Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Global Markets

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Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Global Markets

Published on November 2013

Report Summary

INTRODUCTION

Newspaper headlines and television documentaries warn us that humanity rapidly approaches a global water crisis with the potential

to leave millions dead from thirst, starvation and wars to acquire freshwater resources. Archeologists confirm their pessimists pointing

to the numerous communities that vanished when their seemingly infinite water resources disappeared. Fortunately, there is more to

the story. Cities lost to water shortages are far more the exception than the rule. London, Paris, Rome, New York, indeed all of the

world's major cities had at some point in their histories faced crises caused by an insufficient water supply or sanitation system. Those

world capitals and thousands of smaller cities survived by applying technology to compensate for nature's inadequacies and human

neglect.

In the developed world, the integration of water and wastewater treatment (WWT) technologies into the fabric of urban infrastructures

is barely noticed, at least until a pipe breaks, flooding a street. It is on those rare occasions that the discovery of a section of pipe

made of a hollowed tree reminds us that the overall structure of the water and sanitation industry remain unchanged and would likely

be familiar to the operators of Rome's famed aqueducts. Similarly, the basic parts lists for modern systems continue to consist of a

small number of commodities. In this study BCC Research forecasts the demand for those 15 core WWT products in the 40 robust

national markets.

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

In this study, BCC Research examines and provides a 2014 through 2019 forecast for 15 products essential for constructing,

maintaining and operating WWT systems in the 40 most important national markets.

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

For more than a decade, there has been increasing fear that water shortages will create mass dislocations, and perhaps ignite global

conflicts ' water wars if you will. While those fears have merit, they overlook an essential historic truth. All of the problems associated

with a lack of clean water or adequate sanitation readily yield to relatively simple, and in most cases inexpensive, solutions.

Illuminated with the light of pragmatism, the feared water crisis is less daunting than it appears, and for those involved in supplying

the WWT industry, there are enormous opportunities as the business climbs toward reaching $96 billion before the end of the decade.

The modern WWT business rests on three stable and somewhat predictable profit centers:

' Constructing new plants.

' Upgrading existing facilities.

' Supplying chemicals consumed in preparing clean water to end-users and making wastewater less noxious to receiving surface and

ground waters.

Since the Roman era, the construction of those water and sanitation systems has been viewed as a public benefit that is properly

financed and maintained by a mechanism for guaranteeing payments for their expansion and continued operation. The inherent

stability of those revenue sources based on taxes and tax-like payments has allowed WWT authorities unparalleled access to

construction capital and operating funds. Despite the stability of that financial foundation, the WWT business has not been immune to

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change. Since BCC Research last visited the topic in 2011, national governments throughout the world have been forced to undertake

unheard-of belt-tightening measures in order to have continued access to international credit markets, the so-called sovereign debt

crisis. In this study, BCC Research accounts for those changes and updates its 2014 to 2019 forecast to take them into account.

SCOPE OF REPORT

This study, and its accompanying more than 260 tables, focuses on the demand for the 15 basic products sold in the 40 largest and

most commercially accessible national WWT markets. The core water and sanitation business revolves around 15 products divided

among four product groups:

The process equipment product group comprises:

' Primary treatment equipment.

' Secondary treatment equipment.

' Tertiary treatment equipment.

' Advanced treatment equipment.

The delivery equipment product group comprises:

' Pipes and fittings.

' Pumps.

' Valves and controls.

The instrumentation product group comprises monitoring devices that have been optimized for use with:

' Anaerobic digestion systems.

' Activated sludge systems.

' Nutrient removal systems.

' Sedimentation systems.

And the WWT chemicals product group comprises:

' Activated carbon.

' Aluminum sulfate.

' Calcium hydroxide.

' Specialty chemicals.

The WWT industry obviously uses far more than the 15 products listed above. A pumping station, for example, requires a structure to

house the pump and concrete for the pad that supports the structure, as well as electrical connections. The focus of this work is

exclusively on products optimized for WWT systems. It excludes design, engineering and construction services not directly related to

product installation. This study excludes those items, along with plumbing fixtures, point-of-use appliances and locally provided

consumables such as fuels, chlorine and other disinfectants and fluoridation supplies.

The 40 national markets examined in this study are:

' Argentina.

' Australia.

' Austria.

' Belgium.

' Brazil.

' Canada.

' China-Hong Kong.

' China-Mainland.









' China-Taiwan.

' Colombia.

' Egypt.

' France.

' Germany.

' Greece.

' India.

' Indonesia.

' Iran.

' Italy.

' Japan.

' Malaysia.

' Mexico.

' Netherlands.

' Nigeria.

' Norway.

' Pakistan.

' Philippines.

' Poland.

' Russia.

' Saudi Arabia.

' South Africa.

' South Korea.

' Spain.

' Sweden.

' Switzerland.

' Thailand.

' Turkey.

' Ukraine.

' United Kingdom.

' United States.

' Venezuela.

