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Water

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Watercovers about 70% of theearth of the earthssurface

340 million cubic miles ofwater on the planet

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The Hydrologic ycle

Water !asics

"ea water #7$ %&resh Water $'%(olar ice ) glaciers $*+%,roundwater 0$- %.a/es and ivers 0$0*%

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Water &acts1 The 2umbers

,ame#7% of freshwater resources in polar regions* '441 $"$ per capita annual withdrawal of cubic meters offreshwater--41 World per capita annual withdrawal of cubic meters of

freshwater+00 000 tons of pollutants entering $"$ la/es and riversdaily* liter of oil can contaminate up to million liters of water-7 million pounds of pesticides applied in $"$ per year

+0% of worlds population affected by water shortages30% of $"$ area under drought conditions for 00

Sources: Enviroment Canada, 2003; Public Broadcasting Station, 2002; U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agenc , 2002.

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The Hydrologic ycle

The Three &ates of (recipitationInfiltration

The movement of water into roc/s or soilthrough crac/s and pore spacesRunoff

Water that flows over the land

Transpiration/Evapotranspirationthe release of water vapor to the atmosphereby plants

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The water cyclethe amount of water on andaround this planet is fairlyconstantavailability of water is notas constant

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90-95% of sewage and 70% ofindustrial wastes are dumpeduntreated into surface water.

Water 6uality and mpacts

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Freshwater Biodiversity

More than 0% of freshwaterfish species have !ecomee"tinct# threatened orendangered.

$n orth &merica '7% ofmussels# (7% freshwaterfish# and )0% of amphi!iansare threatened or have

!ecome e"tinct. Source: Living Planet Report, WWF 2002

Freshwater Species Population Index

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Water contributes much to health. Good health is the essence ofdevelopment

Water, sanitation and health : the current situation

The prevailing worldwide situation regarding water supply andsanitation services is a source of concern in di erent respects.

Globally (WHO, 2000)

some .billion people arecurrently withoutaccess to improvedwater supply

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Water and !anitation are intimately lin"ed to good health

Globally (WHO, 2000)

some #.$billion don%t bene&tfrom any form of

improved sanitation

services

Water, sanitation and health : the current situation

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'ccess for water supply

'vailability of at least #( liters perperson per day from an )improved)source within one "ilometer of theuser%s dwelling.

Improved Householdconnection

Public standpipe

Borehole

Protected dug well

Protected springRainwater collection

Not Improved

unprotected well

unprotected spring

vendor providedwater

tanker truck water

*e&nitions of access to improved water supply and improved

sanitation

Improved connection to apublic sewer

connection to aseptic s ste!

pour"#ush latrine

si!ple pit latrineventilated i!provedpit latrine

'ccess to sanitation

+ creta disposal systems areconsidered ade-uate if they areprivate and if they separate humane creta from human contact.

Not Improved service or bucketlatrines (wheree$creta are!anuall re!oved)

shared and publiclatrines

latrines with anopen pit

%ource& WHO and ' *+ (200-)

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*iarrhea :

'bout $ billion cases per year cause #.# million deaths , !ostla!ong children under .ve/

ntestinal worms :

nfect about (/ of the population of the developing world

Trachoma :

'bout 0 million people are blind from trachoma /

providing i!proved water suppl could reduce the in ection rate b21 /

!chistosomiasis :

'bout #(( million people are infected /

!proved water suppl and sanitation could reduce in ection rate b33 /

1ost fre-uent diseases due to poor water supply and sanitation

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Watershed

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The Hydrologic ycle

nfiltration capacity of the soil iscontrolled by1

ntensity and duration of rainfall"oil saturation"oil te8ture

"lope of the land2ature of the vegetative cover

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The water cycleif the oceans were notrecharged their waterlevel would decrease over

40 inches per year

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9ain "ources of Water

"urface Water.a/es rivers reservoirs

,round Watern the :arth flows through fractures and

pores

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What is ,roundwater;

Water found in thepores and fractures

of soil and bedroc/.argest reservoir offresh waterTends to be lesspolluted thansurface water

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,roundwater 9ovement )

"torageAquifer < = >one of :arth material

capable of supplying groundwater at a

useful rate from a well

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,etting ,roundwater ?ut of

the ,round:8traction 9ethods

@2aturalA 9ethodsSprings, Hot Springs, & Geysers

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,etting ,roundwater ?ut of

the ,round:8traction 9ethods BcontinuedC

9an

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,etting ,roundwater ?ut of

the ,round(roblems with groundwater removal

2on

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Water and ood

671 o world consu!ptivewater use to produce ood

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http&88www/irrigation/org8ag9brochure:/ht!

