Water Filter 1-2

8/8/2019 Water Filter 1-2

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qQyvr - Low cost Iron Filter

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Table of Contents

Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3

Need Identification ......................................................................................................................... 3

Concept Generation ........................................................................................................................ 5

Irons in Water ............................................................................................................................. 5

Sources of Iron Household Water ............................................................................................ 5

Iron Solubility .......................................................................................................................... 5

Iron and Manganese Bacteria .................................................................................................. 6

Iron Removal Methods ................................................................................................................ 7

Water softener (caution exchange) ......................................................................................... 7

Aeration .................................................................................................................................. 7

Oxidizing (catalyst) filter .......................................................................................................... 7

Chlorination and filtration ....................................................................................................... 8

Other treatments .................................................................................................................... 8

Customer Needs ............................................................................................................................. 9

House of Quality ............................................................................................................................. 9

Target Specifications ..................................................................................................................... 10

Concept Testing ............................................................................................................................ 11

Product Specifications ................................................................................................................... 11

Technical specification for iron cleaning process: ...................................................................... 11

Commercialization plan ................................................................................................................ 13

Product and Product Development ........................................................................................... 13

Product ................................................................................................................................. 13

Product development............................................................................................................ 13

Patent ................................................................................................................................... 13

Team Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 14


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Technology usage ..................................................................................................................... 14

Market and market development ............................................................................................. 15

Potential Market Assessment ................................................................................................ 15

SWOT Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 15

Market Entry Strategy ........................................................................................................... 16

Marketing Development ....................................................................................................... 17

Funding ..................................................................................................................................... 18

Financial Strategy ...................................................................................................................... 18

Annex 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 20

Questioner ................................................................................................................................ 20

Annex 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 21

Cost of Production Year 1 ....................................................................................................... 21

Annex 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 22

Low cost Iron filter .................................................................................................................... 22

Annex 4......................................................................................................................................... 23

Annex 5......................................................................................................................................... 25

Annex 6 House of Quality.....27


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IntroductionThere are rural water supply projects introduced by the National Water Supply and Drainage

Board (NWSDB) to fulfill the domestic water consumption requirement in rural areas of Sri Lanka.

It is identified that, in certain areas of the island, ground water contains Ferrous (Iron), more than

the WHO recommended standards.

Even though the people in rural areas are fulfilled with their basic water requirement, they have to

suffer negative health effects. Cooking utensils and clothes get permanently stained after usage of

this contaminated water. Normal water filters available in market doesnt address this specific

issue and specialized filters which can imported are unaffordable to the affected people.

Therefore our team decided to design a method to filter these pipe water provided by Water

Board as the assignment for INNOVATION AND R & D MANAGEMENT subject in our MBA program.

Need Identification

Several complaints were received by National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB),

Kalutara by the residents of xxx regarding reddish color and sediments in the water supplied to

them from rural water supply systems. Laboratory tests confirmed the existence of Ferrous and

Manganese in several forms. Iron and manganese are minerals found in drinking water supplies.

These minerals will not harm you, but they may cause reddish-brown or black stains on clothes or

household fixtures. iron and manganese are considered secondary contaminants. Secondary

standards apply to substances in water that cause offensive taste, odor, color, corrosion, foaming,

or staining but have no direct affect on health. The standard Secondary Maximum Contaminant

Level (SMCL) for iron is 0.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L or ppm) and 0.05 mg/L for manganese.

The four forms of iron and manganese commonly found in drinking water are ferrous, ferric,

organic and iron bacteria. Normally, water appears clear when first drawn from the water tap. If

not, it may contain ferric iron or organic iron. Both color the water. Ferric iron precipitates or

settles out. Organic iron does not settle out. In well water, insoluble iron oxide is converted to a

soluble form of ferrous (dissolved) iron. Ferrous iron is colorless, but when in contact with air, it

oxidizes readily, creating reddish- brown, solid particles that then settle out as ferric oxide.

Manganese is similar to iron but forms a brownish-black precipitate and stains. Manganese is less


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commonly found in groundwater than iron, rarely found alone in a water source, and generally

found with dissolved iron.

However, high concentrations of iron may give the water an unpleasant metallic taste while still

being safe to drink. When iron combines with tea, coffee, and alcoholic beverages, it produces an

unappetizing inky, black appearance and a harsh, offensive taste. Vegetables cooked in iron-

contaminated water turn dark and look unappetizing.

