Water and oilfield biocides - BASF
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Specialty Chemicals by BASF Water and oilfield biocides BASF Biocides
Transcript of Water and oilfield biocides - BASF
Specialty Chemicals by BASF
Water and oilfield biocides
BASF Biocides
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BASF Biocides - protecting the worldThe biocide business for Specialty Chemicals, BASF AG
BASF is one of the world’s leading suppliers ofspecialty biocides. We create products that makelife safer, simpler and more comfortable formillions of people worldwide.
Our high performance biocides are used in everyaspect of life. From toiletries, to air conditionersused in both industry and home, from Iceland toEquador our technology spans the globe inpreservation and disinfection. We help to protectthe lives of millions of people across the worldevery day.
Through our product range, marketing expertise,technical and regulatory knowledge, BASF’sinnovative biocides approach positions thebusiness at the very forefront of antimicrobialtechnology. The marketing, technical and researchand development headquarters for BASF’sspecialty biocide business is located inNottingham.
Our products are made in ‘state of the art’manufacturing facilities at Cramlington, Englandand Ludwigshafen, Germany. In each of ourplants, the expert integration of process andenergy requirements leads to manufacturingefficiencies and quality production.
To demonstrate our commitment to our customers,we have made significant investment in long termdedicated biocide resources within Europe, AsiaPacific and the USA.
In 2000, we established a direct presence in theUSA with a new dedicated marketing andtechnical centre based at BASF Corporationheadquarters in Mount Olive, New Jersey. Productis supplied through an integrated BASFwarehousing facility in Charlotte, North Carolina.Our US operation is part of BASF Corporation’sChemical Division, situated in Mount Olive, NewJersey.
How we work for you
BASF’s biocides are sold through BASF’sestablished network of sales offices worldwide. Inthis way, we aim to offer valuable local supportand the highest standards of customer excellence.
Working with BASF provides access to manyessential regulatory approvals. For example ourEPA registrations allow products and customerformulations to be sold in the USA and ourapprovals ensure supply to the paper industry inthe Nordic area. We are also well positioned tosupport our actives under the European BiocidalProducts Directive.
We believe in long-term commitment to ourproducts and customers and this is reflected inour substantial registrations and the data requiredto obtain them. To this end many of our productsare supported with extensive safety andenvironmental data packages.
In addition, BASF is committed to providing thehighest standard of health, safety andenvironmental protection as part of ourcommitment to Responsible Care. We continuallyresearch and innovate to produce the mostadvanced products on the market.
At BASF, we are also constantly reviewing ways inwhich we can improve our products and servicesto ensure that we keep pace with the rapidlychanging developments in information technology.BASF is harnessing these changes and ensuringthat we are aligned with our customer’srequirements, making it more efficient andconvenient for you to do business with us.
BASF’s specialty biocide products are marketedunder the Myacide® and Protectol® trade names.
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Introduction to water and oilfield biocides
Microbiological problems in thewater and oilfield industriesIndustrial systems rely on water as a processingor cooling medium for efficient operation due toits inert character, low cost and safety. Inaddition, the process chemicals and additivesused may have water as a key component. Waterprovides an ideal environment for the proliferationof micro-organisms and, if uncontrolled, thesemicrobes can cause significant problems thatlead to an increase in operating costs.
Water is also used as a heat transfer medium,from large recirculating cooling systems tosmaller air conditioning/humidifier units. Theproblems of biofouling have been recognised formany years in these applications.
Slime-forming organisms can form biofilms thatprovide ideal conditions for anaerobic bacteria togrow under the surface of the slime. Additionally,given the right physical conditions, a biomass ofalgae may form which can also be problematic.Biofilms can rapidly become established inpipework and heat exchanger surfaces. Here,they can cause a number of problems includingreduction in efficiency, an increase in the flowresistance and, in extreme cases, pipes canbecome blocked and badly corroded.
In addition to the practical problems associatedwith microbial contamination, the risk to human
health also has to be considered. The presenceof potentially pathogenic organisms in airconditioning and humidifier systems, is a causeof concern. Legionella pneumophila, thebacterium implicated in outbreaks ofLegionnaires’ Disease, is only one of a number oforganisms which, under the right conditions,cause human infections.
