"Water carbon conundrum" – integrating water and energy efficiency in Wales
description
Transcript of "Water carbon conundrum" – integrating water and energy efficiency in Wales
―Water carbon conundrum‖ –
integrating water and energy
efficiency in Wales Aaron Burton
Water Resources Advisor
7 September 2011
CIWEM
Outline
Why water and energy?
Integrating policy and programmes
Case studies – evidence base EST EU Life+ advice
Housing Association Pilot Study
LivingSmart – individualised marketing
Other evidence
Rainwater harvesting and SuDS
Future opportunities
Why water and energy
efficiency?
Current pressure on the environment
Water Resources Strategy for Wales
Future pressures on water resources
10 to 15 per cent increase
5 to 10 per cent increase
5 per cent increase to 5 per cent decrease
5 to 10 per cent decrease
10 to 20 per cent decrease
20 to 30 per cent decrease
30 to 50 per cent decrease
50 to 80 per cent decrease
January February March April May June
July Aug September October November December
Percentage change in mean monthly flow between now and the 2050s using the
medium-high UKCIP02 scenario
Water Resources Strategy for Wales
PCC
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
l/h
/d
England Wales Linear (England) Linear (Wales)
Future WaterFuture Water
Environment Strategy for WalesEnvironment Strategy for Wales
Households
Additional 200,000
new homes by 2025
Additional 30,000
new homes in
Cardiff by 2025
80% homes remain
In 2050
Water and carbon connection
5% UK annual carbon
Emissions
(~3% in Wales)
1% UK annual carbon
emissions
Water and fuel poverty links
30% of households spend more than 3% of their income on water and sewerage bills; and 14% of households spend more than 5%.
Compared to 23% and 11% in England.
Across England and Wales 63% of those in fuel poverty are also in water poverty and 34% of those in water poverty are also in fuel poverty. Fuel poverty by WRZ
*Hot water heating
~40% of energy bills
Why is water different?
Only a small proportion of the current 1.3 million homes in Wales have a full set of energy efficiency measures such as double glazing and cavity wall insulation. Approximately 73% of existing homes are privately owned and some of the stock is ‗hard to treat‘ (e.g. solid walls and off the gas network). Only 0.6% of the housing stock in Wales is replaced with new-build every year, making a focus on the existing stock essential.
―There is scope to improve the environmental sustainability of the 17% of all housing stock that is social housing. It is more efficient to address water efficiency now than in the future
*Sustainable homes – A national housing strategy for Wales (WG, 2009)
Integrating policy and
programmes
EA (2011) The potential for combining household water and energy retrofitting
http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/dispay.php?name=GEHO0511BTSR-E-E
Policy
Regulation
Financial Incentives
Retrofit programmes and labelling schemes
Home information and auditing schemes
UK Energy Security and
Green Economy Bill
WG Fuel Poverty
Strategy
Climate Change Strategy
Market Transformation
Programme
WG Climate Change
Action Plan
Flood and Water
Management Act
WG Strategic Policy Position
Statement on Water
Building Regulations
(2013 Devolved)
Home Energy Efficiency
Scheme Regulations 2011
EU Water Framework
Directive
Water Resources
Management Plans
Water Industry Act 1991 Water Act 2003
Ofwat Periodic ReviewWater Supply
(Water fittings)
Regulations
Energy Performance
Certificates
CESP
CERT
Eco-design of
Energy Using Products
Directive
Energy labelling
Directive
Feed in Tariff
Landlords‘ Energy
Saving Allowance
Home Energy Efficiency
Strategy (Wales)Nest (new HEES)
Green Deal
2012/13
Renewable Heat
Incentive
arbed
CESP
Welsh Housing
Quality Standard
Water efficiency
rebates
Water Efficient Product
Labelling Scheme
Waterwise Marque
Energy Saving Trust
WG Pathfinder
Programme
Outline of Welsh Government retrofit
programmes
• Nest Fuel Poverty Programme – advice service, referrals for
insulation, Welsh Government improvement packages (c. 4,000 per
year)
• Arbed 1 – 6,000 hard to heat homes improved, mostly social
housing. Led by housing associations.
• Arbed 2 – similar number to be improved over next three years –
50/50 social/private housing. Scheme manager will be contracted by
WG.
• WHQS – improvements, amongst other things, to energy efficiency,
bathrooms and kitchens
What people want?