Iron bacteria (harmless bacteria), occur in soil, groundwater, and some surface waters. Iron

bacteria are considered harmless to health, however, they may give water an off taste or color,

cause splotchy yellow stains on laundry, and clog water systems. Iron bacteria usually appear as

stringy, slimy, mucous-like substances suspended in fresh water and may be colored brown, red,

or white. They thrive on iron in the sink or metal parts of the water system and are most easily

seen on the inside surface of the toilet tank.

In Sri Lanka, It is identified that considerable no of areas are affected by mixing iron with water.

Several areas are listed below.

y Malamulla, Bellana, Mahabellana in Panadura area

y Matugama

y Agalawatta

y Some areas in Wadduwa

y Maspotha, Ganewatta and some areas in Kurunagala

y Anamaduwa

y Kandy area

y Higurakgoda, Polonnaruwa

y

Madawachchiya, Kahatagasdigiliya and few areas in Anuradhapura

More than 75% of the total population of these areas is affected by iron.


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Concept Generation

Irons in WaterSources of Iron Household Water

Iron is concentrated in water by contact with rocks and minerals, and occasionally man-made

materials like iron and steel pipes. It is usually groundwater supplies that may require treatment

for high levels of iron. Generally speaking, few surface water supplies have high enough levels of

either to cause problems. Occasionally discharge of acid industrial wastes or mine drainage may

increase iron to problem levels in surface water.

Iron Solubility

Iron exists in many different chemical forms. The presence of a given form of iron in geologic

materials or water depends on many different environmental factors. We can often anticipate iron

problems in water by observing a few general principles that affect water chemistry.

An important principle to remember about chemical reactions is that, if allowed enough time, they

will reach equilibrium with the surrounding environment. When the conditions of that

environment are changed, such as pumping water from an underground aquifer, the chemical

equilibrium is upset. This will lead to either solution of certain elements such as iron or their

precipitation.

A general rule of thumb is that oxygenated water will have only low levels of iron. The reason is

that both iron react with oxygen to form compounds that do not stay dissolved in water. Surface

water and shallow groundwater (Figure 1) usually have enough dissolved oxygen to maintain iron

in an undisclosed state. In surface water, iron is most likely to be trapped within suspended

organic matter particles.

Waters that do not have regular contact with the atmosphere tend to be low in oxygen (oxygen

poor). Iron carbonates in an oxygen poor environment are relatively soluble and can cause highlevels of dissolved iron. However, if iron is associated with sulfur as iron sulfide rather than iron

carbonate, dissolved iron remains low. Dissolved oxygen generally decreases with depth, so these

types of conditions are more likely to occur in deep wells. Sometimes oxygen poor conditions can

also occur in relatively shallow wells that have stagnant water with very slow turnover.


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Iron problems are most likely to develop in water from wells with high carbonate and low oxygen

as shown in the middle well in Figure 1. Problems occur when this type of water is pumped to the

surface. The chemical equilibrium is changed upon exposure to the atmosphere. The end result is

precipitation of iron compounds in plumbing, on fixtures, and on clothing, dishes and utensils.

Figure 1. The amount of iron dissolved in water often follows a trend of low to high back to low again as depth of the well

increases. (Snoeyink, V. L. and D. Jenkins, 1980)

Iron and Manganese Bacteria

Some types of bacteria derive their energy by reacting with soluble forms of iron. These organisms

are usually found in waters that have high levels of iron in solution. The reaction changes the iron

from a soluble form into a less soluble form, thus causing precipitation and accumulation of black

or reddish brown gelatinous material (slime). Masses of mucous, iron can clog plumbing and watertreatment equipment. They also slough off in globs that become iron or manganese stains on

laundry. Bacterial reactions with iron do not cause any additional precipitation compared to

normal exposure to oxygen. However, precipitation caused by bacteria occurs faster and tends to

concentrate staining, thus making it more apparent.

In summary, Iron exists in water in two conditions. Fe+ as

soluble and as Ferrous Oxide (Fe2O3 ) as

sediments. To adsorb Fe from water shall be in two steps

a. Converting water soluble iron (Fe) into Ferrous Oxide (Fe2O3)

Water is arranged to flow through a process which will make Oxygen (O2) absorption by water

and hence Fe will be converted into Fe2O3.


