous monitoring and decision making using water control manual
Automated and remote controlled sitesAutomated sitesManually operated sites
Drainage ResponsibilitiesDrainage Responsibilities
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We have slope either by gravity, as in the Kissimmee flowing south toward Lake Okeechobee, or slope is created by using pump stations as in the Everglades Agricultural Areas where water has to be pumped from the lower elevations into the Storm Water Treatment areas and into the Water Conservation Areas. Pump stations are also required in order to move water in the South Miami-Dade canals.
Primary System Operations
- Drainage & Flood Control - Water Supply
Typical Coastal Canal Operations: Drainage
Runoff conveyed away from developed areas mitigate flood impactsStructure operations coordinated from District headquarters
Most critical structures remotely automatedManual operations coordinated with local field stations
Canal / Groundwater Interaction
Normal Dry Season Operations
Canal stages held high to facilitate groundwater recharge and assist supplemental irrigation
Canal stages held high to facilitate groundwater recharge and assist supplemental irrigation
Low groundwater levels due to low, dry season rainfall
Low groundwater levels due to low, dry season rainfall
Groundwater
Canals serve two primary purposes….
1. Flood Control2. Water Supply
Canals serve two primary purposes….
1. Flood Control2. Water Supply
Canal / Groundwater Interaction
Normal Wet Season Operations
Canal stages low to facilitate surface drainage of urban & ag lands
Canal stages low to facilitate surface drainage of urban & ag lands
Long-term low canal stages depress
regional groundwater levels
Long-term low canal stages depress
regional groundwater levels
Groundwater
Canal / Groundwater Interaction
Pre-Storm Drawdown Operations
Canal stages lowered an additional ~1 foot to increase surface drainage of urban & ag lands prior forecasts storms
Canal stages lowered an additional ~1 foot to increase surface drainage of urban & ag lands prior forecasts storms
Short-term lowering of canal stages does not significantly decrease regional groundwater levels
Short-term lowering of canal stages does not significantly decrease regional groundwater levels
Groundwater
Upper Kissimmee Chain of Lakes
Operations
Upper Kissimmee Chain of Lakes
Operations6 major lake pools6 major lake pools
Kissimmee, Hatchineha Kissimmee, Hatchineha & Cypress& Cypress
TohoTohoEast TohoEast TohoHart & Mary JaneHart & Mary JaneMyrtle, etc.Myrtle, etc.Alligator, etc.Alligator, etc.
7 major water control 7 major water control structuresstructures
Lake CypressLake Cypress
S-59S-59
S-61S-61
S-60S-60
S-58S-58
S-60S-60
S-63S-63
S-63AS-63A
S-65S-65
S-62S-62
L. GentryL. Gentry
S-65S-65
Lake HatchinehaLake Hatchineha
Lake KissimmeeLake Kissimmee
S-61S-61
Lake TohoLake Toho S-59S-59
S-62S-62
East Lake TohoEast Lake Toho
L. Hart / Mary JaneL. Hart / Mary JaneS-60S-60
S-58S-58
S-60S-60
L. AlligatorL. Alligator
Basic Lake Operations….Basic Lake Operations….
Conceptual ProfileConceptual ProfileConceptual Profile
Regulation SchedulesRegulation Schedules
What is a Regulation Schedule?What is a Regulation Schedule?
Tool for managing/regulating water levels in a reservoir/lakeTriggers regulatory discharges (aka flood control discharges)Does not trigger water supply deliveriesDesigned to balance multiple & competing objectives
Tool for managing/regulating water levels in Tool for managing/regulating water levels in a reservoir/lakea reservoir/lakeTriggers regulatory discharges (aka flood Triggers regulatory discharges (aka flood control discharges)control discharges)Does not trigger water supply deliveriesDoes not trigger water supply deliveriesDesigned to balance multiple & competing Designed to balance multiple & competing objectivesobjectives
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Background on regulation schedule LOK regulation schedule is not a comprehensive mgt tool for fc and ws, although it has affects on ws. Variety of interests associated with LOK mgt. Many perspectives and opinions on how to manage the lake for narrow goals. Best schedule from perspective of water managers is a schedule that achieves the best balance among the competing objectives. Note that the best balance will not optimize individual objectives.
Regulation SchedulesRegulation Schedules
Represents Represents seasonal & monthly seasonal & monthly storage limitsstorage limits
Considers varying Considers varying & often conflicting & often conflicting purposespurposes
Flood Control: Designed Flood Control: Designed for no damages up to 30% for no damages up to 30% SPF (~1 in 10 yr.)SPF (~1 in 10 yr.)