In the oil and gas industry, the development andoperation of an oilfield goes through severaldistinct phases, all of which can be affected byunwanted microbial growth. Microbialcontamination can occur during drilling of thewell, preparing the well for production(stimulation), construction of the facilities andproduction itself.
Many operations in the oilfield industry tend topresent anaerobic environments, thereforefavouring the proliferation of sulphate-reducingbacteria (SRB). The activity of these bacteriaresults in the production of H2S, which leads toproblems such as reservoir souring, metalcorrosion and health hazards.
Uncontrolled microbial growth will causedifferent problems and requires differenttreatment philosophies and biocide usepatterns. BASF’s biocides has a full range ofcomplementary products for the water andoilfield industry which help to either eradicate orcontrol microbial growth and prevent the build-up of biofilms.
CONTENTS
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Myacide® AS and S1/S15 Biocide 6
Protectol® GA 50 / GA 24 Biocide 10
Protectol® DZ / DZ P Biocide 14
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Myacide® AS and S1/S15Biocide
The industrial grade of Bronopol (2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) is supplied as a crystallinesolid, Myacide AS biocide, or as liquidformulations, Myacide S1 and S15. This choiceprovides the end-user with the means of anoptimised approach to the treatment ofmicrobiological problems in the water treatmentand oilfield application sectors.
Bronopol offers broad-spectrum antibacterialactivity against the major slime-forming andspoilage bacteria. It is also extremely effective atcontrolling the pathogenic Legionella bacteria andthe anaerobic SRB.
Myacide AS or the liquid formulations can be usedalone, as components in mixtures or as part of anintegrated biocide treatment programme.
QUALITYMyacide AS is an off-white to pale yellowcrystalline solid containing a minimum of 98% 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol. The product, assupplied, is stable for at least 3 years when storedunder good conditions.
Myacide AS Plus is marketed only in the USA asan EPA end use product. The technical specificationand product quality are the same as Myacide AS.
Liquid Formulations
The liquid formulations allow for ease of handlingand are ideal for use in systems where automaticdosing is practised.
Myacide S15 biocide is a 10% (w/w) solution ofBronopol in propylene glycol and water.
Myacide S1 is a 20% (w/v) solution of Bronopol indipropylene glycol monomethyl ether and water.
Liquid formulations have a shelf life of 2 years.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYBiofouling in cooling-water systems and thespoilage of oilfield additives is largely due to thepresence of Gram negative bacteria. In additionanaerobic bacteria can give rise to corrosion andsouring problems, particularly in oilfield pipeworkand reservoirs. The activity profile of Bronopol isideally suited to treating the adverse effects ofmicrobial contamination.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (M.I.C.) ofBronopol are typically 12.5 to 25ppm for a widerange of aerobic, water-borne bacteria, includingPseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp.,Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Levels of 6.25 to 25ppm control anaerobicsulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) such asDesulphovibrio vulgaris and D. desulphuricans.
In cooling-water systems, the presence ofpotentially pathogenic organisms such asLegionella pneumophila is a specific concern.Bronopol has been proven to control this organismwith M.I.C. figures of 50ppm.
M.I.C. data have been generated according to in-house methodology.
USAGE RECOMMENDATIONS
Solubility, Stability, Compatibility
Bronopol is readily water-soluble and solutionscontaining up to 28% w/v are possible at ambienttemperature. The compound also shows a highaffinity for polar organic solvents (e.g. propyleneglycol 50% w/v) which allows a flexible approachto formulating solution concentrates for ease ofapplication.
Bronopol shows optimum stability in the acid pHrange with excellent efficacy. At alkaline pH,Bronopol is less stable but still provides effectivecontrol. When used to preserve alkalineformulation systems, Bronopol reaches equilibriumwith its breakdown products, which are alsomicrobiologically active. This self-stabilisationmeans efficacy can be maintained over therequired shelf-life of the formulation beingpreserved.
