Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England, 1990 · 2011-01-26 · Wastewater Collection...

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England, 1990

By LAURA MEDALIE

U.S. Geological SurveyWater-Resources Investigations Report 95-4144

Prepared in cooperation with theCONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONMAINE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICESMAINE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYMASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTMASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONNARRAGANSETT BAY COMMISSIONNEW HAMPSHIRE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICESPROVIDENCE WATER SUPPLY BOARDRHODE ISLAND DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTVERMONT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

Bow, New Hampshire 1996

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information write to:

Chief, New Hampshire-Vermont District U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 525 Clinton Street Bow, N.H. 03304

Copies of this report may be purchased from:

U.S. Geological SurveyEarth Science Information CenterOpen-File Reports SectionBox 25286, MS 517Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225

CONTENTS

Glossary..................................................................................................................^ VAbstract ..............................................................................................................................................................^ 1Introduction........................................................^ 1

Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 2Description of Study Area........................................................................................................................................... 3Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................................^ 3

Wastewater Component of Water Use................................................................................................................................... 6Methods of Data Compilation and Analysis......................................................................................................................... 9

Sources and Description of Data................................................................................................................................. 9Organization of Data................................................................................................................................................... 12Estimation of Sewered Populations............................................................................................................................. 12Quality Control...........................................................................................................................................^ 13

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State................................................................................................................ 17Connecticut....................................................................................................................................................^ 18Maine........................................................................................................................................................................... 23Massachusetts..................................................................................................................................................^ 23New Hampstore..................................................................... 39Rhode Island..........................................................................^ 46Vennont.....................................................................^ 49

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England.................................................................................................... 55Wastewater Collection and Return Flow by Drainage Basin................................................................................................ 57Summary .................................................................................................................................................................^ 58References Cited ..............................................................................................................................................................^ 59Appendix 1. Summary of Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Facilities and Mean Daily Return

Flows by Subregional Drainage Basins and Subbasins in New England, 1990 ....................................................... 63

FIGURES

1. Map showing location of subregional drainage basins and subbasins in the New England States............................ 42,3. Diagrams showing:

2. Generalized water-use-flow system................................................................................................................... 73. Detailed water-use and design-related factors of wastewater collection, treatment,

and return flow................................................................................................................................................... 84-9. Map showing locations of Minor Civil Division boundaries, drainage-subbasin boundaries, and municipal

wastewater-treatment facilities in:4. Connecticut..............................................................^ 185. Maine.........................................................................^ 256. Western and Eastern Massachusetts .................................................................................................................. 317. New Hampshire................................................................................................................................................. 418. Rhode Island...................................................................................................................................... 479. Vermont.................................................................................................................................... 51

10. Bar graph showing sewered and unsewered populations in the New England States for 1990................................. 5611. Diagram showing monthly variations in total return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities

in New England, 1990................................................................................................................................................ 57

Contents III

TABLES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6-11.

Subregional drainage basin code and name; and code, name, location, and area of drainage subbasins in New England.........................................................................................................................................Sources and description of water-use data in New England .....................................................................Summary of statistical difference in percent between data sets for sewered populationsin New England, 1990...............................................................................................................................Contingency-table analysis for association between per capita return flows and two anomaly causing factors (industrial contributions and high infiltration and inflow) for municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England..........................................................................................................................Summary of data about municipal wastewater-treatment facilities and median per capita return flow in New England, by State..........................................................................................................................Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in:

510

14

16

17

12.

6. Connecticut, 1990... .................7. Maine, 1990.............................8. Massachusetts, 1990 ................9. New Hampshire, 1990 .............

10. Rhode Island, 1990 ..................11. Vermont, 1990..........................Summary of return-flow data for the sewered and unsewered Dooulation in New Eneland. bv State. 1990........