*onsu!ptivereshwater use in the

'nited %tates&

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$"$ Water &actsSource of freshwater withdrawals in

the United States (1990)

90%

10%

Surface Water 259 billion gallons/dayGround Water 79 billion gallons/day

Source: U.S. !eological Surve , 2003

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$"$ Water &actsFreshwater withdrawals in the U.S. in 1995, by

category of water use(billion gallons of water used per day)

Industry !ining2"#"$%

&o''ercial 2#()%

Irrigation )"*"(%

+o'estic "#*)%

Livestoc -#-2%

Pow er .eneration)"2"/%

Pu lic Supply *0#2)2%

Source: U.S. !eological Surve , 2003

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Designing with Water

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"ource to "in/

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(ossibilities

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ainwater Harvesting

E ollect rainwater from building roofs touse for other purposes instead of losing

as runoff

!een around for thousands of years

urrently used all over the world from Haiti to the !er/eley hills

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.ow ost oofwater

= house with a * 000 sF$ ft$ roof could yield -00 gallons of rainwater from a one inch rainfall= E Bcatchment area of buildingC

E Binches of rainC, E Btotal amount of collected rainwaterC

(A) x (R) x ( !! gallons) / "!!! # (G)

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Domestic sesn the " each person uses

appro8imately *+0 gallons ofwater per daybath < 3

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Water onservation

E Technologies or ideas that can be used toreduce the amount of water consumedper person

Household levelesidential use G7+% of urban demand

-0% of residential use is indoorsSource: Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.

ffi i T il

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:fficient Toilets40% of household water used in toilets

onventional toilets use 3$+ + gallons per flush=lternativesToilet displacement devices.ow flow1 *$- gpf

ascading toilets1 use water from sin/ to flush

omposting toilets1 little to no water used:nergy (olicy =ct of *## < new home use toilets must operate on*$- gallons per flush or less

Sources: Ale"ander, 2003; EPA, 2003; #asis $esign, 2003.Sources: Ale"ander, 2003; EPA, 2003; #asis $esign, 2003.

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omposting Toilets

hoeni!, "nc.

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"howers30% of household water used in showers

Water consumption

"tandard1 4$+ gpm.ow

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?ther household water uses

?ther appliances with low

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What is ,reywater;; Water that has been used in the; Water that has been used in the

ho!e, e$cept water ro! toiletsho!e, e$cept water ro! toilets(blackwater)/(blackwater)/

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Source: USEPA %&&2 Source: USEPA %&&2

1otal1otal.reywater.reywater

-(%-(%

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Source: 'ome Energ (aga)ine #nline, *ul +August %&& .Source: 'ome Energ (aga)ine #nline, *ul +August %&& .

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t g t d " l ti

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ntegrated "olutions

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2iltration

3apid sand &lters

ective in re!oving particulates and !icrobial conta!inants and are si!plerto operate/

?ow cost and ?ow !aintenance

4arbon &lters for household use

itted to !unicipal connection in the kitchen

%ource& 5shok 4adgil,

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4hlorination

5sed world wide

4heap disinfectant

Residual ree chlorine

n !an s!aller co!!unities in developing countries various solid and liAuid che!icalor!s o chlorine is used since the are sa er to transport and handle than chlorine gas/

*isadvantages:

?arge s ste!s re-uire s"illed technical operators, repair and maintenance /

*isinfection by6products 7*89s

%ource& 5shok 4adgil,

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5; disinfection

'ltraviolet light in the wavelength 2 0 to 270 n! has been known to be o ger!icidal

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9asteuri=ationBoiling the oldest or! o obtaining water ree o biological conta!inants/

n many developing countries residents routinely boil their drin"ing water " Hal the population in *hina boil the water, !ostl over bio!ass" ueled stoves/

Water does not need to be boiled to disinfectHolding at high enough te!perature ( F !inutes at 30 * is suGcient) is suGcient to pasteuriCethe water to !ake it sa e or drinking/

W>? recommends bringing the water to a vigorous boil for one minute at sea leveland : degree !ore or ever :00 ! altitude gain/

!ustainable@o !ost people do not have that !uch uel or cooking the !eals even/

" 5verage a!il will reAuire :2 kg o wood or boiling the water to boil -1 liters o water/

t is economically unrealistic and environmentally unsustainable torecommend boiling daily drin"ing water to the poor in the developingworld.

%ource& 5shok 4adgil,

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!olar water disinfection 7!?* !

t is a si!ple water treat!ent !ethod using solar 5;6' radiation and temperature to inactivate pathogens causing diarrhea/

%O< % is ideal to treat s!all Auantities o water/

*onta!inated water is .lled into transparent plastic bottles#$ 3Polyethylene 1erephtalate4 are pre5erred ecause they contain less 678sta ilisators than P7&

+$posed to ull sunlight or si$ hours3adiation in the spectru! o 5;6' (wavelength -20" 00n!)

ncreased water temperature / the water te!peratures raises above 10I*, the disin ection process is three ti!es aster/

%O< % is !ore eGcient in water containing high levels o o ygen.