Test Organism M.I.C. (ppm)
Staphylococcus spp. 12.5 - 50
Bacillus spp. 12.5 - 50
Desulphovibrio spp. 12.5 - 50
Pseudomonas spp. 12.5 - 50
Legionella spp. 50
Candida spp. 400
Aspergillus spp. 3200
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In dynamic, recirculating systems, repeat or shockdosing is the accepted practice. Under theseconditions, Bronopol will deliver the requiredactivity while it is present in the system but willthen decay sufficiently to pose no threat to anysubsequent biological treatment of the wastestream.
Myacide AS is widely compatible with materialsused both in general water treatment and the oiland gas industry. These include corrosioninhibitors (nitrates, phosphonates andpolyphosphates), scale control agents based onpolyacrylates and polycarboxylates, viscositymodifiers (starch, cellulose thickeners, guar andxanthum gums) and other biopolymers.
Myacide AS is also compatible with many otherbiocides used in water and oilfield applications,including Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC),Isothiazolinones (MIT/CMIT), Methylenebisthiocyanate (MBT) and Dibromonitrilopropionamide(DBNPA). Synergistic activity has been observedbetween Myacide AS and several other biocides,
which allows a flexible approach to dealing withbiofouling problems through the use of blendedformulations or sequential treatment regimes.
In common with many other biocides, strongoxidising or reducing agents such as sulphitesand bisulphites that are often used as oxygenscavengers inactivate Myacide AS. In theseinstances a rotational and sequential programmeshould be adopted.
Recommended Dose Rates
Recirculating Cooling Water, Air-Conditioning and Humidifying Systems
Myacide AS should be dosed once or twiceweekly at 15 to 100ppm to inhibit the growth ofSRB and slime forming bacteria in cooling towersand air-conditioning systems. Shock dosing ispreferred to continuous feed. Myacide AS may bedosed either as a stock solution or by adding thecrystalline solid directly into the sump or basin at apoint where there is adequate flow or turbulenceto ensure quick dissolution.
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Where significant contamination with Legionellaspp. has been identified, a twice-weekly dose ofMyacide AS at 100ppm is recommended. It isrecognised that in these situations, otherdisinfection regimes may be adopted.
Following decontamination, a lower maintenancedose of 30 to 50ppm twice-weekly should inhibitthe growth of Legionella bacteria. It must bestressed, however, that Myacide AS should onlybe used as part of an integrated treatmentprogramme involving scale control, corrosioninhibition and regular cleaning. The use ofalternating biocides may also be considered inthis context.
Myacide S1, a 20% liquid formulation, should bedosed pro rata based on the Bronopolconcentrations recommended for Myacide AS.Myacide S1 should therefore be used in the range75 to 500ppm and Myacide S15 in the range 150to 1000ppm.
Representative dose rates for Myacide AS areprovided in the table below.
Oil and Gas
Drilling Muds, Fracturing Fluids, Workover andCompletion Fluids etc
Myacide AS can be used to control the contaminationand degradation of a wide range of gels and fluidscaused by SRB, cellulolytic and slime-formingbacteria. It may be pre-mixed with the fluid or addeddirectly at the point of use as required.Recommended dose levels are 50 to 100ppm.
For Well-Squeeze Fluids, Myacide AS should beadded at 25 to 200ppm depending on the quality ofthe make-up water.
The liquid formulations, Myacide S1 and S15 shouldbe dosed at a pro rata level to deliver the requiredquantity of Bronopol.
Flooding, Injection and Produced Water
Myacide AS should be shock-dosed at levelsbetween 25 and 100ppm to inhibit the growth ofslime-forming or corrosion inducing SRB in flooding,injection and produced waters at oil and gasinstallations. Shock dosing should be applied fromonce per week to once per month depending on theseverity and rapidity of onset of contamination.
As above, the liquid formulations, Myacide S1 andS15 should be dosed to deliver the required pro ratalevel of Bronopol.
