WATER MANAGEMENT

AND SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA

Presented in

Special Seminar on Food Security , Focusing on

Water Management on Sustainable Agriculture

Niigata, Japan, 5 – 7 September 2013

Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture

• Indonesia consists of about 17.508 island of which 6,000 are inhabited

• The archipelago covers 8 million square km of the earth’s surface with total land area of about two million km2.

• Indonesia’s population is estimated at about 248 million with growth rate of 1,4%.

• Republic of Indonesia is divided into 34 provinces, 402 regencies and 92 cities.

• There are about 5,886 main rivers in Indonesia and the run-off-river flow has already been used for irrigation. Exploitation of the river flows depends on the storage of river supplies during rains. 2

Background

• Indonesia has varied rainfall distribution from 800 – 4000 mm/year. The rainfall are mostly concentrated within 5 (five) months whereas the other 7 (seven) months faces dry season.

• Indonesian straddles the Equator and has typical equatorial climate. The east monsoon from June to September ( dry weather) and east monsoon from December to March (rain) .

• Average temperature throughout the year 20–32°C

• Indonesian product domestic bruto percapita GDP in 2011 is 846, 8 billion US$ and Per capita income 2,844 US Dollar. at the current prices

• population working in agriculture, plantations, forestry and fisheries sector, in the position on February 2013 were 39.96 million. And the exchange rate of farmers (NTP) around 104.58 in the position on July 2013.

Con’t...

OUTLINE

• Introduction

• Infrastructur Irigation and Paddy Field

• Food Security and Roadmap on rice Surplus Production

• Climate Change Impact of Food System

• Policy on Agriculture Water Management

• Conclusion

1. Water is very essentially and vital for all living organisms, course are directly related to agricultural production as the economic base of the people in rural area.

2. As a country that located on the equator, Indonesia overflowing with rainfall more than enough, but due to lack of good water management, Indonesian State water deficit since the last decade, especially in a densely populated island. In Java, for example, the deficit reached about 52.809 billion cubic meters, while in Sulawesi reached 9,232 billion cubic meters ( PU, 2011).

3. Java populated more than 150 million of the 248 million Indonesian population ( data BKKBN, 2013) or 60% of the total population will immediately run into a water crisis.

4. 64 Watersheds (DAS) , with a total area of 2.7 million hectares are in a very critical condition.

INTODUCTION

1. Population :Increasing population around 1.4% per year (248 mill). a) competition for land and water and pressure to spatial utilization, including farm land; b) increasing water demand ; and , c) increasing food demand; etc

2. Critical fragmented farmland ( java average 0.3 hectare/house hould )

3. Watersheed/ environmental degradation: has been affec to dependable waterflow. The degradation of catchment area are impacting the river discharge in which 89% of the national irrigation (non-reservoir irrigation) are depend on it ) and often water conflicts

4. On farm Infrastructure irrigation : Poor condition of irrigation network, cause low of efficienci use of water by farmer/WUA

Issues & Challenges

5. Land Conversion : Indonesia has set a target to be self sufficiency in staple foods, particularly rice (surplus 10 mill ton by 2014), but some of irrigated areas have been converted into non-agricultural utilization (sawah) such as plantation (oil palm or rubber in Sumatra and Cocoa in Sulawesi), Industry, housing around 41, 32%.

6. Climate change (CC) is altering traditional weather patterns, and impacts on : water availability, and CC has been affect to rice production due to increase of magnitude of rainfall variability are rendering a high frequency of both floods and droughts in Indonesia.

Con’t...

PADDY FIELDS IN INDONESIA Generally, Indonesia has approximately 9.45 million ha of paddy field (BPS,2010), which consist of :

a. Irrigated paddy field : 7,23 million Ha (76%). b. Tidal lowland paddy field : 488.9 thousand Ha (5%), c. Lowland paddy field : 171.9 thousand Ha (2%), d. Ground water irrigation paddy field : 92 thousand Ha (1%), and e. Others, such as rain-fed paddy field, traditional paddy field, and un-irrigated agricultural field : 1.47

milion Ha (16%).