Water Supply: Runoff in Water Supply: Runoff in wet season is stored for wet season is stored for use in dry seasonuse in dry season
Typical AnnualTypical AnnualScheduleSchedule
1 year1 year
Flood Control Ops: DischargeFlood Control Ops: Discharge
Normal Ops: No DischargeNormal Ops: No Discharge
Pre-Hurricane Season Low StagePrePre--Hurricane Hurricane Season Low StageSeason Low Stage
Summer Pool StageSummer Pool StageSummer Pool Stage
Transition to Peakof the Hurricane SeasonTransition to PeakTransition to Peakof the Hurricane Seasonof the Hurricane Season
Winter WaterSupply Pool StageWinter WaterWinter WaterSupply Pool StageSupply Pool Stage
Transition toLow StageTransition toTransition toLow StageLow Stage
Lake Okeechobee covers over 730 square miles, with a contributing basin of over 5,000 square miles
Water levels driven largely by climatic conditions
Lake Okeechobee covers over 730 square miles, with a contributing basin of over 5,000 square miles
Water levels driven largely by climatic conditions
Lake OkeechobeeLake Okeechobee
Herbert Hoover Levee IssuesHerbert Hoover Levee Issues
The levee protects communities surrounding the lake from storm surge flooding
High stages place tremendous pressure on the levee which could effect stability
The levee protects communities surrounding the lake from storm surge flooding
High stages place tremendous pressure on the levee which could effect stability
Levee Schematic
Hydrostatic Pressure
Underlying Limestone
Lake OkeechobeeHerbert Hoover Levee
Typical Seepage
Site
Herbert Hoover Dike (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
Herbert Hoover Dike (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
S-308S-308
S-3 & S-354S-3 & S-354
Lake Okeechobee Major Water Control Structures
Lake Okeechobee Major Water Control Structures
S-77S-77
S-352S-352
S-2 & S-351S-2 & S-351
LakeOkeechobee
Lake Releaseat S-77
Lake Releaseat S-308
C-43 Basin RunoffC-44 Basin Runoff
Typical Lake Okeechobee & Estuary Flows
During Wet Periods
S79 Discharge toCaloosahatchee
Estuary
Lake Inflows
S80 Discharge toSt. Lucie Estuary
EAA Runoff
Lake Release through EAA to
WCAs (via STAs) &/or to tide
Lake Okeechobee Design Discharge Capacities
Inflows to the lake frequently exceed total outflow capacity
Outflow capacity to the St. Lucie & Caloosahatchee far exceeds outflow capacity to the Water Conservation Areas
Lake Okeechobee Structure Capacity
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
INFLOW OUTFLOW
Des
ign
Cap
(cfs
)
Lake Okeechobee Outflow Capacity
South14%
East & West86%
C&SF Project Strengths & Weaknesses
Provides significant benefits to developed areas
Flood controlWater supply
Unintended ecological impacts associated with C&SF construction and operation
Provides significant benefits to developed areas
Flood controlWater supply
Unintended ecological impacts associated with C&SF construction and operation
The 2005 Hurricane Season in South Florida
The 2005 Hurricane Season in South Florida
Hurricane Dennis (July 8-10, 2005)
Hurricane Katrina (August 24-27, 2005)
Hurricane Rita (September 19-21, 2005)
Hurricane Wilma (October 22-25, 2005)
Hurricane Dennis (July 8-10, 2005)
Hurricane Katrina (August 24-27, 2005)
Hurricane Rita (September 19-21, 2005)
Hurricane Wilma (October 22-25, 2005)
Hurricane Wilma (October 22-25, 2005)
Hurricane Wilma (October 22-25, 2005)
Hurricane Wilma – October 2005
Rainfall from Hurricane WilmaRainfall from Hurricane Wilma
0
1
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8
Upp
erK
issi
mm
ee
EC
aloo
saha
tche
e
Low
erK
issi
mm
ee
Sou
thw
est
Coa
st
Lake
Oke
echo
bee
Wes
t EA
A
Mar
tin-S
t. Lu
cie
Big
Cyp
ress
Bas
in
Eas
t EA
A
Bro
war
d
WC
A-3
WC
A-1
&2
Pal
m B
each
Mia
mi-D
ade
EN
P
Rainfall Areas
Rai
nfal
l (in
ces)
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4/20
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05 2
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05 3
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05 4
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05 5
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05 6
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05 7
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05 8
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05 0
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Hour of the day (October 24, 2005)
Win
d sp
eed
(mph
)
15-minute average wind speed15-minute maximum wind gust
Wind Speed at Belle Glade Weather Station
Wind Speed at Belle Glade Weather Station
S133
S4
S135
S352S131
10/24 9:00 AM 110 mph NE ~25 mph
10/24 11:00 AM 105 mph NE ~25 mph
Lake Okeechobee Water Level Fluctuation during Hurricane Wilma
Lake Okeechobee Water Level Fluctuation during Hurricane Wilma
8
10
12
14
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18
20
0:06
1:06
2:06
3:06
4:07
5:07
6:07
7:07
8:07
9:07
10:0
7
11:0
7
12:0
7
13:0
7
14:0
7
15:0
7
16:0
7
17:0
7
18:0
7
19:0
7
20:0
7
21:2
2
22:2
2
23:2
2
Time of day (October 24, 2005)
Wat
er le
vel (
ft N
GV
D)
S-191 at the North S2 at the South
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0:00
0:40
1:20
2:05
2:55
3:40
4:20
5:00
5:40
6:20
7:01
7:42
8:22
9:02
12:1
4
13:2
4
14:1
5
14:5
5
15:3
5
16:1
5
17:0
5
17:4
5
18:2
5
19:2
0
20:0
0
20:4
0
21:2
0
22:0
0
22:4
0
23:2
0
Time of day (October 24, 2005)
Wat
er le
vel (
ft N
GV
D)
maximum recorder reading exceeded
Damage to Herbert Hoover Levee at Lake Okeechobee
Damage to Herbert Hoover Levee at Lake Okeechobee
Vegetation and Water Quality ImpactsVegetation and Water Quality Impacts
South Florida Water Resource Management Challenges
Florida’s climate is one of “extremes”System stressed by population & land useBALANCE
Multiple water resource objectivesObjectives often conflict
Florida’s climate is one of “extremes”System stressed by population & land useBALANCE
Multiple water resource objectivesObjectives often conflict
Questions?