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The filter will have a freefall water fountain to this effect where soluble Iron will be converted

into in-soluble iron.

b. Water with Fe2O3 flow through some medium which will adsorb or accumulate this solid

content and release cleaned water out from the system. Components of this medium will be

identified in this research from locally available resources.

The filter will have a cleaning section using pre-treatment and a treatment sections housed

in a ceramic cylindrical filtering casing.

Iron Removal Methods

Water softener (caution exchange)

A water softener can remove small amounts of ferrous iron. Iron in untreated water is flushed

from the softener medium (ion exchange) by backwashing (forcing sodium-rich water back

through the unit). This process adds sodium to the resin medium, and iron is carried away in waste

water.

Aeration

Dissolved iron is easily oxidized to a solid form by mixing with air. A pressure aerator mixes air with

the water, the air is vented, and then the solid particles are filtered from the water.

This method adds no chemicals to the water and is most effective in warm climates. The filter

must be backwashed frequently to properly maintain the system. To protect the water from

contamination by bacteria in the air, the system should be totally enclosed and only biologically

safe water should be used. The appropriate pumping capacity must be maintained for adequateair intake.

Oxidizing (catalyst) filter

When the total combined iron concentration is less than 15 mg/l, an oxidizing filter (natural

manganese greensand, manufactured silica gel zeolite coated with manganese dioxide, plastic


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resin beads, or pumicite), is recommended. Some filters are coated with a manganese oxide and

are regenerated by using a potassium permanganate solution. An oxidizing filter supplies oxygen

to convert ferrous iron into a solid form which can be filtered out of the water.

Frequent backwashing and stirring of a manganese greensand bed helps prevent an iron-fouled

bed. After several weeks of use, the greensand filter should be backwashed with potassium

permanganate to remove solid particles and regenerate (recoat) the greensand to allow

absorption of more dissolved minerals. Synthetic filters, such as zeolite, require less backwash

water and softens the water as it removes the iron.

Chlorination and filtration

When the iron content of the water is extremely high (above 10 ppm), a combination of chemical

treatment and filtration is necessary. Small chemical pumps are used to add chlorine bleach,

potassium permanganate, or hydrogen peroxide into the water. After a retention time of at least

20 minutes to allow for oxidation of ferrous iron into the insoluble ferric form, the solid particles

are filtered out.

When chlorine is used, the treated water can have an unpleasant taste if a particle filter of calcite,

sand, anthrocite, or aluminum silicate is used. Use an activated carbon filter to remove both

excess chlorine and solid iron and manganese particles. Backwash frequently. Some units have an

automatic backwash cycle.

Other treatmentsComplication is a simple and low cost method for removing iron up to 3 mg/L. A phosphate

compound is added to the water to complex (tie up) the dissolved iron. If organic-complexes or

colloidal iron is present in the untreated water, a longer contact time and higher levels of chemical

are necessary for the oxidation reaction to take place. Aluminum sulfate (alum) eases filtration by

causing larger iron particles to form.

A multistage treatment operation may be necessary if water has high levels of iron and they are in

both the dissolved and solid forms. For example, the water could first be aerated, than chlorinated

to oxidize residual iron and kill iron bacteria, and then filtered through a mechanical device to

remove particles. This can be followed by activated carbon filtration to remove excess chlorine and

a water-softener for hardness control as well as removal of any residual dissolved iron.


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Considering the above different methods and costs involved, when designing the filtering

method/equipment, it is important to think about the affordability of these rural people. Hence

our team considers a product design with very low cost but reliable and quality materials.

Customer NeedsCustomer needs are derived from customer complaints made to NWSDB and the questioner

distributed among the affected population group. The same was used to develop house of quality.

Basic needs are:

Affordability

Level of cleanliness of output water

Easiness of operation/cleaning

Durability

Easiness of installation

Portability

General purpose usage

House of QualityRefer Annex 6 for the first stage house of quality.

As per the HOQ we can see that the product still need to improve on its portability as it scores only

1 in satisfying the customer requirements. Also on product specification it scores 3 for the use of

ceramic type of container to have the filtering media.


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When considering the competitor analysis we choose three types of filters that are available in the

market.

1. UV filter that is to connect to a water outlet so that the water will be treated with UV . This

is considered to be a best solution to clean the water from germs and other unwanted

bacteria and the usage is basically for drinking water. Since this is to be fixed permanently

to the water outlet the portability is somewhat less. It is commonly available in Sri Lanka

and relatively expensive.