METHODOLOGY

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this study. The 15 products examined in this study were

selected because they are common to WWT systems. These products were also the focus of BCC Research's two most recent

examinations of this topic, Growing Markets for Water and Wastewater Technologies(ENV008A) and Water and Wastewater

Treatment Technologies: Global Markets (ENV008B), published respectively in June 2007 and January 2011. While some of these 15

products are unique to water distribution and others to the treatment of sanitary waste, most have applications in both types of plants.

Selecting the national markets to include in this study proved a more complex task. It was, of course, essential to include the most

populous countries, but size alone was not the sole criterion. Five of the countries ' Australia, China-Mainland, Egypt, India and

Mexico ' were covered in ENV008A. The remaining 35 countries were selected on the basis of the openness of their countries to

outside suppliers and the availability of information for assessing their WWT infrastructure. The primary factors taken into account in

forecast projections were:

' Announced national water and sanitation goals.

' National internal financing capabilities.









' National standing in credit markets.

' Population growth.

' Rural-to-urban population shifts.

ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT

This study contains 12 chapters and more than 260 tables, plus a glossary.

' Chapter One: INTRODUCTION.

' Chapter Two: Summary.

' Chapter Three: Overview.

' Chapter Four: Water Resources.

' Chapter Five: Water Quality.

' Chapter Six: Process Equipment.

' Chapter Seven: Delivery Equipment.

' Chapter Eight: Instrumentation.

' Chapter Nine: Treatment Chemicals.

' Chapter Ten: Patent Analysis.

' Chapter Eleven: Country Analysis and Forecast.

' Chapter Twelve: The Water and Wastewater Treatment Community.

Consisting of a separate section for each of the 40 countries, Chapter Eleven is the longest portion of this study. With the exception of

China-Hong Kong and China-Taiwan, which are presently believed to have their data commingled with China-Mainland, each section

includes a national infrastructure assessment table. Each country, including China-Hong Kong and China-Taiwan, includes a Forecast

table organized by product group, and by product within the group. Values are shown in current dollars which have been rounded to

the nearest million prior to making the CAGR % calculation.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This study will be of interest to those who require a greater deal of operational-level detail about the business opportunities in the

WWT industry than is typically contained in global forecasts. In addition to providing useful information for senior executives within

industries that manufacture WWT products, it will also improve the understanding of the 'business side' of the WWT enterprise for

officers in regulatory agencies and industry trade associations, international investors, attorneys and other professional stakeholders.

INFORMATION SOURCES

BCC Research surveyed several hundred organizations to obtain data for this study. Included were major manufacturers of

equipment and related products. Data were compiled from current financial and trade organizations as well as from government

sources. Except for China-Taiwan, which separately provided statistical information, data pertaining to household water use and

sanitary facilities were extracted from statistical information compiled by the UNICEF's international household survey initiative, the

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Survey and the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Agency for

International Development, the United National Environment Program, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN

JSTOR data collection program and the U.S. State Department.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

James Wilson is a noted technology analyst and author of more than 300 articles and several books dealing with the environment,

science, medicine, technology and business. His previous BCC Research studies include reports on remote sensing, medical device

coatings, medical sensors, mobile telematics, robotics and intelligent wireless microsystems. A former editor of the Princeton









Business Journal and a senior science and technology editor for Hearst Magazines, he is a past member of the National Association

of Science Writers and the American Medical Writers Association. He has served on the adjunct faculty of Temple University and on

the staffs of Drexel University and the Academy of Natural Sciences. At the Academy, Wilson was involved in organizing three

national water conferences; served on the organizing committee of the National Water Alliance; authored and co-authored several

studies on metals and nutrients in the aquatic environment; and wrote Ground Water: A Non-Technical Guide, ANSP Press (ISBN:

9780910006064), the first popular book dealing with ground water resources.

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

The demand for waste and wastewater treatment (WWT) products in the top 40 national markets was $47.7 billion in 2012. This total

market is expected to reach nearly $53.1 billion in 2013, $59.2 billion in 2014 and about $96.3 billion by 2019, with a compound

annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.2% for the period of 2014 to 2019.

This report provides:

' An overview of the global market for wastewater treatment technologies, including delivery equipment, instrumentation, process

equipment, and treatment chemicals.

' Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2012, estimates for 2013 and 2014, and projections of CAGRs for the period 2014

to 2019.

' Forecasts for 15 products essential for constructing, maintaining, and operating WWT systems in the 40 top global markets; the

products are divided into four product groups: primary treatment equipment, secondary treatment equipment, tertiary treatment

equipment, and advanced treatment equipment.

' Coverage of delivery equipment (pipes and fitting, pumps, valves and controls); the instrumentation products that have been

optimized for use with anaerobic digestion systems, activated sludge systems, nutrient removal systems, and sedimentation systems;

and the chemical products group (activated carbon, aluminum sulfate, calcium hydroxide, and specialty chemicals).

' Discussion of industry structure, including market shares.

Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 2

SCOPE OF REPORT 3

METHODOLOGY 5

ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT 5

INTENDED AUDIENCE 6

INFORMATION SOURCES 6

ANALYST CREDENTIALS 6

RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 6

BCC RESEARCH ONLINE SERVICES 7

DISCLAIMER 7

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 9









SUMMARY TABLE WASTE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRODUCT GROUP

FORECAST, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 10

SUMMARY FIGURE WWT PRODUCTS FORECAST FOR 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 10

CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 12

TABLE 1 OUTDOOR DEFECATION RATES (%) 13

CHAPTER 4 WATER RESOURCES 15

FRESHWATER RESOURCES 16

TABLE 2 FRESHWATER VERSUS SALTWATER (MILLION CUBIC METERS/%) 16

TABLE 3 FRESHWATER DISTRIBUTION (MILLION CUBIC METERS/%) 16

THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 17

HOW WE USE WATER RESOURCES 19

AGRICULTURAL USES 19

INDUSTRIAL USES 19

DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLIES 20

TABLE 4 RURAL AND URBAN POPULATIONS, 1992-2011 (UNITS AS INDICATED) 21

CHAPTER 5 WATER QUALITY 23

CHEMICAL AGENTS 23

TABLE 5 WHO GUIDELINES FOR CHEMICALS, EXCEPT CARCINOGENS (MG/L) 24

CHEMICALS WITH PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES 25

TABLE 6 WHO PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES DUE TO LIMITED INFORMATION ON

HEALTH EFFECTS (MG/L) 26

TABLE 7 WHO PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES DUE TO POST- TREATMENT

DETECTABILITY (MG/L) 27

TABLE 8 PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES WHERE DISINFECTION IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN

THE GUIDELINE VALUE BEING EXCEEDED (MG/L) 27

TABLE 9 PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES WHERE CALCULATED GUIDELINE VALUE IS

BELOW THE ACHIEVABLE QUANTIFICATION LEVEL (MG/L) 28

TABLE 10 PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES WHERE ACHIEVING HEALTH-BASED

GUIDELINE VALUE MAY AFFECT THE APPEARANCE, TASTE OR ODOR OF THE

WATER (MG/L)

28

CARCINOGENS 28

TABLE 11 CHEMICALS THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CLASSIFIES AS

CARCINOGENS (MG/L) 29

CHANGING ATTITUDES TOWARD TOXIC CHEMICALS 30

TABLE 12 EU REACH SUBSTANCES OF VERY HIGH CONCERN 31

PATHOGENS 32

TABLE 13 TYPES OF PATHOGENS THAT DAMAGE WATER QUALITY 32

TABLE 14 BACTERIAL PATHOGENS THAT DAMAGE WATER QUALITY 33

TABLE 15 PROTOZOAN PATHOGENS THAT DAMAGE WATER QUALITY 33

TABLE 16 HELMINTH PATHOGENS THAT DAMAGE WATER QUALITY 33

TABLE 17 VIRAL PATHOGENS THAT DAMAGE WATER QUALITY 34









RADIOACTIVITY 34

CHAPTER 6 PROCESS EQUIPMENT 36

TABLE 18 DEMAND FOR WWT PROCESS EQUIPMENT, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 37

PRIMARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT 37

PRELIMINARY PHYSICAL PROCESSING 37

DEGRITTING 37

SCREENING AND MACERATION 38

SEDIMENTATION 38

PRIMARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT FORECAST 38

TABLE 19 FORECAST FOR PRIMARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT, THROUGH 2019 ($

MILLIONS) 38

SECONDARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT 39

FIXED FILM SYSTEMS 40

SUSPENDED GROWTH SYSTEMS 40

ROUGHING FILTERS 40

ACTIVATED SLUDGE 40

FILTER BEDS 40

INTEGRATED FIXED-FILM ACTIVATED SLUDGE (IFAS) 41

BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTERS (BAFS) 41

MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTORS (MBRS) 41

ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTRACTORS (RBCS) 41

SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION AND CLARIFICATION 42

SECONDARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT FORECAST 42

TABLE 20 FORECAST FOR SECONDARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT, THROUGH 2019

($ MILLIONS) 42

TERTIARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT 43

ACTIVATED CARBON (AC) 43

LAGOONS 44

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS 44

NUTRIENT REMOVAL 44

NITROGEN REMOVAL 44

PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 44

DISINFECTION 45

CHLORINATION 45

TERTIARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT FORECAST 45

TABLE 21 FORECAST FOR TERTIARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT, THROUGH 2019 ($

MILLIONS) 46

ADVANCED WATER TECHNOLOGIES 47

DESALINATION 47

MICROFILTRATION 47

OZONE 48

REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) 48

ULTRAFILTRATION 48

ULTRAVIOLET (UV) 49

ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT FORECAST 49

TABLE 22 FORECAST FOR ADVANCED TREATMENT EQUIPMENT, THROUGH 2019 ($









MILLIONS) 49

CHAPTER 7 DELIVERY EQUIPMENT 52

TABLE 23 DEMAND FOR WWT DELIVERY EQUIPMENT, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 52

