Water Harvesting from Roads in Ethiopia: Techniques and … · 2017. 8. 4. · Water Harvesting...
Transcript of Water Harvesting from Roads in Ethiopia: Techniques and … · 2017. 8. 4. · Water Harvesting...
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Water Harvesting from Roads in Ethiopia:
Techniques and Approaches
1
By: Kifle Woldearegay1, Frank van Steenbergen2, Kebede Manjur1, Marta
Agujetas Perez2, Taye Alemayehu2
(1Mekelle University, Ethiopia; 2MetaMeta, The Netherlands)
A Paper Presented at the International Conference on “Geology, Mining, Mineral
and Groundwater Resources of the Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities and
Challenges Ahead”; July 11-13, 2017; Livingstone, Zambia
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1. Introduction
2. Road and Water: Interactions and Effects
3. Approaches and Techniques of Road
Water Harvesting (RWH)
4. Effects of RWH: Hydrological Monitoring
5. Design considerations for RWH
6. Concluding remarks
Outline 2
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Road development
changes the hydrology
(surface and
groundwater) leading to:
Concentrated surface
runoff, or
Altering groundwater
movement.
Concentrated water flow
is a resource, if
harvested/managed.
How could roads be
used to harvest/manage
water?
1. Introduction
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Why water harvesting from roads?
Road building is one of the
largest public investments.
Unmanaged water from
roads often lead to negative
effects including to the road
itself.
Water scarcity is a major
issue in many parts of
Ethiopia, and SSA.
Managing water from roads
has economic, social and
environmental benefit; an
opportunities to be tapped.
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(a) Increase in erosion of
local streams and
road side drainages
2. Road and Water:
Interactions and
Effects
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
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6 (b) Sedimentation:
reservoirs, farm
lands, roads, etc
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(c) Water logging/flooding
(Highland)
(Lowland)
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(d) Opening springs
Spring: road cuts in
mountainous area.
Spring: in flat areas
at soil-rock interface.
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Panoramic View of Waja bridge, Waja area, Tigray, Ethiopia
Typical Example of a bridge under annual
maintenance due to siltation problem
Waja town
Flood
protection
Upstream Downstream
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Landslides
Earth fissures
(e) Water-induced
hazards
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11 3.1 Approaches
Agricultural Offices: overall
lead.
Woreda Offices: coordinating the
implementation.
Communities: Implementing the
interventions.
Road contractors and
consultants: support the overall
activity.
Research consortium: capacity
building, evidence generation,
and sharing.
3. Approaches and Techniques: Water
Harvesting from roads in Ethiopia
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Culvert
Deep trenches
(a) Construction of Deep
trenches at
downstream side of
roads to recharge the
groundwater and
improve moisture
conditions of soils.
3.2 Techniques Used
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(b) Road side ponds/
pits to recharge
groundwater and
enhance in-situ
moisture in soils.
13
2016 2015
2014
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(c) Road side
runoff or water
from culverts
stored in ponds
for surface water
storage and
groundwater
recharge.
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Pond
(d) Water from
culverts channeled
into farmlands
(used for
groundwater
recharge and
improving soil
moisture.
Culvert Diversion
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16 (e) Road side runoff
is channeled into
farmlands (used
to improve soil
moisture and
reduce runoff to
downstream
areas).
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Deep trenches
Culverts
Borrow pit
(f) Runoff from a town
(Freweign) is
managed through a
number of options:
Construction of deep
trenches to reduce
runoff and enhance
groundwater
recharge.
Diverting water from
culverts into a
borrow pit for
surface water
storage and
groundwater
recharge.
Communities which used to have been
affected by flooding are saved from flooding.
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(g) Water from
culvert is
channeled into
check-dams (for
surface water
storage and
groundwater
recharge.
Check-dam
Hand-dug well
Road
18
Gabion check-dam
Bridge
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Percolation pond
Road side drainage
Bridge
Deep trenches
Hand-dug well
(h) Water from a bridge
is spread into series of
deep trenches and
percolation ponds to
recharge groundwater.
Hand-dug well
which used to be
dry became
productive after the
intervention.
(i) Road side drainage
connected to
percolation pond for
groundwater
recharge.
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(j) Hand-dug wells at
upstream of Irish Bridge in
Megab area, Tigray, Ethiopia.
Hand-dug well
Irish Bridge with hand-
dug well at upstream. Hand-dug well upstream of
the Irish Bridge
Irish Bridge
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21
(k) A pond developed
for harvesting water
from culverts and
Bridges in Northern
Ethiopia:
To enhance water
availability during
the 2015/2016
droughts.