..... 19

..... 263243

..... 4852

..... 55

CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply

inch (in.)foot (ft)

mile (mi)square mile (mi )

3

cubic foot per second (ft /s)gallon per day (gal/d)

million gallons per day (Mgal/d)

By25.40.30481.6092.5900.028320.003785

3,785

To Obtain

millimetermeterkilometersquare kilometercubic meter per secondcubic meter per daycubic meter per day

ABBREVIATIONS

CDEP Connecticut Department of Environmental ProtectionMaine DEP Maine Department of Environmental ProtectionMDEM Massachusetts Department of Environmental ManagementMDEP Massachusetts Department of Environmental ProtectionMWRA Massachusetts Water Resources AuthorityNHDES New Hampshire Department of Environmental ServicesUSBC U. S. Bureau of the CensusUSEPA U. S. Environmental Protection AgencyUSGS U. S. Geological SurveyVDEC Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation

IV Contents

GLOSSARY

The following are definitions of selected technical terms as they are used in this report; they are not necessarily the only valid definitions for these terms. Terms defined in the glos sary are in bold print where first used in the main body of this report.

Combined sewer. A sewer designed to carry sanitary wastewater and storm- or surface- water runoff.

Consumptive use. That part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorpo rated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the immediate water environment.

Conveyance. The systematic and intentional movement or transfer of water from one point to another. Conveyance types include water instream conveyance, water distribution, and wastewater collection.

Effluent. Wastewater or other liquid raw (untreated), partially, or completely treated flowing from a reservoir, basin, treatment process, or treatment plant.

Exfiltration. Water that leaks from a conveyance system or storage area into the surround ing and underlying materials. Water will leak out if the ambient ground-water pressure is less than the internal pressure of the conveyance system or storage area at a breach.

Ground-water disposal. Refers to wastewater that is disposed of through the ground either by infiltration or by injection. This disposal includes the following discharge methods: injection well, drain fields, percolation ponds, and spray fields (land application/ spreading). Reuse systems (such as the wastewater used to irrigate turf or crops) and land-disposal systems are considered a ground-water-disposal method.

Infiltration. Water that infiltrates into a conveyance system, such as a wastewater-collection system. Water will infiltrate if the ambient ground-water pressure exceeds the internal pressure of the conveyance system at a breach.

Inflow. Water discharged into the sewer system and service connections from sources other than regular connections. This includes flow from yard drains, foundation drains, and around manhole covers. Inflow differs from infiltration in that it is a direct discharge into the sewer rather than a leak in the sewer itself.

Interbasin transfer. Conveyance of water across a drainage or river-basin divide.Major municipal wastewater-treatment facility. A U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency designation for facilities with a design flow of at least 1 million gallons per day.

Minor Civil Division (MCD). Legal subdivisions of counties, called townships in many States, which serve as a basic compiling unit for many U. S. Bureau of the Census data products and reports.

Minor municipal wastewater-treatment facility. A U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency designation for facilities with a design flow of less than 1 million gallons per day.

Outfall. Refers to the outlet or structure through which treated effluent or reclaimed water is finally discharged to a receiving water body.

Primary treatment. A wastewater treatment process that takes place in a tank and allows those substances in wastewater that readily settle or float to be separated from the water being treated.

Reclaimed wastewater. Municipal or industrial wastewater-treatment facility effluent that has been diverted or intercepted for reuse before it reaches a natural waterway or aquifer.

Regional wastewater-treatment facility. A wastewater-treatment facility where collection and treatment of wastewater is from users in at least one other Minor Civil Division besides that in which the wastewater-treatment facility is located.

Glossary

Return flow. Water that is returned to surface or ground water after use or wastewater treat ment and becomes available for reuse. Return flow can go directly to surface water, directly to ground water through an injection well or infiltration bed, or indirectly to ground water through septic systems.

Reuse. Use of water that has undergone wastewater treatment and is delivered to a user as reclaimed wastewater.

Saline water. Water that contains more than 1,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids.Sanitary sewer. A pipe or conduit intended to carry wastewater or waterborne wastes from

homes, businesses, and industries to a wastewater-treatment facility. A separate system of pipes or conduits (storm sewers) also may be used to collect and transport storm runoff to natural watercourses.

Secondary treatment. A wastewater-treatment process used to convert dissolved or sus pended materials into a form more readily separated from the water being treated. The process commonly is a type of biological treatment process followed by secondary clarifiers that allow the solids to settle out from the water being treated.

Septic tank. Refers to a buried tank for the separation in the absence of oxygen of solids, grease, and liquid components of wastewater. The liquid fraction from the septic tank is discharged to a drain field for disposal.

Sewer. A pipe or conduit that carries wastewater or drain water. A set of linked pipes or conduits comprises a wastewater-collection system.