2. Ceramic type filter - this is a portable type of filter. You can pour water in to the container

on top and the can collect the filtered from the bottom container. Mainly focused for the

drinking water filtration. Available at any store that are selling this kind of equipment and

fairly cheap as well.

3. Ion filter this is mainly used for cleaning out the ions that are solved in the water. Still

not available in Sri Lanka and it is fairly expensive as its price ranges from USD250~350

depending on the capacity of the water to be filtered. Can be used for general purpose

usage.

Target Specifications

The target technical specifications are:

a. Cleanliness of output water: Fe content


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Concept TestingAs a method of concept testing, a questioner was designed to be distributed among several

probable customers. Questionnaire is attached as Annex 1.

Out of 20 distributed questioners 18 replies were received. Out of 18, 12 selected to use cleaned

water for drinking, cooking and washing where as only 2 selected for drinking only and 4 selected

Summary of answers to questions are as follows:

Question Answer 1 Answer 2 Answer 3 Answer 4

1 2 10 4 2

2 1 5 12 0

3 1 13 3 1

4 13 2 1 0

5 3 2 3 10

6 2 13 2 1

7 1 2 5 10

8 12 3 2 1

9 1 3 14 11

10 2 4 12

Product Specifications

Technical specification for iron cleaning process:Rubble, sand and Barsalt (Barsalt is a special type of sand for iron removal) will be used as a

medium of cleaning material. Rubble layer will lie on the Sand layer and then barsalt in the filter.

Water first flow through the rubble, sand and then finally Barsalt.


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Replacement of filtering media can be used as the filter cleaning method. Rubble and sand can be

replaced once a 12 months (Duration of replacement can be decided on the Fe content of the

water).Barsalt replacement also depends on the Fe contents of the water and normally minimum

duration is once an 18 months.

Cross section of the filter is attached as Annex 3 to this report.

The filtered water to confirm to WHO or SLS standard with regard to Fe content which is less than

3PPM


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Commercialization plan

Product and Product Development

Product

The team considered the market requirement exists for two types of filters based on

filtering capacity.

1. Small unit with a daily capacity of 10-15 liters for drinking and cooking

purposes only

2. Large unit with a daily capacity of 400-500 ltrs for full domestic usage

After analyzing the market through sample customer group with replies to questioner,

the team decided to introduce the larger unit initially. Cost of production of this unit is

given in the annex 2to this report.

Product development

Due to the nature of economies of scale, production the outer and inner clay cylinders shall beout sourced. Assembling the filters and associated plumbing and packing shall be done at single

location. Filtering medium will be dependent on the area of sales as Ferrous content depends

upon the area of usage. Additional research and testing is required to identify exact water

condition and purification requirements.

Patent

Even though the principal of operation of this filter is novel, it uses technology that can be

easily copied. Therefore obtaining a patent is necessary. Requirement of a trademark willdepend upon a larger market survey.


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TeamAssessment

Simple structure of the team is given below:

The above structure is derived from a daily output of 35 units initially and to increase up to 100

units per day. The total market requirement is considered 50,000 units. Even under the

protection of patent, entrepreneurial experience of the CEO/Marketing is required to be

extensive as the profit margins are expected to be low side due to low purchasing power

of the expected customers. However, bottom three workers need not to be highly skilled. As

each individuals work-scope is not duplicated, team work and stability is extremely vital. At

initial stages, expert support may require to establish the filtering medium composition for each

region of sales.

Technology usage

The technology used for assembly of this filter is basic and does not require special skills. However

design of the composition of the filtering medium requires specialized knowledge. Testing of water

shall also require specialized and certified laboratory services. Both of these services shall be

outsourced. All material used to manufacture the filter shall be locally available thus giving a

cost advantage to the customers. Further development of this filter may include desalination

and filtering of other known harmful substances such as biological agents and heavy metals such

as Lead (Pb).

CEO/Marketing

Assmbly worker Packing /Security Driver/Deliveryman

Accounting /Admin/QC


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Market and market development

Potential MarketAssessment

It is vital to understand that the potential market of the filter is mainly the low income, and ruralcommunity in areas like Kaluthara, Horana etc. As per the statistics obtained from WB, there are

approximately 50,000 families in affected areas in and they are scattered around the island in

patches where purified water supply is not available.