Pipeline and Tank Maintenance
Myacide AS can be used to control microbialcontamination in water-bottoms in crude andrefined hydrocarbon storage tanks, piping andtransportation systems. Dose levels should becalculated to achieve concentrations of 25 -200ppm in the aqueous phase. Myacide AS canbe injected directly into the water-bottom, pipelineor may be added to the hydrocarbon phase.Treatment can vary from once daily to once everyone or two months for both storage andtransportation systems.
Representative dose rates for Myacide AS areprovided below.
CASE STUDYA laboratory study was initiated to assess theability of Myacide AS to control microbialcontamination in drilling muds. A typical starch/bentonite mud was formulated at a pH of 9.5 and
Application Bronopol g / 1000 lbs / (ppm) litres barrel
Drilling Muds, FracturingFluids, Workover & 50 - 100 50 - 100 0.018 - 0.036Completion Fluids
Well Squeeze Fluids 25 - 200 25 - 200 0.009 - 0.072
lbs / 1000gallons (US)
Flood WaterInjection Water 25 - 100 25 - 100 0.21 - 0.84Produced Water
Pipeline and Tank 25 - 200 25 - 200 0.21 - 1.68Maintenance
Application Bronopol g / 1000 lbs / 1000(ppm) litres gallons (US)
Recirculating Cooling
Water, Air Conditioners, 15 - 100 15 - 100 0.125 - 0.84
Humidifiers
Myacide® AS and S1/S15
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inoculated with a mixture of common aerobicwater-borne and cellulolytic bacteria includingPseudomonas spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherischia coli and Cellulomonas flavigena. Theinitial inoculum level was 104 cfu/ml. Aliquots weredosed with Myacide AS at 40, 60, 80 and 100ppmand monitored over a 6-day period at 25˚C. Theresults are shown in Figure 1 and confirm thatMyacide AS was able to clear the contaminationat all levels tested. The untreated control showedsignificant growth over the same period.
SAFETY CHARACTERISTICSA considerable data package has beenassembled on Bronopol to support a wide range ofend-use applications, covering both mammalianand environmental toxicity. This provides theinformation needed to obtain and retainregistrations worldwide. Bronopol is moderatelytoxic by ingestion. In concentrated form it is irritantto the skin but is non-irritant at normal use levels.Bronopol is one of the least sensitising of allcommonly used biocides and sensitisation isunlikely to occur in people with normal healthyskin. Both acute and chronic studies have shownBronopol to be non-carcinogenic, non-mutagenic,non-embryotoxic and non-teratogenic.
Bronopol is toxic to some algal species and istherefore potentially dangerous for the environment.However, its inherent biodegradability, rapidhydrolysis and photolysis in water and lowbioaccumulation characteristicsindicate that it isunlikely to cause significant, long term adverseeffects in the aquatic environment.
In the USA, the EPA have cleared the discharge ofwaste waters containing up to 25ppm into the CookInlet of Alaska, concluding that toxic effects wouldnot occur due to the hydrolytic instability of Bronopol
Bronopol is officially classified under the EUCouncil Directive - 67/548/EEC as harmful, irritantand dangerous for the environment.
REGISTRATIONSNORTH AMERICA
USABASF’s Bronopol products are approved at the US EPA for usein industrial recirculating water in cooling waters and evaporativecondensers, air conditioners, air washers and humidifiersystems, oil, gas and industrial process water. State registrationshave also been obtained, especially in California.
The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service has authorisedBronopol for treatment of cooling and retort water in officialestablishments operating under the Federal meat and poultryproducts inspection programme.
CANADAVarious BASF Bronopol formulations are approved for use incooling towers, heat exchangers, pasteurisers, condensers, airwashes and oil and gas applications.
EUROPE (EU)
NETHERLANDSMyacide AS and S1 are registered for recirculating cooling watersystems.
UNITED KINGDOMDrinking Water Inspectorate approved for decontamination ofpotable water storage tanks and associated pipework.
(Fig. 1) Starch/Bentonite Drilling Mud - Bronopol Data
P A G E 1 0
BASF supply a range of Glutaraldehydeformulations including Protectol GA 50 / GA 24biocide for cooling water applications and oilfieldoperations.