6% 5%11%
3% 6% 7% 6% 7%11%
4% 7% 6% 3% 5%
3%
2%
4%3% 2% 3% 3%
3%
4%2% 3%
2%4%
3%
1%
3%
1%3% 3% 2%
4%4%
3%5% 2%
2%
3%
25%29%
17%
17%
25%29%
25%
30% 23%29%
26%
20% 26%23%
33% 37%33%
37%
33%34%
26%
32%30% 35%
30%41% 38% 32%
30% 28%34%
39%30%
25%
38%
24%29% 26%
30% 28% 29% 33%
Total
Sco
tland
Wal
es
Nor
ther
n Irel
and
Eng
land N
ENW
Yor
ks &
Hum
ber
Wes
t Mid
s
Eas
tern
London
SE
SW
Eas
t Mid
s
Strongly agree
Slightly
Neither nor
Slightly
Strongly disagree
Don't know
―I‘d prefer to have water and energy efficient devices installed at the same time rather
than separately‖ (67% of respondents slightly or strongly agree in Wales);
Water Energy Model
Modelling costs and benefits Nest
OR arbed phase 2
Assumed number of homes targeted 5,000
Potential water and energy bill
savings per household (home with
water meter)
£80-£120 / yr
Potential energy bill saving per
household (home with no water
meter)
£25-43 / yr
Approximate investment required
per household (advice and water
retrofit)
£95
Total potential bill savings £220,000/yr
Total potential household CO2
reduction 580 tCO2/yr
Water supply benefits 96 mega litres water/yr (52.6
litres/property/day)
Potential water company emissions
saving 100 tCO2e/yr
Estimated programme cost £475,000
Payback period 2.2 years
―I was very interested to see your figures on
the potential savings that can be achieved
on energy bills and the potential reduction
in greenhouse gas emissions through the
provision of water efficiency advice and
retrofit measures‖ Response to EAW and EST Letter
Jane Davidson, Previous Minister for Environment, Sustainability and Housing
Nest (& arbed 2) programmes
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Wales) Regulations 2011*
Purposes for which a grant may be approved
6.—(1) An application for a grant may be approved if it relates to one or more of the following purposes—
• …(N) THE PROVISION OF WATER-SAVING MEASURES;
15,000 households per year contact, 3-5,000 improved http://nestwales.org.uk/ Need for improved links between water and energy companies Training/ tools for energy providers to consider water (beyond SAP)
*http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2011/656/regulation/6/made
Welsh Housing Quality Standard
17% of households in Wales
SAP rating for energy (space and water heating)
32% of households between now and 2014/15 OR ~70,000 homes!
EAW & EST Guidance to support WHQS (based on pilot study & survey)
WC partnerships
Refurbishment
Voids and maintenance
Devolved building regulations
Devolved from 2013 – changes to energy efficiency Energy Saving Trust report - 22% of homeowners are planning or anticipating a major refurbishment linked to energy efficiency within 3 years (UK) Potential water efficiency measures + broader water management
UK level – Green Deal & CERT
Cost-benefit Green Deal Waterwise retrofit scenarios (showers, taps/ & toilet)
• 300kw Energy Saving
• 7.4-15m3 water
• £26/yr energy saving
• £25-51/yr water saving
• 3yr payback energy
• 1yr payback water
EA detailed report Autumn 2011 (MACC etc.)
CERT/ECO Large scale energy company schemes
Proportion fuel poverty related
Water efficiency in Wales
Water and energy efficient
Products and appliances
Developing water and
energy programmes
Developing the
evidence base
WG
Policy
Water and energy efficient
Products and appliances
Developing water and
energy programmes
Developing the
evidence base
WG
Policy
There has been a consistent drop in energy and water
demand; All new buildings are constructed to the
highest standards of energy and water efficiency, and
are zero carbon. (One Wales: One Planet)
Arbed, Nest, WHQS, behaviours
Water-energy group & partnerships
Regulatory enablers - Walker
Labelling and incentives
Pilot programmes, evidence from similar WCs
Case Study 1 – EST &
Waterwise EU Life+
Renew
Integrating water-energy advice
London, Cardiff, Edinburgh
need to move beyond top tips and
general advice
advice needs to educate as to why
people need to save water, with a
focus on awareness raising of the
water-energy connection
Water-energy model and flash
calculator
September dissemination
Interim results
Link between water and energy = 8.5% to 20% in a few months (Only 17% - energy is used to heat water).