Sludge. The solids that can be separated from liquids during processing of wastewater.Stabilization. Conversion into a form that resists change. Organic material is stabilized by

bacteria, which convert the material to gases and other relatively inert substances. Sta bilized organic material generally will not give off obnoxious odors.

Surface-water disposal. Refers to wastewater that is disposed of directly into a surface water body or wetland. This does not include water discharged into ponds for holding or percolation purposes.

Wastewater-collection system. The set of pipes or conduits that carries postuser water and possibly storm runoff to a wastewater-treatment facility before release to surface or ground water as return flow.

Wastewater treatment. The processing of wastewater for the removal or reduction of con tained solids or other undesirable materials.

VI Glossary

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England, 1990By Laura Medalie

Abstract

Site-specific data on municipal wastewater- collection systems, municipal wastewater- treatment facilities, and wastewater return flows, organized by State and drainage basin provide information that can be used by State and municipal planners to develop water-resources models. This report includes a consistent set of population-served and return-flow data for the New England States, a description of all assumptions and methods, and quality-control techniques used on the data. Data are included for all municipal wastewater-treatment facilities and associated wastewater-collection systems that had a mean flow greater than 0.01 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) or that served a sewered population of greater than 150 people if a mean daily flow value was not available.

During 1990, about 1,725 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of treated wastewater were discharged from 490 municipal wastewater- treatment facilities into surface and ground waters in New England. About 52 percent (905 Mgal/d) of this wastewater was generated in Massachusetts from a sewered population of 4.37 million people, or 73 percent of the State's total population. Connecticut's sewered population of 2.29 million people (70 percent of the State's total population) generated 417 Mgal/d of wastewater return flows. In Maine, a sewered population of 0.59 million (48 percent) generated 136 Mgal/d; in Rhode Island, a sewered population of 0.69 million (69 percent) produced 136 Mgal/d; in New Hampshire, a sewered population of 0.54 million

(48 percent) generated 82 Mgal/d; and in Vermont, a sewered population of 0.25 million (44 percent) generated 49 Mgal/d.

The Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal River Basins accounted for 47 percent (808 Mgal/d) of total daily return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England, 17 percent (292 Mgal/d) were in the Connecticut Coastal Basins, 17 percent (291 Mgal/d) were in the Connecticut River Basin, almost 8 percent (130 Mgal/d) were in the Merrimack River Basin, and 4 percent (68 Mgal/d) were in the Saco River Basin. Eight other partial or complete subregional drainage basins in New England comprised the remaining 7 percent (136 Mgal/d) of total daily return flows in 1990.

INTRODUCTION

Accurate data about the location of municipal wastewater-treatment facilities, their service areas, and their return flows is important in drainage-basin planning. From 1991 to 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), New England Water-Use Program, in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, the Maine Geological Survey, the Maine Department of Human Services, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, the Narragansett Bay Commission, the Providence Water Supply Board, and the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, compiled and analyzed

Introduction 1

site-specific data on municipal wastewater collection and return flows for each of the six New England States. A standard procedure for obtaining annual updates has been coordinated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and with the State agencies responsible for collecting and reporting return-flow data from municipal waste water-treatment facilities.

In proposed amendments to the Clean Water Act, the USEPA encouraged States to implement comprehensive watershed management programs for addressing water-quality issues (Browner, 1994). As a result, most of the New England States have either implemented, or are considering the implementation of, a water-resources planning and allocation approach based on drainage basins rather than politically defined areas, such as towns or counties. For example, the CDEP uses natural drainage basins as planning areas for addressing preventative and corrective strategies for surface- and ground-water- quality issues (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 1982). The MDEM was instructed by the Massachusetts Legislature to develop a water-resources management plan based on 28 drainage basins and 10 subbasins in Massachusetts through the Interbasin Transfer Act (Chapter 658, Acts of 1983). The NHDES has taken steps to set up basin planning studies for water resources in New Hampshire; direction was provided by the public water-rights legislative study committee, which authorized the development of a river-basin planning and assessment program in 1993 (Kenneth Stern, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, oral commun., 1994). The Clean Water Strategy of the VDEC identifies 17 drainage basins and numerous small watersheds that are included in comprehensive drainage-basin planning programs (Stephan Syz, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, oral commun., 1994). Maine does not currently (1994) use basin planning for water resources; however, the structure for such a plan has been developed and recommendations for implementation have been made to the Maine State Legislature (Maine Water Resources Management Board, 1991). Rhode Island is the only New England State that, except for a few

specific projects, does not do any type of water- resources planning by river basins (Elizabeth Scott, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, oral commun., 1994).