QUALITY These products are clear, colourless aqueoussolutions based on Glutaraldehyde as the activeingredient. Protectol GA 50 has an active contentof 50% Glutaraldehyde and the GA 24 is based on24% Glutaraldehyde. Under recommendedstorage conditions the solutions have a shelf life ofat least six months.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYThe active ingredient is an extremely potentantimicrobial with a broad spectrum of activityagainst Gram negative and Gram positivebacteria, SRB, yeasts and fungi. It is particularlyeffective against those organisms responsible forslime formation and product spoilage.Glutaraldehyde is also active against Legionellaspp. Representative results using typicalorganisms are shown below.
M.I.C. data on Protectol GA 50 have beengenerated using in-house methodology.
It should be noted that due to the influence ofmedia constituents, the M.I.C. results aregenerally higher than the effective doses requiredin-use. (See later ASTM data).
USAGE RECOMMENDATIONS
Solubility, Stability, Compatibility
The active ingredient is miscible in all proportionswith water and polar organic solvents. It is stablein acid and alkaline pH environments up to pH 7.Above this level, polymerisation and chemicalinactivation can occur. The products arecompatible with a wide range of additives andauxiliary products including surfactants,flocculants, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, andother biocides. In common with other non-oxidising biocides, strong reducing and oxidisingagents should be avoided.
Recommended Dose Rates
Recirculating Cooling Water and Air-WasherSystems
In recirculating cooling and air-washer systems,microbial contamination can cause significantreductions in efficiency due to slime build-up inheat transfer systems and on other surfaces. Inaddition, there may be concerns over the safety ofopen recirculating systems if potentiallypathogenic bacteria become established.
Protectol GA 50 offers an ideal treatment strategyfor such systems, being easy to handle and dose.Efficacy has been demonstrated using the ASTME645-91 test procedure. In this test, 25ppm ofProtectol GA 50 gave greater than 99% control ofa mixed bacterial inoculum after a contact time of2 hours, while 50ppm controlled the inoculum aftera contact time of 1 hour. In another test, 20ppm ofProtectol GA 50 demonstrated >99.99% control oftwo strains of Legionella pneumophila after a1 hour contact time.
For practical situations, Protectol GA 50 must onlybe used in systems with efficient mist-eliminatingfacilities. The biocide should be added to therecirculating system at a convenient point toensure rapid and uniform mixing, such as thewater sump close to the outlet pipe.
Protectol GA 50 may be used as part of anintermittent or slug dosing regime or as acontinuous dose. Heavily fouled systems shouldalways be cleaned before treatment begins. Aninitial addition of 100-600ppm is recommended
Test Organism M.I.C. (ppm)
Staphylococcus spp. 50
Bacillus spp. 1250
Desulphovibrio spp. 60
Pseudomonas spp. 150 - 250
Legionella spp. 1250
Candida spp. 1250
Aspergillus spp. 475
Protectol® GA 50 / Protectol® GA 24Biocide
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and if necessary the blowdown should bediscontinued for up to 24 hours. Once control isachieved, dosing can be continued on anintermittent basis at 40-600ppm per day.Alternatively, continuous dosing in the range of40-200ppm can be recommended.
These dosing recommendations apply equally tothe use Protectol GA 50 in other heat transfersystems, such as evaporative condensers,hydrostatic sterilizers and retorts as well aspasteurisers and warmers.
When used for the treatment of Legionellacontamination, Protectol GA 50 should only beused as part of an integrated management
programme involving the use of appropriate scaleand corrosion control additives.
The relevant dose rates for individual productsshould be calculated on a pro rata basis relatedto the Glutaraldehyde content. Representativerates for a 50% formulation are provided in thetable below.
Application Glutaraldehyde Protectol GA 50(ppm) ppm fl.oz. / 1000
gallons (US)
Recirculating Cooling
Water, Air-Washers etc 20 - 300 40 - 600 5.1 - 76.3
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Oil and Gas
Fracturing Fluids / Well Squeeze Fluids / Drilling Muds
For the preservation of drilling muds, workover andcompletion fluids and other products susceptibleto contamination, Protectol GA 50 should beadded initially at between 50 and 1000ppmdepending on the severity of contamination.