PIPES AND FITTINGS 52

PIPES AND FITTING FORECAST 52

TABLE 24 FORECAST FOR PIPES AND FITTINGS, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 53

PUMPS 54

PUMP FORECAST 54

TABLE 25 FORECAST FOR PUMPS, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 55

VALVES AND CONTROLS 56

VALVE AND CONTROL FORECAST 56

TABLE 26 FORECAST FOR VALVES AND CONTROLS, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 56

CHAPTER 8 INSTRUMENTATION 59

TABLE 27 DEMAND FOR WWT INSTRUMENTATION MARKETS, THROUGH 2019 ($

MILLIONS) 59

GENERIC INSTRUMENTATION NEEDS 60

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION SENSORS 60

GASEOUS PRODUCTS (H2, CH4, CO2 AND H2S) 61

ALKALINITY/TITRIMETER 61

CALORIMETRY 61

FLUORESCENCE 61

VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFAS) 62

BIOSENSORS 62

TABLE 28 FORECAST FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION INSTRUMENTATION, THROUGH

2019 ($ MILLIONS) 62

ACTIVATED SLUDGE INSTRUMENTATION 63

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) 63

RESPIROMETRY 64

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 64

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 64

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON 64

UV ABSORBANCE 65

TABLE 29 FORECAST FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE INSTRUMENTATION, THROUGH


NUTRIENT REMOVAL INSTRUMENTATION 66

ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES (ISE) 66

UV ABSORPTION FOR NO3 66

TITRIMETRIC SENSOR 67

TABLE 30 FORECAST FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL INSTRUMENTATION, THROUGH


SEDIMENTATION SENSORS 68

SLUDGE BLANKET 68

SETTLOMETER 68

IMAGE ANALYSIS 69









FLOC SIZE 69

TABLE 31 FORECAST FOR SEDIMENTATION INSTRUMENTATION, THROUGH 2019 ($

MILLIONS) 69

CHAPTER 9 TREATMENT CHEMICALS 72

TABLE 32 DEMAND FOR WWT CHEMICALS MARKETS, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 72

ACTIVATED CARBON 72

WATER-SOLUBLE ACTIVATED CARBON 73

PRINCIPLES OF ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION 74

ACTIVATION 74

TABLE 33 FORECAST FOR ACTIVATED CARBON, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 74

ALUMINUM SULFATE 75

TABLE 34 FORECAST FOR ALUMINUM SULFATE, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 76

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE 77

TABLE 35 FORECAST FOR CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 77

SPECIALTY CHEMICALS 78

CORROSION INHIBITORS 78

ORGANIC FLOCCULANTS 79

SCALE INHIBITORS 79

TABLE 36 FORECAST FOR SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 79

CHAPTER 10 PATENT ANALYSIS 82

TABLE 37 THE 50 MOST RECENT WATER AND WASTEWATER CONTROL PATENTS

(NEWEST FIRST) 83

CHAPTER 11 COUNTRY ANALYSES AND FORECASTS 86

ARGENTINA 86

ARGENTINEAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 87

TABLE 38 WATER SOURCES IN ARGENTINA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 87

TABLE 39 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN ARGENTINA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 88

TABLE 40 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN ARGENTINA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 88

TABLE 41 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN ARGENTINA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,

MILLIONS UTILIZING) 88

TABLE 42 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN ARGENTINA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


ARGENTINEAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 90

TABLE 43 WWT FORECAST IN ARGENTINA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN

PRODUCT GROUP, $ MILLIONS) 90

AUSTRALIA 91

AUSTRALIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 91

TABLE 44 WATER SOURCES IN AUSTRALIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 91

TABLE 45 WATER USE IN AUSTRALIA BY SECTOR (UNITS AS INDICATED) 92

TABLE 46 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN AUSTRALIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 92









TABLE 47 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN AUSTRALIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 48 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN AUSTRALIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


AUSTRALIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 94

TABLE 49 WWT FORECAST IN AUSTRALIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


AUSTRIA 95

AUSTRIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 96

TABLE 50 WATER SOURCES IN AUSTRIA (MILLIONS, MILLIONS UTILIZING) 96

TABLE 51 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN AUSTRIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 97

TABLE 52 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN AUSTRIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 97

TABLE 53 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN AUSTRIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 54 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN AUSTRIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


AUSTRIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 99

TABLE 55 WWT FORECAST IN AUSTRIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


BELGIUM 99

BELGIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 100

TABLE 56 WATER SOURCES IN BELGIUM (UNITS AS INDICATED) 100

TABLE 57 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN BELGIUM (UNITS AS INDICATED) 101

TABLE 58 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN BELGIUM (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 101

TABLE 59 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN BELGIUM, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 60 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN BELGIUM, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


BELGIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 103

TABLE 61 WWT FORECAST IN BELGIUM, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


BRAZIL 103

BRAZILIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 104

TABLE 62 WATER SOURCES IN BRAZIL (UNITS AS INDICATED) 104

TABLE 63 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN BRAZIL (UNITS AS INDICATED) 105