Water treatment

%ource and graphics& %5

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!olar water disinfection 7!?* !

Water treatment

%ource and graphics& %5

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!?* ! re-uires sun radiation and temperature:

+ posed to the sun for 0 hours if the s"y is bright or up to A(/ cloudy

+ posed to the sun for # consecutive days i the sk is :00 cloud

a water te!perature o at least A(B4 is reached, an e$posure ti!e o hour issuGcient

Khe !ost avorable region or %O< % lies between latitudes :1I 8 % and -1I 8 %/

%O< % reAuires relativel clear water with a turbidity less than C(

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44! 74eramic 4olloidal !ilver &lter

'n new alternative to conventional ceramic candle&lters is the 44! system.

t has a vessel"shaped .ltering ele!ent which has abigger capacit and is easier to produce locally and isless ris"y in use and maintenance /

3emove turbidity and DE6 ((/ of the harmful bacteria that causediarrhea, cholera and other waterborne diseases.

=aintenance consist o cleaning with a brush and changing the 5!F C &lterelement every # years.

f &lled up twice a day the &lter produces enough for a family of 0.

%ource& http&88www/practica oundation/nl

Water treatment

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The Urban Watershedand Low Impact

Design

Materials courtesy of the S !U"

Urban !ermacultureUrban !ermacultureInstituteInstitute

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W h a t i s L o w I m p a c t D e

s i g n #? < is a stor!water !anage!ent approach that ai!s to re"create and !i!ic these pre"develop!ent h drologicprocesses b increasing retention, detention, in.ltration,and treat!ent o stor!water runo> at its source/

? < is a distinct !anage!ent strateg that e!phasiCes on"site source control and !ulti" unctional design, rather thanconventional pipes and gutters/Whereas B=Ps are the individual, discrete water Aualitcontrols, ? < is a co!prehensive, watershed" or catch!ent"

based approach/ Khese decentraliCed, s!allscale stor!water controls allowgreater adaptabilit to changing environ!ental andecono!ic conditions than centraliCed s ste!s/

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$co %oofs4reen roo s, or eco"roo s, are roo s that are entirelor partiall covered with vegetation and soils/+co"roo s have been popular in +urope or decades

and have grown in popularit in the '/%/ Recentl asthe provide !ultiple environ!ental bene.ts/+co"roo s i!prove water Aualit b .lteringconta!inants as the runo> #ows through thegrowing !ediu! or through direct plant uptake/%tudies have shown reduced concentrations osuspended solids, copper, Cinc, and P5Hs (pol c clicaro!atic h drocarbons) ro! eco"roo runo> /

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D e s i g n D e t a i l s5n intensive eco"roo !a consist o shrubs and s!all treesplanted in deep soil (!ore than F inches) arranged with walkingpaths and seating areas and o ten provide access or people/

n contrast, an e$tensive eco"roo includes shallow la ers (lessthan F inches) o low"growing vegetation and is !oreappropriate or roo s with structural li!itations/Both categories o eco"roo s include engineered soils as agrowing !ediu!, subsur ace drainage piping, and a waterproo!e!brane to protect the roo structure/

D t

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Downspout

Disconnect

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%ain &ardens

Rain gardens are stor!water acilities integrated intodepressed landscape areas/

Khe are designed to capture and in.ltrate stor!water runo>/Rain gardens include water"tolerant plants in per!eable soilswith high organic contents that absorb stor!water andtranspire it back into the at!osphere/Rain gardens are a subset o bioretention planters e$cept thatthe do not t picall include engineered soils or an under"drain connection/Plant species can be selected to stack unctions and provide

ields/

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Typical %ain &arden

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Typical %ain &arden

'ioretention

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'ioretention

!lantersBioretention is the use o plants, engineered soils, and a rocksub"base to slow, store, and re!ove pollutants ro! stor!waterruno>/Bioretention planters i!prove stor!water Aualit , reduce overallvolu!es, and dela and reduce stor!water runo> peak #ows/

Bioretention planters can var in siCe ro! s!all, vegetatedswales to !ulti"acre parksL however, there are li!its to the siCeo the drainage area that can be handled/% ste! designs can be adapted to a variet o ph sicalconditions including parking lots, roadwa !edian strips andright"o "wa s, parks, residential ards, and other landscaped

areas and can also be included in the retro.ts o e$isting sites/

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Street(side bioretention planter based on !ortland)s &reen

Streets

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Detention 'asins

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