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to present information on the location and volume of return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England in 1990. The report provides a consistent set of data related to municipal wastewater- treatment facilities for all States, a description of all assumptions and methods, and quality-control techniques used on the data. Site-specific data, including facility name, USEPA discharge permit number, latitude, longitude, receiving water-body name, drainage basin, 1990 mean daily return flow, towns served, sewered population, and per capita use, are grouped by State and drainage basin to enable water-resources managers to analyze and model water-use processes according to the most appropriate compiling unit (for example, by State, town, or drainage basin). Supplemental analyses are presented for per capita return flows, interbasin transfers, estimates of aggregate return flows from unsewered populations by State, and estimates of return flows into saline and fresh ground and surface water. Data collected for this study are organized and stored by the USGS in a series of linked computer files called the New England Water-Use Data System.

The report includes data on all municipal wastewater-treatment facilities and associated wastewater-collection systems that had a mean flow greater than 0.01 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) or that served a sewered population of greater than 150 people if a mean daily flow value was not available. These data include facilities that were registered with a permit to discharge wastewater through the USEPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permitting program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990a), as well as those registered through the States with permits for disposal to ground water. Some facilities, such as high schools and hospitals, which were permitted through the National Pollutant

2 Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England, 1990

Discharge Elimination System program and had mean flows greater than 0.01 Mgal/d, were omitted from this report because they did not serve a resident (permanent) population. Other facilities like county nursing homes for the elderly, were included if the resident population was at least 150 people.

The data tables in this report contain mean daily flow and sewered population data as of 1990. For a few facilities (in Massachusetts and Vermont), flow data from 1991 or 1992 were more accessible from State agencies than 1990 data and are presented and noted in the data tables of this report.

The quality and the completeness of return-flow data between States can differ greatly because of the variable requirements between States in reporting data, the dedication of resources to monitoring compliance, and the quality-control procedures applied to the reported data. As a result, summaries of or comparisons between data, such as return flows or sewered populations across State or drainage-basin boundaries, are difficult to make and probably are not accurate without further analysis. Aggregated return- flow data and reported number of facilities could differ from previously published data for 1990 (Solley and others, 1993) because local needs for more detailed and accurate information were identified after the 1990 data compilation effort.

Description of Study Area

The study area covers the New England States of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont (fig. 1). Regional and subregional drainage-basin and subbasin designations used in this report are equivalent to hydrologic cataloging units that were delineated by the USGS in cooperation with the U.S. Water Resources Council (Seabar and others, 1987). All or parts of 13 subregional drainage basins are in the New England regional drainage area. Of these 13 basins, the following 11 have at least 50 percent of their land area in the New England States: the United States part of the St. John River Basin (0101, refers to the first 4 digits of the drainage-subbasin code shown in fig. 1), the Penobscot River Basin (0102), the Kennebec River Basin (0103), the Androscoggin River Basin

(0104), Maine Coastal Drainage (0105), the Saco River Basin (0106), the Merrimack River Basin (0107), the Connecticut River Basin (0108), Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal (0109), Connecticut Coastal (0110), and the United States part of the St. Francois River Basin (0111). Small sections of the Richelieu and Upper Hudson River Basins are in Vermont and Massachusetts (0201, 0202), and a narrow part of the Lower Hudson-Long Island River Basin (0203) is in Connecticut. These subregional drainage basins can be subdivided further into 60 drainage subbasins, designated in this report by 8- digit numerical codes (such as 01080101), 42 of which are contained entirely in New England (fig. 1 and table 1).

Most of the runoff from these subregional basins flows directly into the Atlantic Ocean. A large part of Vermont and small sections of western Massachusetts and Connecticut discharge into the Atlantic Ocean from the Hudson River in the Mid- Atlantic Region, and a small section of northern Vermont drains first into the St. Lawrence River before reaching the Atlantic Ocean.