TABLE 64 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN BRAZIL (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 105

TABLE 65 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN BRAZIL, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


BRAZILIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 106

TABLE 66 WWT FORECAST IN BRAZIL, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


CANADA 107

CANADIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 108

TABLE 67 WATER SOURCES IN CANADA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 108

TABLE 68 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN CANADA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 109









TABLE 69 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN CANADA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 109

TABLE 70 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN CANADA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 71 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN CANADA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


CANADIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 111

TABLE 72 WWT FORECAST IN CANADA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


CHINA-HONG KONG 112

TABLE 73 WWT FORECAST IN CHINA-HONG KONG, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT

WITHIN PRODUCT GROUP, $ MILLIONS) 113

CHINA-MAINLAND 113

CHINESE WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 113

TABLE 74 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN CHINA-MAINLAND, 1992-2011

(MILLIONS, MILLIONS UTILIZING) 114

TABLE 75 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN CHINA-MAINLAND, 1992-2011


CHINESE WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 115

TABLE 76 WWT FORECAST IN CHINA-MAINLAND, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT


CHINA-TAIWAN 116

TABLE 77 PRODUCT-LEVEL FORECAST IN CHINA-TAIWAN, THROUGH 2019 (BY


COLOMBIA 117

COLOMBIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 118

TABLE 78 WATER SOURCES IN COLOMBIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 118

TABLE 79 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN COLOMBIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 119

TABLE 80 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN COLOMBIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 119

TABLE 81 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN COLOMBIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 82 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN COLOMBIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


COLOMBIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 121

TABLE 83 WWT FORECAST IN COLOMBIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


EGYPT 121

EGYPTIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 122

TABLE 84 WATER SOURCES IN EGYPT (UNITS AS INDICATED) 122

TABLE 85 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN EGYPT (UNITS AS INDICATED) 123

TABLE 86 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN EGYPT (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 123

TABLE 87 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN EGYPT, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 88 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN EGYPT, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


EGYPTIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 125









TABLE 89 WWT FORECAST IN EGYPT, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


FRANCE 126

FRENCH WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 126

TABLE 90 WATER SOURCES IN FRANCE (UNITS AS INDICATED) 126

TABLE 91 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN FRANCE (UNITS AS INDICATED) 127

TABLE 92 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN FRANCE (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 127

TABLE 93 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN FRANCE, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 94 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN FRANCE, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


FRENCH WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 129

TABLE 95 WWT FORECAST IN FRANCE, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


GERMANY 130

GERMAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 130

TABLE 96 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN GERMANY (UNITS AS INDICATED) 130

TABLE 97 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN GERMANY (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 131

TABLE 98 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN GERMANY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 99 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN GERMANY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


GERMAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 132

TABLE 100 WWT FORECAST IN GERMANY, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


GREECE 133

GREEK WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 134

TABLE 101 WATER SOURCES IN GREECE (UNITS AS INDICATED) 134

TABLE 102 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN GREECE (UNITS AS INDICATED) 135

TABLE 103 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN GREECE (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 135

TABLE 104 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN GREECE, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 105 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN GREECE, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


GREEK WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 137

TABLE 106 WWT FORECAST IN GREECE, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


INDIA 137

INDIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 138

TABLE 107 WATER SOURCES IN INDIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 138

TABLE 108 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN INDIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 139

TABLE 109 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN INDIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 139

TABLE 110 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,










TABLE 111 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


INDIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 141

TABLE 112 WWT FORECAST IN INDIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


INDONESIA 141

INDONESIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 142

TABLE 113 WATER SOURCES IN INDONESIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 142

TABLE 114 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN INDONESIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 143

TABLE 115 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN INDONESIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 143

TABLE 116 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDONESIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 117 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDONESIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


INDONESIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 145

TABLE 118 WWT FORECAST IN INDONESIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


IRAN 145

IRANIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 146

TABLE 119 WATER SOURCES IN IRAN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 146

TABLE 120 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN IRAN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 147

TABLE 121 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN IRAN (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 147

TABLE 122 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN IRAN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 123 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN IRAN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


IRANIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 149

TABLE 124 WWT FORECAST IN IRAN, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


ITALY 149

ITALIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 150

TABLE 125 WATER SOURCES IN ITALY (UNITS AS INDICATED) 150

TABLE 126 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN ITALY (UNITS AS INDICATED) 151

TABLE 127 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN ITALY (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 151

TABLE 128 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN ITALY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 129 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN ITALY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


ITALIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 153

TABLE 130 WWT FORECAST IN ITALY, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


JAPAN 153

JAPANESE WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 154

TABLE 131 WATER SOURCES IN JAPAN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 154

TABLE 132 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN JAPAN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 155









TABLE 133 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN JAPAN (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 155

TABLE 134 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN JAPAN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 135 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN JAPAN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


JAPANESE WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 157

TABLE 136 WWT FORECAST IN JAPAN, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