Rice Production

Total of Indonesia's Paddy Field 9,456,929 Ha66.809.828 Ton

(BPS, 2010)

Irrigated Paddy Field 7,230,183 Ha 84,48%

Tidal Lowland Paddy Field 488,852 Ha 3,37%

Lowland Paddy Field 171,994 Ha 1,18%

Ground Water Irrigation Paddy

Field92,090 Ha 1,01%

Others, such as rain-fed paddy

field. Traditional paddy field, and

un-irrigated agricultural field

1,473,810 Ha 9,95%

Indonesia's Paddy Field Area

INFRASTRUCTURE IRRIGATION CONDITIONS BASED ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THE AUTHORITY ( Law No 7, 2004)

Catatan: Damage caused by natural disasters that occurred in the period 2010-2012 have Damage caused by natural disasters that occurred in the period 2010-2012 have inventory; Decrease in quality of life due to buildings and infrastructure are not optimal OP (2010-2012) was also not terinventarisasi; This resulted in the realization of the rehabilitation of irrigation networks 2010-2013 to the central authority far exceeds the damage information is based on the results of the technical audit SDA 2010;

BAIK RUSAK 2009 54% 1,25 Jt Ha 46% 1,07 Jt Ha 2010 66,6% 1,54 Jt Ha 33% 0,77 Jt Ha 2011 78,9% 1,83 Jt Ha 21% 0,49 Jt Ha 2012 104,3% 2,42 Jt Ha -4% -0,10 Jt Ha 2013 114,5% 2,65 Jt Ha -15% -0,34 Jt Ha

BAIK RUSAK 2009 39% 0,87 Jt Ha 61% 0,55 Jt Ha 2010 42,0% 0,91 Jt Ha 58% 0,51 Jt Ha 2011 46,2% 0,97 Jt Ha 54% 0,45 Jt Ha 2012 50,4% 1,03 Jt Ha 50% 0,39 Jt Ha 2013 54,8% 1,10 Jt Ha 45% 0,33 Jt Ha

BAIK RUSAK 2009 48% 1,67 Jt Ha 52% 1,82 Jt Ha 2010 50,9% 1,77 Jt Ha 49% 1,71 Jt Ha 2011 54,8% 1,91 Jt Ha 45% 1,58 Jt Ha 2012 58,8% 2,05 Jt Ha 41% 1,44 Jt Ha 2013 63,2% 2,20 Jt Ha 37% 1,28 Jt Ha

CENTRAL 2.315.000 Ha (32%)

DISTRICT 3.491.961 Ha (48%)

PROVINSI 1.423.222 Ha (20%)

LUAS AREAL IRIGASI DI INDONESIA

7.230.183 Ha (Kepmen PU 390/2007 – Status DI)

Sumber : Diolah berdasarkan Audit Teknis SDA, 2010 dan LAKIP 2010 dan 2011

Sumber : Diolah berdasarkan Audit Teknis SDA, 2010

ROLE OF IRRIGATION IN NATIONAL RICE PRODUCTION

Based on National Survey for Social and Economic

(SUSENAS) of 2006 – 2010, rice is still

the main source of energy -in terms of calorie

percapita consumption- in Indonesia

RICE PRODUCTION OF 2009, 2010, AND 2011 From BPS ATAP, 2009, 2010, and 2011 IRRIGATION HAS CONTRIBUTE TO ALMOST 85% OF NATIONAL RICE PRODUCTION FOR BOTH 2009, 2010, AND 2011

2009 2010 2011

DISTRIBUTION OF IRRIGATED PADDY FIELD AREA IN INDONESIA

TOTAL AREAL : 7,230,183 HA

ISLAND CI Productivity

(ton/ha)