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank the State and Federal agencies, town officials, and staff from the many municipal wastewater-treatment facilities throughout New England for providing data necessary for the completion of this report. Included are personnel from the following State agencies: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Water Management Bureau; Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection; Maine Department of Human Services, Maine Geological Survey, and Maine Department of Environmental Protection; New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Water Management Bureau, and Wastewater Engineering Bureau, Permits, and Compliance Division; Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Water Resources; and the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Permits and Compliance and Protection Division. The USGS contribution to this project was generated through the National Water-Use Information Program.

Introduction

70°

68°

.J-! 101010003? '**" \1

/ { " <» f f 01010002 j 01010004 (

\ j (. **Y MAINE V- 'V,"~-r i

CANADA______.

j 01050003 ;/ /x;

^^

,S ) MASSACHUSETJS Y ° ""

»01080207£ ^ .

2 V / J 8 f o -. o . »-* o\

) y °\ i- ->? W "v ?TTCONNECJPCUT \°,y-J^ } ^..

) \A-A.- ^'01100004

. A -.

EXPLANATION

NATIONAL BOUNDARY

STATE BOUNDARY

_.._.._.._ SUBREGIONAL DRAINAGE-BASIN BOUNDARY

DRAINAGE-SUBBASIN BOUNDARY

011 ooooe DRAINAGE-SUBBASIN CODE-Shown in table 1. _ First four numbers indicate subregional basin and

last four numbers indicate subbasin

Base from U. S. Geological Survey digital data, Albers Equal Area Conic projection, 1992, Standard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian-96°. 1:250,000 scale

40I

80 MILES

40I

80 KILOMETERS

Figure 1. Location of subregional drainage basins and subbasins in the New England States. (Modified from Seabar and others, 1987.)


Table 1. Subregional drainage basin code and name; and code, name, location, and area of drainage subbasins in New England

[Data from Seabar and others, 1987]

Subregional drainage basin

Code Name

0101 St. John

0102 Penobscot

0103 Kennebec

0104 Androscoggin

0105 Maine Coastal

0106 Saco

0107 Menimack

0108 Connecticut

0109 Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal

Code

01010001 01010002 010100030101000401010005

010200010102000201020003 01020004 01020005

01030001 0103000201030003

01040001 01040002

010500010105000201050003

01060001 0106000201060003

01070001 01070002010700030107000401070005

01080101 01080102 0108010301080104 0108010501080106 0108010701080201010802020108020301080204 010802050108020601080207

0109000101090002 01090003

Drainage subbasin

Name

Upper St. John Allagash FishAroostookMeduxnekeag

West Branch PenobscotEast Branch PenobscotMattawamkeag Piscataquis Lower Penobscot

Upper Kennebec DeadLower Kennebec

Upper Androscoggin Lower Androscoggin

St. CroixMaine CoastalSt. George-Sheepscot

Presumpscot SacoPiscataqua-Salmon Falls

Pemigewasset MenimackContoocookNashuaConcord

Upper Connecticut PassumpsicWaitsUpper Connecticut-Mascoma WhiteBlack-OttauquecheeWestMiddle ConnecticutMillerDeerfieldChicopee Lower ConnecticutWestfieldFarmington

CharlesCape Cod Blackstone

State(s)

Maine Maine MaineMaineMaine

MaineMaineMaine Maine Maine

Maine MaineMaine

Maine, N.H. Maine, N.H.

MaineMaineMaine

Maine Maine, N.H.Maine, Mass., N.H.

N.H. Mass., N.H.N.H.Mass., N.H.Mass.

N.H., Vt.Vt. Vt.N.H., Vt. Vt.Vt. Vt.Mass., N.H., Vt.Mass., N.H.Mass., Vt.Mass. Conn., Mass.Conn., Mass.Conn., Mass.

Mass.Mass., R.I. Mass., R.I.