MALAYSIA 158

MALAYSIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 158

TABLE 137 WATER SOURCES IN MALAYSIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 158

TABLE 138 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN MALAYSIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 159

TABLE 139 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN MALAYSIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 159

TABLE 140 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN MALAYSIA, THROUGH 2011


TABLE 141 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN MALAYSIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


MALAYSIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 161

TABLE 142 WWT FORECAST IN MALAYSIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


MEXICO 161

MEXICAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 162

TABLE 143 WATER SOURCES IN MEXICO (UNITS AS INDICATED) 162

TABLE 144 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN MEXICO (UNITS AS INDICATED) 163

TABLE 145 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN MEXICO (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 163

TABLE 146 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN MEXICO, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 147 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN MEXICO, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


MEXICAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 165

TABLE 148 WWT FORECAST IN MEXICO, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


NETHERLANDS 166

NETHERLANDS WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 166

TABLE 149 WATER SOURCES IN THE NETHERLANDS (UNITS AS INDICATED) 166

TABLE 150 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN THE NETHERLANDS (UNITS AS INDICATED) 167

TABLE 151 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE NETHERLANDS

(UNITS AS INDICATED) 167

TABLE 152 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NETHERLANDS, 1992-2011


TABLE 153 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NETHERLANDS, 1992-2011


NETHERLANDS WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 169

TABLE 154 WWT FORECAST IN THE NETHERLANDS, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT










NIGERIA 169

NIGERIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 170

TABLE 155 WATER SOURCES IN NIGERIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 170

TABLE 156 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN NIGERIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 171

TABLE 157 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN NIGERIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 171

TABLE 158 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN NIGERIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 159 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN NIGERIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


NIGERIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 173

TABLE 160 WWT FORECAST IN NIGERIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


NORWAY 173

NORWEGIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 174

TABLE 161 WATER SOURCES IN NORWAY (UNITS AS INDICATED) 174

TABLE 162 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN NORWAY (UNITS AS INDICATED) 175

TABLE 163 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN NORWAY (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 175

TABLE 164 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN NORWAY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 165 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN NORWAY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


NORWEGIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 177

TABLE 166 WWT FORECAST IN NORWAY, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


PAKISTAN 177

PAKISTANIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 178

TABLE 167 WATER SOURCES IN PAKISTAN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 178

TABLE 168 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN PAKISTAN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 179

TABLE 169 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN PAKISTAN (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 179

TABLE 170 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN PAKISTAN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 171 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN PAKISTAN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


PAKISTANIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 181

TABLE 172 WWT FORECAST IN PAKISTAN, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


PHILIPPINES 181

PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 182

TABLE 173 WATER SOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES (UNITS AS INDICATED) 182

TABLE 174 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN THE PHILIPPINES (UNITS AS INDICATED) 183

TABLE 175 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE PHILIPPINES (UNITS

AS INDICATED) 183

TABLE 176 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1992-2011


TABLE 177 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1992-2011










PHILIPPINE WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 185

TABLE 178 WWT FORECAST IN THE PHILIPPINES, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT


POLAND 185

POLISH WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 186

TABLE 179 WATER SOURCES IN POLAND (UNITS AS INDICATED) 186

TABLE 180 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN POLAND (UNITS AS INDICATED) 187

TABLE 181 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN POLAND (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 187

TABLE 182 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN POLAND, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 183 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN POLAND, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


POLISH WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 189

TABLE 184 WWT FORECAST IN POLAND, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


RUSSIA 189

RUSSIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 190

TABLE 185 WATER SOURCES IN RUSSIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 190

TABLE 186 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN RUSSIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 191

TABLE 187 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN RUSSIA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 191

TABLE 188 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN RUSSIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 189 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN RUSSIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


RUSSIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 193

TABLE 190 WWT FORECAST IN RUSSIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


SAUDI ARABIA 193

SAUDI ARABIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 194

TABLE 191 WATER SOURCES IN SAUDI ARABIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 194

TABLE 192 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN SAUDI ARABIA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 195

TABLE 193 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SAUDI ARABIA (UNITS

AS INDICATED) 195

TABLE 194 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SAUDI ARABIA, 1992-2011


TABLE 195 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SAUDI ARABIA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


SANDI ARABIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 197

TABLE 196 WWT FORECAST IN SAUDI ARABIA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT


SOUTH AFRICA 197

SOUTH AFRICAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 198

TABLE 197 WATER SOURCES IN SOUTH AFRICA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 198

TABLE 198 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN SOUTH AFRICA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 199

TABLE 199 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SOUTH AFRICA (UNITS









AS INDICATED) 199

TABLE 200 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1992-2011


TABLE 201 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1992-2011


SOUTH AFRICAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 201

TABLE 202 WWT FORECAST IN SOUTH AFRICA (BY PRODUCT WITHIN PRODUCT

GROUP, $ MILLIONS) 201

SOUTH KOREA 201

SOUTH KOREAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 202

TABLE 203 WATER SOURCES IN SOUTH KOREA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 202

TABLE 204 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN SOUTH KOREA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 203