SUMATERA 1.3 4.3

JAVA 1.9 5.5

KALIMANTAN 1.4 4.8

SULAWESI 1.0 4.0

BALI + NT 1.3 4.8

MALUKU 1.4 4.2

PAPUA 1.0 3.8

AVERAGE 1.4 4.6

Sumatera Jawa Bali & NT Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku Papua

Waduk 117,751 574,717 29,971 - 33,562 - -

Non Waduk 1,784,194 2,280,985 599,343 480,320 988,359 152,487 39,517

-

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

Sumber Air Sawah di Indonesia (Ha)

Reservoir for Irigation

(797.971 Ha)

River Run Off (6.432.212 Ha)

HARVESTED AREA AND PRODUCTION OF RICE(1992-2013)

(Ha) (%) (Ku/Ha) (%) (Ha) (%)

1 1992 11.083.936 43,47 48.187.352

2 1993 10.993.920 (90.016) -0,81% 43,78 0,31 0,71% 48.129.321 (58.031) -0,12%

3 1994 10.717.734 (276.186) -2,51% 43,48 (0,30) -0,69% 46.598.378 (1.530.943) -3,18%

4 1995 11.420.320 702.586 6,56% 43,52 0,04 0,09% 49.697.444 3.099.066 6,65%

5 1996 11.550.045 129.725 1,14% 44,2 0,68 1,56% 51.048.899 1.351.455 2,72%

6 1997 11.126.396 (423.649) -3,67% 44,34 0,14 0,32% 49.339.086 (1.709.813) -3,35%

7 1998 11.716.499 590.103 5,30% 41,99 (2,35) -5,30% 49.199.844 (139.242) -0,28%

8 1999 11.963.204 246.705 2,11% 42,52 0,53 1,26% 50.866.387 1.666.543 3,39%

9 2000 11.793.475 (169.729) -1,42% 44,01 1,49 3,50% 51.898.852 1.032.465 2,03%

10 2001 11.499.997 (293.478) -2,49% 43,88 (0,13) -0,30% 50.460.782 (1.438.070) -2,77%

11 2002 11.521.166 21.169 0,18% 44,69 0,81 1,85% 51.489.694 1.028.912 2,04%

12 2003 11.452.651 (68.515) -0,59% 45,27 0,58 1,30% 51.849.198 359.504 0,70%

13 2004 11.922.974 470.323 4,11% 45,36 0,09 0,20% 54.088.468 2.239.270 4,32%

14 2005 11.839.060 (83.914) -0,70% 45,74 0,38 0,84% 54.151.097 62.629 0,12%

15 2006 11.786.430 (52.630) -0,44% 46,2 0,46 1,01% 54.454.937 303.840 0,56%

16 2007 12.147.637 361.207 3,06% 47,05 0,85 1,84% 57.157.435 2.702.498 4,96%

17 2008 12.327.425 179.788 1,48% 48,94 1,89 4,02% 60.325.925 3.168.490 5,54%

18 2009 12.883.576 556.151 4,51% 49,99 1,05 2,15% 64.398.890 4.072.965 6,75%

19 2010 13.253.450 369.874 2,87% 50,15 0,16 0,32% 66.469.394 2.070.504 3,22%

20 2011 13.203.643 (49.807) -0,38% 49,8 (0,35) -0,70% 65.756.904 (712.490) -1,07%

21 2012 13.445.524 241.881 1,83% 51,36 1,56 3,13% 69.056.259 3.299.355 5,02%

22 2013* 13.451.000 5.476 0,04% 51,5 0,14 0,27% 69.271.000 214.741 0,31%

118.079 1,01% 47,99 0,39 0,86% 57.231.227 1.043.445 1,86%

194.553 1,59% 52,46 0,75 1,59% 64.919.820 1.859.548 3,22%

331.819 2,68% 59,46 1,03 2,15% 76.632.961 2.920.264 4,88%

Ket: * = Aram I BPS

Rata2 5 th terakhir (07-12) :