Behaviours Showers instead of baths (4% increase);
Only fill kettle with sufficient water (10% increase);
Only use WM/Dishwasher with full loads (3% increase);
Water butt usage (6% increase)
Most people claim they are doing these behaviours already in the baseline.
59% of Cardiff respondents had a meter
Low uptake of installed measures: save a flush bag (5%); water efficient shower (5%); tap flow regulators (2.5%)
Case Study 2 - Housing
association water and energy
pilot
Approach
Initial design – Dec11-Mar12 Cardiff, Bridgend, Swansea and Merthyr
100hh behaviour change
100hh retrofit and behaviour change
100hh retrofit only
Control group
Savings calculated using WEM pre- and post
Linking with energy providers for billing data
Water meter readings prior to and during project
Qualitative survey data and second visits
TOTAL SAVINGS FROM PROJECT
H2O Mega
litres/yrH2O £/yr Energy £/yr Total £/yr
Tonnes
CO2eq/yr
embodied
Tonnes CO2/yr
heating
Behaviour Change (100 hh) 1.57 1352.50 4397.50 5749.99 1.65 20.02
Retrofit & Behaviour Change (100hh) 4.18 3601.52 5264.28 8865.79 4.39 26.52
Retrofit only (100hh) 2.77 2387.32 2950.34 5337.67 2.91 14.86
TOTAL 8.52 7,341.33£ 12,612.12£ 19,953.45£ 8.95 61.39
Total water saved (liters) 8,522,850.41
Approach
Behaviour only
125 tenants
(~5% uptake)
Retrofit and
Behaviour 15
(~25% uptake)
Letter
Appointment
By phone
Doorknocking
Household
engagement:
• Aqualogic flash
presentation –
importance of water
and water-energy
links
• EST Water Energy
Calculator
•Taken around home
to discuss key water
use areas/
behaviours
Contact Uptake In-home
Quantified
outputs
101 2nd visit
Qualitative
surveys
Baseline metering data Water and
Energy
Meter/
Bill data
*Initial outputs only – formal evaluation still in progress
Evaluation
Retrofit 55
homes
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/watercalculator/flashcalculator
Initial Results (surveys and WEM)
Key behaviours 10 minute shower reduced to 7 minutes (32% of householders)
Savings/ hh Water saving: 38 litres per person per day
Bill saving: £126 per year (£94 water, £32 energy)
CO2 saving: 0.2 tonnes per year
Savings total Water saving: 1200 m3/year
Bill saving: £4700 per year
CO2 saving: 5.6 tonnes per year
Case Study 3 - LivingSmart
Approaches
Transport
Waste
Energy
Water
LivingSmart
Individualised marketing
Changing forms of communication – ―pull‖ vs ―push‖
Individualised marketing based approaches
Travelsmart – Australia and
England
WaterSmart – Australia (Perth
and Melbourne)
LivingSmart – Australia and
England
Quality vs quantity
REPEAT STAGES FOR WaterSmart and LivingSmart
60-80% Uptake rate
63,000
Cardiff and
surrounds
WaterSmart – Australia (Perth, Melbourne)
LivingSmart Programmes
Project Water Energy Transport Waste Carbon
LivingSmart
Ipswich,
England
(1,000
households)*
N/A – Defra
Greener
Living Fund
didn‘t extend
Average 18%
change in
key energy
behaviours
(washing
machine,
lights, kettle)
-10% single
passenger
16.6% increase
in recycling
10% increase in
food waste
recycling
LivingSmart
Perth,
Western
Australia
(15,000
households)*
*
8% saving
reported
[supported by
meter reading
data]
9% saving
reported
[4% reduction on
metered
sample , but
kWh savings
higher than
reported]
5% saving reported
(3km/day/hh)
2% saving
reported
1.2t CO2 per
househol
d
[10 year
abateme
nt cost of
$25/t]
LivingSmart – Results
LivingSmart Cardiff Project (1,000hh)
Other evidence
Waterwise Evidence Base Phase II
Detailed analysis of large-scale water efficiency projects (projects not energy focussed)
0.031 to 0.187 kg CO2e per property per day
£1.3 to £44.3 per property per year energy cost saving Predicted vs actual water savings
Retrofit measures £45/hh
Re:New London £166/yr fuel bills saving per home (+5 full time positions)
Tap into Savings and Plug-In (large-scale projects Severn Trent Water)
Partnerships with energy companies/ plumbers
Water Resources Planning Option Range of costs
(pence per cubic metre of water saved/ delivered)
Social housing project (social housing provider and water company partnership – retrofit toilets and taps & behaviour change)
1.2 to 170.2 (best estimate 24.3)