TABLE 205 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SOUTH KOREA (UNITS

AS INDICATED) 203

TABLE 206 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH KOREA, 1992-2011


TABLE 207 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH KOREA, 1992-2011


SOUTH KOREAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 205

TABLE 208 WWT FORECAST IN SOUTH KOREA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT


SPAIN 205

SPANISH WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 206

TABLE 209 WATER SOURCES IN SPAIN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 206

TABLE 210 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN SPAIN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 207

TABLE 211 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SPAIN (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 207

TABLE 212 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SPAIN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 213 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SPAIN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


SPANISH WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 209

TABLE 214 WWT FORECAST IN SPAIN, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


SWEDEN 210

SWEDISH WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 210

TABLE 215 WATER SOURCES IN SWEDEN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 210

TABLE 216 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN SWEDEN (UNITS AS INDICATED) 211

TABLE 217 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SWEDEN (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 211

TABLE 218 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SWEDEN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 219 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SWEDEN, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


SWEDISH WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 213

TABLE 220 WWT FORECAST IN SWEDEN, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


SWITZERLAND 213









SWISS WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 214

TABLE 221 WATER SOURCES IN SWITZERLAND (UNITS AS INDICATED) 214

TABLE 222 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN SWITZERLAND (UNITS AS INDICATED) 215

TABLE 223 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SWITZERLAND (UNITS

AS INDICATED) 215

TABLE 224 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SWITZERLAND, 1992-2011


TABLE 225 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SWITZERLAND, 1992-2011


SWISS WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 217

TABLE 226 WWT FORECAST IN SWITZERLAND, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT


THAILAND 217

THAI WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 218

TABLE 227 WATER SOURCES IN THAILAND (UNITS AS INDICATED) 218

TABLE 228 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN THAILAND (UNITS AS INDICATED) 219

TABLE 229 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THAILAND (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 219

TABLE 230 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THAILAND, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 231 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THAILAND, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


THAI WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 221

TABLE 232 WWT FORECAST IN THAILAND, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


TURKEY 221

TURKISH WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 222

TABLE 233 WATER SOURCES IN TURKEY (UNITS AS INDICATED) 222

TABLE 234 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN TURKEY (UNITS AS INDICATED) 223

TABLE 235 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN TURKEY (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 223

TABLE 236 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN TURKEY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 237 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN TURKEY, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TURKISH WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 225

TABLE 238 WWT FORECAST IN TURKEY, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


UKRAINE 225

UKRAINIAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 226

TABLE 239 WATER SOURCES IN UKRAINE (UNITS AS INDICATED) 226

TABLE 240 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN UKRAINE (UNITS AS INDICATED) 227

TABLE 241 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN UKRAINE (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 227

TABLE 242 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN UKRAINE, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 243 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN UKRAINE, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,










UKRAINIAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 229

TABLE 244 WWT FORECAST IN UKRAINE, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


UNITED KINGDOM 229

UNITED KINGDOM'S WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 230

TABLE 245 WATER SOURCES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UNITS AS INDICATED) 230

TABLE 246 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 231

TABLE 247 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE UNITED KINGDOM


TABLE 248 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1992-2011


TABLE 249 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1992-2011


UNITED KINGDOM'S WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 233

TABLE 250 WWT FORECAST IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, THROUGH 2019 (BY

PRODUCT WITHIN PRODUCT GROUP, $ MILLIONS) 233

UNITED STATES 233

UNITED STATES' WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 234

TABLE 251 WATER SOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES (UNITS AS INDICATED) 234

TABLE 252 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN THE UNITED STATES (UNITS AS INDICATED) 235

TABLE 253 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE UNITED STATES


TABLE 254 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1992-2011


TABLE 255 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1992-2011


UNITED STATES' WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 237

TABLE 256 WWT FORECAST IN THE UNITED STATES (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


VENEZUELA 237

VENEZUELAN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USE TABLES 238

TABLE 257 WATER SOURCES IN VENEZUELA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 238

TABLE 258 WATER USE BY SECTOR IN VENEZUELA (UNITS AS INDICATED) 239

TABLE 259 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN VENEZUELA (UNITS AS

INDICATED) 239

TABLE 260 URBAN WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN VENEZUELA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


TABLE 261 RURAL WWT INFRASTRUCTURE IN VENEZUELA, 1992-2011 (MILLIONS,


VENEZUELAN WWT PRODUCT FORECAST 241

TABLE 262 WWT FORECAST IN VENEZUELA, THROUGH 2019 (BY PRODUCT WITHIN


CHAPTER 12 THE WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT COMMUNITY 243