No Tahun

Luas Panen Produktivitas Produksi

(Ha)Perubahan

(Ku/Ha)Perubahan

(Ton)Perubahan

Rata2 20 th (92-12) :

Rata2 10 th terakhir (02-12):

PRODUCTION AND NATIONAL ROAD MAP ON RICE SURPLUS PRODUCTION

THE PROJECTION FUTURE NEED OF THE RICE PRODUCTION AREA AND THE IRRIGATED PADDY FIELD AREA

As a result of population growth (projected for 2010 – 2030), Indonesia has to provide approximately 79.35 million of GKG. Based on assumption below, the calculation, shows that Indonesia has to provide 2.0 million Ha (or similar to 500 thousand Ha every 5 years) of new irrigated paddy field in order to maintain national food security.

Assumptions

The calculation of the projected needs of irrigated area 2009 - 2030 is conducted with the following assumptions: 1. Rice consumption rate per capita (A) is 139 kg/capita/year; 2. Rice supply (B) is 18% greater than the rice consumption; 3. Paddy to rice conversion index (C) is 63.2 %; 4. Productivity rate of paddy field (D) is assumed to be 4.62 ton/ha; 5. Cropping area to harvested area conversion index (E) is 101% 6. Croping Intensity of the average Paddy Field (F) is 142%; 7. Croping Intensity of irrigated paddy field (I) is 160%; 8. Irrigated paddy field conversion rate (G) is 1.8% per year; 9. The rice production of the irrigated paddy field (H) is 84.5% of national rice production.

Con,t.....

Year Population

Rice

Consumption

Rate

Rice Supply

Need

Paddy Supply

Need

Harvested

Area

Needed

Cropping

Area

Needed

Paddy Field

Needed

Compensation

to Paddy Field

Conversion

Paddy Field

Production Needs

Harvested Area

of Paddy Field

Needed

Irrigated Paddy

Field Area

Needed

Individuals Million Ton Million Ton Mil Ton GKG Million Ha Million Ha Million Ha Million Ha Mil Ton GKG Million Ha Million Ha