Area (square miles)

2,120 1,250

9082,420

634

2,1501,1301,510 1,460 2,360

1,570 878

3,450

1,470 2,060

9994,8801,250

1,240 1,6901,400

1,000 2,300

757525401

1,990 496441

1,460 703418 612999391658725

1,090505590

1,1302,220

451

Introduction

Table 1. Subregional drainage basin code and name; code, name, location, and area of drainage subbasins in New England Continued

Subregional drainage basin

Code Name

0109

0110 Connecticut Coastal

0111 St. Francois

0201 Richelieu

0202 Upper Hudson

0203 Lower Hudson-Long Island

Code

01090004 01090005

01100001 011000020110000301100004 01100005 01100006

01110000

02010001 02010002020100030201000502010007

02020003 02020006

02030101

Drainage subbasin

Name

Narragansett Pawcatuck-Wood

Quinebaug ShetucketThamesQuinnipiac Housatonic Saugatuck

St. Francois

Lake George OtterWinooskiLamoilleMissisquoi

Hudson-Hoosic Middle Hudson

Lower Hudson

State(s)

Mass., R.I. Conn., R.I.

Conn., Mass., R.I. Conn., Mass.Conn.Conn. Conn., Mass. Conn.

Vt.

Vt. Vt.Vt.Vt.Vt.

Mass., Vt. Mass.

Conn.

Area (square miles)

1,330 383

729 517381516

'1,756 '395

590

'509 1,0901,2201,130

707'622

] 32

'These calculated areas represent only the part of the drainage subbasin in New England.

WASTEWATER COMPONENT OF WATER USE

The water-use flow system represented in this report consists of a six-step process that includes withdrawal, water use, return flow, consumptive use, treatment, and conveyance (Horn and Craft, 1991). The term "water use" is used in the general sense to describe all of the processes as part of the system and in the specific sense to describe an explicit use of water. The relation between processes of wastewater collection, treatment, and return flow and the processes of water supply (withdrawal, treatment, and distribution) is diagramed in figure 2.

Additional factors related to the design of wastewater-collection, treatment, and disposal systems (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991) that may be important in order to gain a more accurate and complete representation of this water-use system, are shown in figure 3. Ground water usually leaks into the wastewater-collection system (infiltration) when the

water table is above the sewer pipes. Wastewater usually leaks out of pipes (exfiltration) when the water table is below the sewer pipes. The magnitude of leakages are a function of age, condition, type, and position of collection-system pipes relative to the water table and the volume of flow. In areas with combined sewers, a significant volume of water could be added to collection systems during snowmelt runoff or rainstorms. Inflow includes storm runoff from combined sewers and through breaches in uncombined sanitary sewers, surface-water runoff from drains, and other non-service-connection sources of water. The volume of water added to collection systems from combined sewers and inflow may be greater than the volume of wastewater generated by domestic, commercial, or industrial water users. Estimates of these volumes are incorporated into the design flow of the wastewater-collection system and treatment facility.


WITHDRAWAL CONSUMPTIVE USE

WATER TREATMENT

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

WATER USE CONSUMPTIVE USE

WASTEWATER RECLAMATION

WASTEWATER-SYSTEM

COLLECTION

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

RETURN FLOW

CONSUMPTIVE USE

Figure 2. Generalized water-use-flow system. (Modified from Horn and others, 1993, fig-1.)

Inflated volumes of water in wastewater-collection systems can be the result of inflow from surface runoff and infiltration of ground water from leaks into sewer systems during spring snowmelt or other large-scale hydrologic events. Inflow and infiltration may explain the wide range of differences, 4 to 4,300 percent (appendix 1), between monthly minimum and maximum return-flow volumes for municipal wastewater-treatment facilities listed in this report. Exfiltration also can cause monthly fluctuations of flow volumes.

A brief introduction to wastewater-treatment processes can help to explain how differences in treatment processes relate to differences in wastewater return-flow volumes. Water conveyed by sewers into a

wastewater-treatment facility first undergoes primary treatment, which settles out large suspended materials. Most municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in New England also provide biological secondary treatment, a further separation and settling out of solids from the wastewater. If wastewater is stored in open air for extended periods of time, during or after treatment, its total volume may by reduced by evaporation.

One purpose of treating wastewater is to produce an effluent (treated liquid) that can be released safely into the environment, usually through an outfall into a surface-water body. Some treatment facilities in New England discharge effluent on land by use of one of the following ground-water disposal methods: injection or infiltration-percolation. Another alternative for effluent disposal is reuse. Reuse may involve reclamation, whereby the condition of the effluent is improved to attain a product suitable for particular uses, such as agricultural or golf course irrigation or industrial cooling water.

