Water, Heat Stress, and Drought
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Transcript of Water, Heat Stress, and Drought
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Water Management, Drought, and Heat Stress
Slide 1
WATER, HEAT STRESS,AND DROUGHT
Barbara Bellows, NCAT Agriculture Specialist
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Livestock Water Use
Criteria Animal character istics
Animal species and breed
Animal size
Animal age and condition
Pasture conditions Forage type and condition
Distance to water
Environm ental conditions Average daily temperature
Water quality
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Livestock Daily Water Needs
1000 lb dairy cow - 30 gallons Dry beef cow - 22 gallons
Beef cow -calf pair - 20 gallons
600 lb beef heifer 12 gallons
2000 lb beef bull - 19 gallons
Sheep or goat - 2 gallons
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Goats, Sheep, and Water Sheep and goats can survive longer in drou ght
than cattle
Multi-species grazing w ith cattle allow s you tobetter balance pastur e r esour ces w ith herd size
Smaller size
Able to subsist on desert and
semi-arid plants
Many breeds are drought
tolerant
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Water Use by Young
Animals Youn g anim als need m ore water than adults
A greater percentage of young anim als body
w eight is w ater
Young anim als need todrink m ore o ften
They take in less water at a
time They have a more rapid
metabolism
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Forages and Water Needs Lush for ages decrease livestock w ater needs
They contain 75-80% moisture
Livestock can get some of their water from this lushforage
Dry forages increase livestock w ater needs
Hay and dry feed contains only 10-12% moisture
Animals need water to digest and move dry, fibrous
feed through their gut
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Ensure Animals Have Water
Conserve w ater in tanks
Fill tanks using animal-activated valves
Decrease evaporation by having tanks partially covered
Save or br ing in water
Collect water in advance of drought
Reduce herd size to r educe w ater n eed
Use trucks or solar pumps tobring in additional water
Lease additional land w ithaccess to w ater
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Distance to Water Sheep and cattle can forage up to 3 m iles from
w ater points Animals that need to drink m ore than once a
day cannot forage as far
Greater distance to waterincreases trail form ation
Pregnant and lactating females
Young animals
Animals eating dry feed orforages
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Water Trapping / Collection
W ater co llection structur es Contour ridges
Check dams
Percolation ponds
Holding tanks
Trap w ater in fields w ith sw aths of crop stubble
Swaths should be cut perpendicular to prevailing w inds
Swaths collects snow in w inter, adding meltwater tosoil as temperatures warm
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Livestock Need Clean Water Im proves animals m etabolism
Low ers r isk of parasites and diseases
Prom otes healthy grow th
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Drinking Water Contamination Salinization
Water evaporation in troughs and shallow tanks
Water evaporation from ponds in saline soil
Toxic blue-green algae grow
in nutrient-rich ponds
Parasites
Animals deposit manure instreams and on streambanks
High temperatures and stagnant
water favor microbial grow th
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Salt Increases Water Use Salt intake increases animal need and desire
for w ater
Sou rces of salt in diet
Plants w ith high salt content, such as saltbrush
Saline water
Salt and mineral licks
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Salt Tolerance Anim als with low salt water toleran ce
Young animals
Pregnant or lactating females
Aged or weakened stock
Symptom s of high saltintake
Depressed appetite
Depressed growth rate
Scours
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Toxic Blue-Green Algae Risk conditions
Stagnant ponds
Low water flow in streams
High nutrient levels in water
Hot, sunny days
Prevention
Fence off stagnant ponds Provide animals w ith access to clean water
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Drought and Riparian Areas W hy animal congregate in riparian ar eas
Drinking water
Seeking shade and breezes
Grazing on riparian vegetation
Trampling and compacting streambank soil
Depositing manure in and near streams
Riparian degradation by
livestock
Overgrazing riparian vegetationwhen upland vegetation is sparse
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Riparian Degradation
Bare soil
Increased soil erosion andnutrient loading
Increased evaporation and lowerwater table
Establishment of noxious plantspecies
Im pacts of tram pling and overgrazing
Degradation of fish and w ildlife habitat
Loss of food
Loss of shade and hiding areas
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Healthy Riparian Areas W ater table level
Height changes little throughoutthe year
Moist soil extends about two
channel w idths beyond either bank Dense vegetation cover age
Predominantly native plants
Diversity of young and maturegrasses, forbs, and w oody plants
Includes plants w ith deep, strongroot systems
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Manage ripar ian grazing
Graze only when soils are dry
Prevent overgrazing
Do not graze when riparianplants are reproducing
Keep Riparian Areas Healthy Keep livestock aw ay from stream s and ponds
Pump water from streams into drinking tanks
Fence riparian areas
Place feed supplements and insect control away
from water bodies
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Causes of Heat Stress
Environm ental conditions High temperature above 80F day, 70F night
High humidity
Limited air movement
Management factors
Limited access to water
Poor water quality
Lack of shade, especially for animals w ith light-colored hair
Handling or hauling animals in hot weather
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Heat Stress Concerns
Low feed consum ption Depressed appetite
Difficulty digesting dry feed
Poor w eight gain
Susceptibility to disease
Excessive salt intake
Death
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Water Management, Drought, and Heat Stress
Slide 21
Keep Animals Cool Provide access to shade
Prevent congregation in w indbreaks thatprevent air m ovement
Provide animals inbarns or sheds w ithgood ventilation
Pro vide spr inklers tocool animals
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Heat Stress Management W ater an d feed management
Provide animals w ith plenty of clean, fresh, andpreferably cool drinking water
Provide animals access to salt
and minerals Provide additional water to allow
effective use of supplements
Avoid handling anim alsdur ing hot weather , such as
betw een 10 a.m . and sundow n
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Summary Ensur e that anim als have access to sufficient
clean w ater Breed and species determines water consumption
Age and health affects grazing distance from w ater
Protect w ater quality by
Protecting riparian areas
Preventing salinity buildup
Prevent heat stress by
Providing shade and water
Not w orking animals during hot weather
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Stream Protection Benefits Decreased bu ildup of nutrients, salt, and other
contaminants in water Decreased tram pling in stream s and ponds
Less manure concentration
near w ater Stream bank vegetation
protected
Increased w ater infiltrationand storage in r iparian zone
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Illustration Credits
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceEnsure Animals have Water
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceWater Use by Young Animals
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceGoats, Sheep and Water
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceLivestock Daily Water Needs
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceLivestock Water Use Criteria
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceCover
Photo cour tesy of:Slide Title
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Illustration Credits (Cont.)
John Burns (Cyanolab), Mark Schnegurt(Wichita State University) and Cyanosite
(www.
cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu)
Toxic Blue-green Algae
USDA Agriculture Research Service Image
Gallery
Salt Tolerance
Ken Ziegler, Foragebeef.caSalt Increases Water Use
Photo courtesy of USDA NRCSDrinking Water Contamination
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceLivestock Need Clean Water
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceWater Trapping/Collection
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceDistance to Water
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Illustation Credits (Cont.)
USDA Photography CenterKeep Animals Cool
USDA Photography CenterHeat Stress Concerns
Gly Jones, Executive Producer, TVNZInteractive, New Zealand
Causes of Heat Stress
Photo courtesy of USDA NRCSKeep Riparian Areas Healthy
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceHealthy Riparian Areas
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceRiparian Degredation
Photo courtesy of USDA NRCSDrought and Riparian Areas
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Water Management, Drought, and Heat Stress
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Illustration Credits (Cont.)
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceSummary
USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceHeat Stress Management