As per the market search carried out by the team, there is no Fe removal filter produced or

available to purchase in Sri Lanka.

Protected with a patent, the product shall not expect competitor in the initial 5 years. It is

expected that the company will produce 1250 units per month and the demand shall decline

after 40 months where only replacements shall be required which the company expects no more

than 100 units a month. Therefore, diversification and new product development is required after

24 months of operation. It is expected to keep the price low enough to attract the market and

where possible use NGO assistance in realizing the product.

SWOTAnalysis

STRENGTH OPPORTUNITIES

Company staff consists of qualified

professionals in engineering and Business

Management background.

There is no Fe removal filter in Sri Lanka

market presently.

Company does not need any technology

transfer at this initial stage and required

technology is available.

Available other filters are also far away to

reach for the rural, poor people in villages.

Encouragement from some Authorities for this

product development(WB)

High tendency of people to buy the product at

any time it is available in market.

Filter components are also not high cost and

can find many suppliers. Therefore companybargaining power is very high.

Awareness of people about health

implications due to non purified water

WEAKNESSES THREATS


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Company is new to industry There big companies in the market provide

other kind of filters and will be threats from

them later.

Product too new to market

Market Entry Strategy

Since the product is for selected group of people, and most of them are living in rural areas and

having low or middle income, the strategy to enter this specific market should also be very

specific.

As per the survey findings the people in these areas have been suffering from this serious matterfrom long time, which is directly affected to their quality of life and they eagerly wait for a solution

at a cost which is affordable for them.

Therefore this product will be something that they have been dreaming about to overcome their

most worrying problem, which is access to pure water.

Hence by considering the nature and size of the target market, the company suggested the below

market entry strategy in order to be more close with the customer and also to make them

convince to buy the product in most trusted way by them.

STEP 1 Brand Name

Company expects to give a brand name for this product, which is very touching and appealing the

hearts of villagers. Since the target market is poor or middle class villagers and majority (over 95%)

of them is Sinhala, the suggested brand name is with meaning of provide water in Sinhala.

Brand Name Diyawara -qQyvr

STEP 2 Product Introductory Program

By considering above facts, it is decided by the management of the company to schedule some

programs in each village to introduce this new product, with the participation of area PHI, village

Gramaseva officer and midwife of the particular area.

There the company expects to get two speeches from PHI and area midwife about the health

benefits accompanied with drinking clean water.


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STEP 3 Free Sample Filters

Company management decided to offer free sample filters to village temple and PHI office, hence

frequent visitors for those places will have the opportunity to drink some purified water and

experience the difference.

STEP 4 Distributing Handbills/Display Posters

Make arrangements to distribute some handbills about the product via village Gramaseva Officer

and Midwife. It is expected to include a photograph of the product, price, and also some

information about possible health implications of not having clean water.

In addition to that company decided to display posters (including same) in common places in

target areas.

STEP 5 Down Payment Scheme

Company expects to see the possibility of introducing some down payment schemes for needy

people, to settle the full payment at least in three installments.

Marketing Development

Company will use existing regional channels of distribution as having an own distribution may notbe viable due to the size of the market volume. Technical and Technical development support shall

be on a scheduled area visit case as the product is of simple construction which shall not require to

have a permanent tech reps.

0

100

200300

400

500

600

700

Month

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of units produced per month


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Production Plan for first year:

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Production,

units

200 250 300 350 400 500 500 600 600 600 600 600

Product differentiation is the preferred method of market development due to limited market

for the above filter.

As this method can be easily adapted to be used in a larger scale, the company will use gathered

experience to develop the market into larger regional water supply systems. Portable units may be

developed to be used in emergency cases such as natural disasters, with added features such as

desalination and chorine removal.

FundingInitial capital requirement is considered 2 months fixed cost and variable costs for the production

of planned 450 units. The capital requirement is Rs.1, 145,700. The team expects to raise 100%

funds through private sources. The profits and other benefits will be shared among the team

members depending on the share that have contributed to the fund.

Financial Strategy


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It is expected to sell 450 units in first two months.