10 =

[(9*F/E)*D]*H

2009 230,970,627 32.10 39.15 61.95 13.41 13.54 9.54 9.71 52.76 11.53 7.28

2010 233,973,246 32.52 39.66 62.76 13.58 13.72 9.66 9.84 53.45 11.68 7.37

2011 236,734,130 32.91 40.13 63.50 13.74 13.88 9.78 9.95 54.08 11.82 7.46

2012 239,527,593 33.29 40.60 64.25 13.91 14.04 9.89 10.07 54.71 11.96 7.55

2013 242,354,019 33.69 41.08 65.00 14.07 14.21 10.01 10.19 55.36 12.10 7.64

2014 245,213,797 34.08 41.57 65.77 14.24 14.38 10.13 10.31 56.01 12.25 7.73

2015 248,107,320 34.49 42.06 66.55 14.40 14.55 10.25 10.43 56.67 12.39 7.82

2016 251,034,986 34.89 42.55 67.33 14.57 14.72 10.37 10.55 57.34 12.53 7.91

2017 253,997,199 35.31 43.06 68.13 14.75 14.89 10.49 10.68 58.02 12.68 8.01

2018 256,994,367 35.72 43.56 68.93 14.92 15.07 10.61 10.80 58.70 12.83 8.10

2019 260,026,900 36.14 44.08 69.74 15.10 15.25 10.74 10.93 59.40 12.98 8.20

2020 263,095,218 36.57 44.60 70.57 15.27 15.43 10.86 11.06 60.10 13.13 8.29

2021 266,199,742 37.00 45.12 71.40 15.45 15.61 10.99 11.19 60.81 13.29 8.39

2022 269,340,899 37.44 45.66 72.24 15.64 15.79 11.12 11.32 61.52 13.45 8.49

2023 272,519,122 37.88 46.20 73.09 15.82 15.98 11.25 11.46 62.25 13.60 8.59

2024 275,734,848 38.33 46.74 73.96 16.01 16.17 11.39 11.59 62.99 13.76 8.69

2025 278,988,520 38.78 47.29 74.83 16.20 16.36 11.52 11.73 63.73 13.93 8.79

2026 282,280,585 39.24 47.85 75.71 16.39 16.55 11.66 11.87 64.48 14.09 8.90

2027 285,611,496 39.70 48.41 76.61 16.58 16.75 11.79 12.01 65.24 14.26 9.00

2028 288,981,712 40.17 48.99 77.51 16.78 16.94 11.93 12.15 66.01 14.43 9.11

2029 292,391,696 40.64 49.56 78.42 16.97 17.14 12.07 12.29 66.79 14.60 9.22

2030 295,841,919 41.12 50.15 79.35 17.18 17.35 12.22 12.44 67.58 14.77 9.32

TOTAL

7 = 6*E 8 = 7/F 9 = 8 + (G*8) 11 = 10/D 12 = (11*E)/I1 2 3 = 2*A 4 = 3/(1-B) 5 = 4/C 6 = 5/D

NEED TO DEVELOP 500,000 HA IN EVERY 5 YEAR OF IRRIGATED PADDY FIELD IN ORDER TO SUSTAIN OUR NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY

2030

9.32 Mill HA

2009

7.28 MILHA

PLANET UNDER PRESSURE

SHIP analogous to SOVEREIGNTY AND FOOD SECURITY

Is food security conditions have to be in this position ?

CLIMATE IMPACTS ON FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Continuous impact Agriculture/food system affected

Changes in temperature Yield

Changes in rainfall pattern and intensity Yield

Salt intrusion Yield

Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere Yield

Discontinues impact

Increasing frequency, magnitude and return period of extreme weather events (climate variability)

Yield

Outbreak of pests and diseases

Permanent impact

Sea level rise Loss of arable land

EFFORT TO REDUCE THE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change adaptation program of action aims to ensure or secure the achievement of key development goals such as food security. The main strategy to achieve the objectives of national adaptation action plan for climate change, Food Security Sector through: (a) adjustment and the development of farming systems to climate change, (b) Development and implementation of adaptive technology to climatic stress, (c) Development and optimization of land resources, water and genetic. those strategies are realized through 7 Main Program (Cluster) :

1. Adjustment Cluster Food Production Systems. 2. Expansion Area of Food and Agriculture Aquaculture. 3. Development of new sources of food production growth (expansion) require or

be supported by the development of irrigation networks 4. Acceleration Food Diversification. 5. Developing of a new variety of adaptive to climate stress. 6. Development of Information and Communication Systems 7. Support Program,

(RAN – API)

1. Establishing new irrigation system and improving the function of irrigation network.

2. Rehabilitation and optimization farming level irrigation channel (village irigation/ JITUT), rural irrigation channel (JIDES), micro water channel development (TAM), and exploiting pressure Irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation)

3. Development of alternative and small scale of water resource (shallow and deep ground water, surface irrigation and management of irrigation participation

4. Development and water conservation Small dam, farming water reservoir (Farn pondg), and infiltration/recharge well.

5. Participatory irigation management (PIM) program , in developing the capacity and capability of WUA/WUAFs in implementation of partisipatory irrigation scheme management.

INDONESIAN PROGRAM ON AGRICULTURE WATER MANAGEMENT

Conclusions

1. In order to assure food availability and sustainable agricultural development in each of the ASEAN countries and Japan need to have new inisiative and necessary steps a strategic cooperation in order to transfer a new technology on water management, developing of a new variety of adaptive to climate stress, etc

2. Capacity building program focus to address agriculture water efficiency (water-saving technology etc), adaptation of climate change as well as the activities and substances associated with the development of sustainable agriculture.

3. Building a regional food security and capacity information network, to administer information availability of food from each country with a focus on staple food (rice) by exploiting Asean secretariat as information processing centre and distribution.