Culvert
Pond
Bridge
Pond
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(l) Roads as dam
embankments; used
for:
Surface water
storage,
Sediment/Sand
storage.
Groundwater
recharge.
Road
Road
Water
Water
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4. Effects of Road Water Harvesting:
Hydrological Monitoring 23
Positive effects:
Enhancing recharge to shallow
groundwater,
Enhancing soil moisture (in-situ),
Cessation of gully expansion,
Reduction in flooding,
Enhancing productivity as supplementary
irrigation,
Sources of water in drought periods.
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Note: Borrow pit was used as water storage in the month of
July 2014.
Water from a
culvert and
road side
drainage
channeled
into a pond:
Enhanced
the shallow
groundwat
er
4.1 Effects on groundwater level
24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Gro
und
wa
ter
level belo
w s
urf
ace
(m
) Month
Groundwater level flactuation in Freweign area, Tigray, Ethiopia
2013
2014
2015
2016
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Check-dam
Hand-dug well
Culvert 4.2 Effects of check-
dams
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Gro
un
dw
ate
r le
vel
bel
ow
surf
ace
(m
)
Month
2013
2014
2015
2016
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4.3 Effects on soil
moisture
26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4
Sept Oct Nov
In-s
itu
mo
istu
re (
%)
Month
In-situ moisture distribution in soils (Megab area, Tigray,
Ethiopia)
2013
2014
2015
2016
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4.4 Supplementary
irrigation
27
Diverting water from
culverts and roadsides
are important sources
of water for
supplementary
irrigation.
Productivity has
increased by 50% in
2014/2015 harvest
season.
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Ponds are important
sources of water in dry
periods: as witnessed in
2015/2016 drought
periods.
4.5 Sources of water
in dry periods
28
April 2016
Sept. 2015
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Three options could be
considered:
Use existing roads to
harvest/manage water.
Design modifications to
existing roads.
Adapt and implement
new design approach:
integrate road water
harvesting options:
Guideline/standard.
5. Design considerations for RWH
5.1 Scenarios and approaches
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Road
Road development: based on landscape continuum
water management model.
Different techniques along the landscape: upstream,
integrated with roads, and downstream of roads.
In all the three options, a landscape continuum
approach is preferred:
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5.1.1 Techniques at Upstream/Upslope
Techniques that:
Enhance infiltration,
Reduce erosion,
flooding and
siltation,
Enhance soil
moisture and
groundwater
recharge. Example: Surface runoff has reduced by 80%
as a result of the upstream intervention.
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5.1.2 Techniques integrated with the roads
Roads: as water
storages and diversions.
River crossings: water
buffering.
Pond
Water
Road as dam
embankment
Roadside
runoff
diverted
into a pond
River crossing
Water and sand
at upstream of
crossings
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5.1.3 Techniques at Downslope/ Downstream
Promote technologies
that:
Storage surface water,
Enhance groundwater
recharge,
Control flooding,
Reduce negative
effects: erosion,
siltation, etc
Enhance sustainable/
productive use of water.
Culvert
Culvert Check-dam
Hand-dug well
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6. Concluding remark a. There is a great potential to turn
the negative effects (of water
from roads) to positive through
introduction of appropriate
technologies.
b. Road development is part of
land use planning: need for
collaboration among various
sectors.
c. Towards multi-functional and
climate resilient roads: adapt
landscape continuum based
water management.
d. Develop guidelines and
standard procedures for road
water management.
Culvert
Water
channeled
into farm
lands
Pond
Road
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Funding organizations for the research:
NERC (UK): Part of the UPGro Catalyst grant.
NWO/WOTRO (The Netherlands)
GRP (Global Resilience Program)
Research Consortium Partners: MetaMeta (The
Netherlands), Mekelle University (Ethiopia), IDS (UK), IDS
(University of Utrecht, The Netherlands), and HESPI (The
Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute).
Collaborating institutions in Ethiopia: Tigray region
(TBoWR, TBoTRC, TBoARD, REST), Amhara region
(ABoARD, ABoWR, BoRT), Oromia region (OBoWME,
OBoWR, OBoRT), SNNP (BoWR, BoARD), Ethiopian Roads
Authority, Afar Region (BoWR, BoARD), Gambella Region
(BoWR, BoARD, BoRT).
Acknowledgement
35
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Support for this conference:
UPGro and SKAT foundation: for the financial,
and technical support to attend this conference as
well as for the continued effort to promote results
of the UPGro Catalyst grant.
Conference Organizers: for the invitations and
excellent organization.
Acknowledgement 36
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Let us be champions in promoting road
water management for resilience