For break even the selling price =1,145,700/450

= Rs 2546.00

Selling price is set to Rs. 3,000.00

Profit per unit =3000-2546

= Rs 454.00

Expected profit after 2 months = 454.00X450

= Rs 204,300.00


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Annex 1

Questionerksfjia yshdf.a ku(-

,smskh(-

01. Tnf.a c, uQ,dY%h l=ulao@

a) .%dh c, fhdckd l%uh b) fkd.eUqre


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a) ug muKhs b)ug yd wdydr msiSug c) ish,q lghq;= ioyd

Annex 2

Cost of Production Year 1

Fixed Expenses Rs.

Property leasing 15,000*12 180,000

Salaries (80,000+60,000+3*25,000)*12 2,580,000

Lease of van 60,000*12 720,000

Electricity, water 25,000*12 300,000

Other fixed costs 600,000

Total Fixed Costs 4,380,000

Per unit cost (4380000/5500) 796

Variable expenses (per unit)

Raw material 1,000

Packing material 200

Transport 100

Marketing and distribution 300

Advertising 100

Insurance, bank charges, 15

Administration cost 10

Other 25

Total 1,750

Total variable expenses (5500 units) 9,925,000


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Total Cost of sales 14,005,000

Annex 3

Low cost Iron filter


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Annex 4

NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY & DRAINAGE BOARD

REGIONAL LABORATORY, NO. 15, COORAY ROAD, KALUTARA

01. CLIENT : M/s Manager, Waterside Bentota (Pvt) Ltd. Bentota

02. LABORATORY NO OF SAMPLE : 3469

03. DATE AND TIIME OF COLLECTION : 30.09.2010 07.30 hours.

04. SOURCE OF SAMPLE : Water from the Hotel

05. SAMPLE COLLECTED BY : Client

06. OTHER DETAILS : Details regarding the sample were provided by the client.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY

SLS 614 : 1983, Part 1 & 2 Units

Desirable

Level

Max.

Permissible

LevelSample

1. Appearance

2. Colour PtCo Units 5 30


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8. Ammonia Nitrogen (Fee/Total) mg/l 0.06 0.06 0.00

9. Nitrite Nitrogen (as N) mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.003

10. Nitrate Nitrogen (as N) mg/l 10 1.0

11. Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 200 1200 4

12. Sulphate (as So4) mg/l 200 400 0.0

13. Total Phosphate (as Po4) mg/l 2.0 0.07

14. Fluoride (as F) mg/l 0.6 1.5 0.029

15. Total Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1.0 0.02

16. Manganese (as mn) mg/l 0.05 0.5 -

17. Free Residual Chlorine (as Cl) 0.2 -

TNC Too Numerous to Count NT Not Tested LT Less Than

BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY

1. Total Conliform bacteria Colonies / 100 ml 10 0 0

2. E-Coli bacteria Colonies / 100 ml 0 0 0

Recommendation / Comments :

05.10.2010 .

Date Chemist


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Annex 5

NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY & DRAINAGE BOARD

REGIONAL LABORATORY, NO. 15, COORAY ROAD, KALUTARA

01. CLIENT : CBO-Malamulla, Panadura.

02. LABORATORY NO OF SAMPLE : 3469

03. DATE AND TIIME OF COLLECTION : 30.09.2010 07.30 hours.

04. SOURCE OF SAMPLE : Water from the Production Well

05. SAMPLE COLLECTED BY : Client

06. OTHER DETAILS : Details regarding the sample were provided by the client.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY

SLS 614 : 1983, Part 1 & 2 Units

Desirable

Level

Max.

Permissible

LevelSample

1. Appearance

2. Colour PtCo Units 5 30


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8. Ammonia Nitrogen (Fee/Total) mg/l 0.06 0.06 0.00

9. Nitrite Nitrogen (as N) mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.003

10. Nitrate Nitrogen (as N) mg/l 10 1.0

11. Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 200 1200 14

12. Sulphate (as So4) mg/l 200 400 0.0

13. Total Phosphate (as Po4) mg/l 2.0 0.07

14. Fluoride (as F) mg/l 0.6 1.5 0.029

15. Total Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1.0 3.98

16. Manganese (as mn) mg/l 0.05 0.5 NT

17. Free Residual Chlorine (as Cl) 0.2 NT

TNC Too Numerous to Count NT Not Tested LT Less Than

BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY

1. Total Conliform bacteria Colonies / 100 ml 10 0 NT

2. E-Coli bacteria Colonies / 100 ml 0 0 NT

Recommendation / Comments :

05.10.2010 .

Date Chemist

Water Filter 1-2

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