Produced Water, Flooding and Injection Water
For Water Flooding operations Protectol GA 50should be added initially at 100 to 200ppm andrepeated until control is achieved. Subsequenttreatment may be continued on a weekly basis, oras required at levels of 20 to 500ppm.
Injection wells associatedwith gas storage systemsshould be treated withsufficient product togive a concentration of500 to 5000ppm whendiluted in the formationwater. Any further top-upwater should be treatedat 200 to 2000ppm.
For hydrostatic systems, the water should bedosed with 100 to 4000ppm depending on thewater quality and the duration of the shut-in.
The relevant dose rates for individual productsshould be calculated on a pro rata basis related tothe Glutaraldehyde content of the product inquestion. Representative rates for a 50% productare provided in the table below.
SAFETY CHARACTERISTICSIn order to support the safe use of Glutaraldelyde,a wide range of toxicological studies has beencarried out. The extensive nature of this databaseis particularly helpful in supporting productregistrations and answering any concerns onproduct safety. Protectol GA 50 is toxic ifswallowed or inhaled and is corrosive to the skinand eyes. It may cause skin sensitisation and hasbeen classed as a respiratory sensitiser in the EU.Protectol GA 50 is not teratogenic or carcinogenicand is not mutagenic in animal studies.
Protectol GA 50 is readily biodegradable in theenvironment and should not cause problems insewage treatment plants and surface waters whenused as recommended.
REGISTRATIONSNORTH AMERICA
USABASF has EPA end-use approval for 50% Glutaraldehyde as amicrobicide for controlling slime-forming bacteria, SRB, fungi,yeasts and algae in air washers, recirculating cooling systemsand heat transfer systems.
Additionally, BASF hasapprovals for 25 and 50%Glutaraldehyde solutions foruse in controlling SRB in oiland gas well drilling andprocessing applications.
CANADAGlutaraldehyde is registered asa technical product for use inmanufacturing registeredmicrobiocides.
EUROPE (EU)Protectol GA 50.
Formulations based onProtectol GA 50 are approvedfor use in controlling SRB in oilwell drilling and oil fieldprocessing applications underthe Offshore ChemicalsNotification Scheme.
Application Glutaraldehyde Protectol GA50(ppm) ppm gallons (US) /
100 barrels
Drilling Muds, Fracturing Fluids 25 - 500 50 - 1000 0.21 - 4.2Well Squeeze Fluids
gallons / 1000 gallons (US)
Flood WaterInjection Water 50 - 250 100 - 500 0.1 - 0.5Produced Water
Gas Injection Wells 100 - 2500 200 - 5000 0.2 - 5
Hydrostatic Systems 50 - 2000 100 - 4000 0.1 - 4
Protectol® GA 50 / GA 24Biocide
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Protectol® DZ / Protectol® DZ PBiocide
Protectol DZ biocide is the trade name forDazomet, a heterocyclic compound. The productoffers broad-spectrum antibacterial activityagainst major slime-forming and spoilage bacteriaand is extremely effective at controlling thepathogenic Legionella bacteria and the anaerobicSRB.
Dazomet can be used on its own or as a part of anintegrated biocide treatment programme.
QUALITYProtectol DZ is a fine granular grade product andProtectol DZ P is a powder form. Both productsare off-white in colour and contain a minimum of99% Tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione.
BASF’s Dazomet has a shelf life of at least twoyears. It should not be stored at temperaturesabove 40˚C.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYDazomet is extremely effective against biofoulingin cooling-water systems and spoilage of oilfieldadditives. The activity profile of Dazomet is ideallysuited to treating the adverse effects of microbialcontamination.
In cooling-water systems, the presence ofpotentially pathogenic organisms such asLegionella pneumonophila is a specific concern.Dazomet has been proven to control thisorganism. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations(M.I.C.) of Dazomet are displayed in the followingtable:
M.I.C. data has been generated according to in-house methodology.