Energy Company (water company and energy company work together installing water efficient showerheads, convert to dual flush toilets and install inserts/ fix leaking taps. CERT credits supports hot water savings. Combined water and energy engagement)
-19.0 to 86.1 (best estimate -15.0)
Whole Town (water company retrofit whole town – water efficient showers, tap inserts and dual flush conversions(
-4.6 to 550.8 (best estimate 52.5)
Retail led retrofit (retailer partners with water company to make water efficient products available in store at discounted price)
-6.4 to 230.1 (best estimate 14.9)
Toilet amnesty rebate scheme (new dual flush replacements – includes water efficient showers in Welsh Housing Quality Standard refurbishment)
-24.6 to 5.4 (best estimate 6.5)
Piggyback on government retrofit (water company engages existing energy/ refurbishment schemes)
-24.6 to 50.4 (best estimate -14.6)
Universal metering 140 to 160 Leakage reduction 3.11 to 40.96
Ground water development 100 to 500 Surface water development 100 to 500
New reservoir 300 to 1000 Desalination plant 400 to 800
RWH and SuDS
Carbon Emissions –
Scoping Study for
Wales
*by Arup, peer-reviewed by Prof. Richard Ashley
Time
Flooding – Surface water
Majority of surface
water problem locations
are in SE Wales
Why
EA (2010) Potential of SuDS in reducing water related GHG emissions
Cost savings of £88/yr and carbon savings of 0.5t/wk but outweighed by construction and maintenance costs
EA (2010) Energy and carbon implications of rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling
RWH carbon emissions around 40% higher than mains water and 100% for greywater recycling
Similar to Australian finding RWH intensity of 1.5kWh/kl vs 1 kWh/kl mains or 4 kWh/kl for desalination
Questions Is this case across Wales?
What are the implications of a larger scale implementation and combination with traditional SuDS?
Does the DCWW gravity fed technology change this?
Case Studies
Carbon
emissions –
normal pump
vs. mains
Carbon
emissions –
low power
pump vs.
mains
Carbon
emissions –
gravity fed
RWH vs.
mains
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Baseline RWH with
Traditional
Solution
RWH with
traditional
solution
(new tech)
RWH with
traditional
solution
RWH with
traditional
solution
SuDS only SuDS +
1500l RWH
SuDS +
1500l RWH
new tech
SuDS + 300l
RWH
SuDS + 100l
RWH
Option
To
tal em
issio
ns -
wate
r, s
ew
era
ge, su
rface w
ate
r, S
uD
S,
RW
H e
mb
od
ied
(tC
o2e)
NO14 (464 props) BY21 (278 Props) BP04 (1 school + 10 props)
Broader costs and benefits? Maintenance, adoption,
uptake rates etc…
The Future
Next Steps
Housing Association Pilot summary
Nest - water efficiency retrofit and advice
arbed phase 2 - retrofit and advice
Welsh Housing Quality Standard guidance – informed by survey and workshop (2011/12)
Gather lessons from other projects (e.g. Tap into Water, Southern Water Universal Metering Programme, London Water Strategy)
Water and energy sub-group to Water Industry Forum
Wide ranging community engagement project
Potential for Combined Heat and Power
- DECC Heat Map Wales
Linking water, water and energy sectors
Renewable Heat Incentive
Need to balance with water availability
(i.e. storm water for GSHP)
Energy and heat exchange
*New renewables and heat management
Conclusions
Water and energy efficiency should be integrated
Benefits include water and carbon saving as well as addressing fuel poverty
Quality/ individualised behaviour change programmes & partnership working
Opportunities for innovative approaches – RWH and SuDS, WSUD, renewables
Water is a key medium through which we will feel the effects of climate change as well as a key driver through emissions from supply, use and disposal.
Thanks, Questions?
EST Life+ Webinar
Combining water and
energy efficiency
Online:
Thursday 22 September
live streamed event from
12.00 -13.30 (UK Time)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Household and
non household
cistern
displacement
devices
Retrofit WC
devices
Outdoors Household
audits
Non-household
audits
Additional
activity
TOTAL
Water Efficiency Measure
Rep
ort
ed
savin
gs (
Ml/d
)
DCWW
DVW
STW
Water efficiency activity in Wales 2009/10