ACCIONA AGUA 243

ACQUEAU 244









ADVANCED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, INC. 244

AGUAS DE PORTUGAL 245

AMERICAN CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION 245

AMERICAN CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE ASSOCIATION 245

AMERICAN MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION 246

AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION 246

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 246

AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 247

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 248

AMERICAN WATER 249

APTWATER INC. 249

AQUA AMERICA, INC. 250

AQUAFIN NV 250

AQUANTIS GMBH 250

AQUATEAM 251

ASIAN WATER TECHNOLOGY 251

ASOCIACION ESPANOLA DE ABASTECIMIENTOS DE AGUA Y SANEAMIENTO 251

ASSOCIATION OF WATER TECHNOLOGIES 252

ATKINS 252

AUSTRALIAN WATER ASSOCIATION 253

BEFESA AGUA 253

BERLIN CENTRE OF COMPETENCE FOR WATER 253

BEST WATER TECHNOLOGY 254

BLACK AND & VEATCH 254

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 255

CABOT NORIT ACTIVATED CARBON 255

CALGON CARBON CORP. 256

CANADIAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 256

CANAL DE ISABEL II 256

CERMAGREF 257

IRSTEA 257

CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY & HYDROLOGY 257

CERES 258

CETAQUA 258

CH2M HILL 258

COMPANHIA DE SANEAMENTO BASICO DO ESTADO DE SAO PAULO 259

COPA-COGECA 259

CSTB 260

CULLIGAN INTERNATIONAL CO. 260

DANISH WATER FORUM 260

DANISH WATER AND WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION 261

DELTARES 261

DHI 261

DVGW 262

EBARA JITSUGYO CO., LTD. 262

ENERKEM 263

ENPAR TECHNOLOGIES INC. 263

EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL WATER AND WASTEWATER









ASSOCIATIONS AND USERS 263

EUROPEAN CHEMICALS AGENCY 264

EUROPEAN COMMISSION WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION TECHNOLOGY

PLATFORM 264

EUROPEAN MEMBRANE HOUSE 264

EUROPEAN WATER ASSOCIATION 265

FEDERUTILITY 265

GE WATER & PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES 266

GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP 266

GRONTMIJ N.V. 267

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY 267

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES 268

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROLOGISTS 268

INTERNATIONAL DESALINATION ASSOCIATION 268

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION 269

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY 269

INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION 270

INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE 271

INTEVRAS 271

ITT CORP. 271

KEMIRA 272

KRUGER A/S 272

KURITA WATER INDUSTRIES LTD. 273

KWR WATERCYCLE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 273

LAYNE 273

LG SOUND 274

THE JAMES HUTTON INSTITUTE 274

MWH 275

NALCO 275

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CLEAN WATER AGENCIES 276

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WATER COMPANIES 276

NORIT CARBON 276

NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESEARCH 276

PALL CORP. 277

PENTAIR INC. 277

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES 278

SALINE WATER CONVERSION CORP. 279

SCHLUMBERGER WATER SERVICES 279

SEVERN TRENT PLC 280

SIEMENS INDUSTRY, INC. 280

SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT 281

SVENSK VATTEN 281

THAMES WATER UTILITIES 282

THIRD WORLD CENTRE FOR WATER MANAGEMENT 282

UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 283

UN-WATER 283

UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS - HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING

CENTER 284









UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 284

FEDERAL LAWS 285

EXECUTIVE ORDERS 286

UNITED WATER INC. 287

UNITED UTILITIES PLC 287

VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 287

WATER AND WASTEWATER EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 288

WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 289

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD 289

WATTS WATER TECHNOLOGIES 289

WORLD WATER COUNCIL 290

CHAPTER 13 APPENDIX A 292

GLOSSARY OF WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TERMS 292

CHAPTER 14 APPENDIX B 310

KEY WATER AND WASTEWATER CONTROL PATENTS 310

TABLE 263 KEY WATER & WASTEWATER CONTROL PATENTS (NEWEST 1ST) 310

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE WASTE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRODUCT GROUP

FORECAST, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) 10

TABLE 1 OUTDOOR DEFECATION RATES (%) 13

TABLE 2 FRESHWATER VERSUS SALTWATER (MILLION CUBIC METERS/%) 16

TABLE 3 FRESHWATER DISTRIBUTION (MILLION CUBIC METERS/%) 16

TABLE 4 RURAL AND URBAN POPULATIONS, 1992-2011 (UNITS AS INDICATED) 21

TABLE 5 WHO GUIDELINES FOR CHEMICALS, EXCEPT CARCINOGENS (MG/L) 24

TABLE 6 WHO PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES DUE TO LIMITED INFORMATION ON

HEALTH EFFECTS (MG/L) 26

TABLE 7 WHO PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES DUE TO POST- TREATMENT DETECTABILITY

(MG/L) 27

TABLE 8 PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES WHERE DISINFECTION IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN

THE GUIDELINE VALUE BEING EXCEEDED (MG/L) 27

TABLE 9 PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES WHERE CALCULATED GUIDELINE VALUE IS

BELOW THE ACHIEVABLE QUANTIFICATION LEVEL (MG/L) 28

TABLE 10 PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES WHERE ACHIEVING HEALTH-BASED GUIDELINE

VALUE MAY AFFECT THE APPEARANCE, TASTE OR ODOR OF THE WATER (








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