USAGE RECOMMENDATIONS
Solubility, Stability and Compatibility
Dazomet has relatively low water solubility (max0.3%) but is sufficiently soluble to act effectively inwater-based systems. The solubility of the activemay be increased by the use of organic solvents(e.g. Dimethylformamide, N-Methylpyrrolidone) orby formation of solium salts at high pH. Solutionsof >20% w/w are possible in NaOH. It is alsopossible to formulate suspension concentratescontaining 30% active ingredient.
Dazomet is compatible with a range of additivesused in the paper processing industry includingflocculants, retention aids, dispersants andmineral slurries.
Recommended Dose Rates
Oil and Gas
Fracturing Fluids, Well Squeeze Fluids and DrillingMuds
Protectol DZ can be used to control thecontamination and degradation of a wide range ofgels and fluids caused by SRB, celluloytic andslime forming bacteria in both terrestrial andoffshore drilling muds and packer fluids includingfracturing, enhances oil recovery, injection drillingworkover and completion fluids. It may be pre-mixed with the fluid or added directly at the pointof use as required.
Recommended dosage levels are between 200 –1000ppm. The dose level should be variedaccording to the mud or fluid composition and thelevels of bacterial contamination. To aiddispersion it is recommended that Dazomet isadded in a thin stream while the drillingmud/packer fluid is being circulated.
Flooding, Injection and Produced Water
Protectol DZ should be shock-dosed at levelsbetween 150 - 200ppm to inhibit the growth ofslime forming bacteria. Shock dosing should alsobe applied from once a week to once a monthdepending of the severity and the rapidity of onsetof contamination.
Test Organism M.I.C. (ppm)
Bacillus cereus 117
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 117
Desulphovibrio desulphuricans
(Marine species) 2
Desulphovibrio desulphuricans
(Freshwater species) 150
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 375
Aspergillus niger 188
P A G E 1 5
Pipeline and Tank Maintenance
Dazomet can be used to control microbialcontamination in water-bottoms in crude andrefined hydrocarbon storage tanks, piping andtransportation systems. Protectol DZ should beinjected directly into the water bottom or pipeline,or added to the hydrocarbon phase.
Treatment can vary from once daily for pipelinemaintenance to once every one or two months forboth storage and transportation systems. ProtectolDZ should be applied to achieve 200-500ppm inthe aqueous phase but higher concentrations tothe hydrocarbon phase are essential. The latterwill result in longer-term protection by gradualdiffusion into the water phase. The dose willdepend on the volume of crude or oil and theexpected water fraction.
SAFETY CHARACTERISTICSProtectol DZ has an extensive toxicity datapackage due to its use in the agricultural industry.As supplied, Protectol DZ has a moderate acuteoral toxicity and is an eye irritant but is neitherirritant nor sensitising to the skin. Protectol DZ isalso not carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic.
Protectol DZ is ultimately biodegradable in theenvironment and should not cause problems insewage treatment plants and surface waters whenused as directed.
REGISTRATIONSNORTH AMERICA
USABASF’s Dazomet is EPA approved for the manufacture ofantimicrobial products. It also has end use EPA approvals foroilfield uses, process water systems and mill additivepreservation.
Dazomet is on the chemical register of Japan (MITI), Australia(AICS), Korea and Philippines.
Application Dazomet g / 1000 litres lbs / barrel(ppm)
Drilling MudsFracturing Fluids,Workover and 200 - 200 -Completion Fluids 1000 1000 0.07 - 0.35
lbs / 1000gallons (US)
Flood WaterInjection WaterProduced Water 200 200 1.67
Pipeline and Tank Maintenance 200 - 500 200 - 500 1.67 – 4.2
The information submitted in this publication isbased on our current knowledge and experience.In the view of many factors that may affectprocessing and application, this data does notrelieve processors of the responsibility of carryingout their own tests and experiments: neither dothey imply that any legally binding assurance ofcertain properties or of a suitability for a specificpurpose. It is the responsibility of those to whomwe supply our products to ensure that anyproprietary rights and existing laws and legislationare observed.
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