A by-product of effluent production is called sludge. Depending on the type or types of treatment, the volume of water contained in sludge can be significant. Primary and secondary treatments produce primary and secondary sludges. Typically, primary sludge contains 95 to 97 percent water by weight, and secondary sludge contains

Wastewater Component of Water Use

INFLOWS OUTFLOWS

Water use

Storm-water runoff

Infiltration

Combined Sanitary sewers sewers

11.Inflow

Wastewater collection

Wastewater treatment

On-site return flow Septic tanks

Exfiltration

Effluent disposal (may be a combination of the following): Surface-water return flow Ground-water return flow Wastewater reclamation Evaporation

Sludge disposal (may be a combination of the following): Sanitary landfill On-site dedicated land disposal Agricultural reclamation Permanent lagoon Evaporation

Figure 3. Detailed water-use and design-related factors of wastewater collection, treatment, and return flow.

greater than 97 percent water (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Because of these high percentages of liquid, sludge undergoes further treatment to reduce its volume before disposal. Water removed from sludge during volume-reduction treatment is usually recycled back to the inlet of the treatment facility. All sludge undergoes the process of stabilization, which converts the organic material to a

relatively inert and nonodorous form with a reduced pathogen content. Stabilized sludge is concentrated during liquid storage to about 6 percent solids, or it could be treated for further volume reduction before disposal. Dewatering produces a sludge that is 20 to 60 percent solids by weight and composting produces a sludge that is 60 to 75 percent solids. Incineration of sludge removes almost all of the water from the dewatered sludge.


METHODS OF DATA COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS

Data for this report were compiled from several sources. Whenever possible, multiple sources for the same data element were used to fill in missing pieces or to provide a means of corroboration. This section of the report includes a description of data sources, how the data are organized, the procedure used to estimate sewered populations, and a discussion of the quality- control techniques that were employed. A thorough description of the analytical techniques is presented so that the limitations of the data can be evaluated. A description of the specific data elements collected is in table 2.

Sources and Description of Data

The USEPA Permit Compliance System, Needs Survey, and Industrial Facilities Discharge databases and the 1990 Census of Population and Housing database from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (USBC) provided much of the data for this report. Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, the USEPA established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permitting system for point sources of discharges into United States waterways. The Permit Compliance System database tracks permit information, permit compliance, and enforcement status data for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program. The Permit Compliance System database contains descriptive information on municipal and industrial wastewater-treatment facilities, their location, treatment processes, return flows, and the chemical quality of their influent and effluent. In general, the Permit Compliance System database contained complete or nearly complete data for major municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in each State. Mean daily flow data are collected by and entered into the Permit Compliance System database by State agencies when States have petitioned the USEPA and been delegated the lead role (or "have primacy") in evaluating and approving National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. Mean daily flow is reported on a monthly basis by all major and some minor municipal wastewater-treatment facilities directly to the USEPA in non-delegated States, or to the State, in States where the USEPA has

primacy. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Vermont are delegated States; Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire are non-delegated States.

The USEPA Needs Survey database consists of an inventory of existing and proposed publicly owned treatment works that need to be constructed to meet requirements of the Clean Water Act. Because the Needs Survey database is designed to project future needs, it contains data on wastewater conveyance and treatment facilities, including populations served. The Industrial Facilities Discharge database contains a listing of industries that are permitted through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program to directly or indirectly discharge wastewater to surface waters in the United States. For this report, the Industrial Facilities Discharge database provided names of industries that discharge wastewater to municipal wastewater-treatment facilities; this information was used qualitatively to evaluate per capita return-flow values and is discussed in the section titled "Quality Control."

The USBC collects data on population and housing. Several data elements from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing were used to calculate an estimate of sewered populations as described in the section titled "Estimation of Sewered Population."

State agencies also supplied data on municipal wastewater-treatment facilities. Most of the data from State agencies were provided in the form of paper files, with the exception of return-flow data from the NHDES, which was provided on a computer diskette. Data from the MDEP were only available by visiting the four regional offices and copying data from paper files. Data for the minor municipal wastewater- treatment facilities usually came from State agencies rather than the Permit Compliance System database because they are not required to report to the USEPA.

Wastewater-collection and return-flow data collected for this study, as well as data on water withdrawals, distribution, and water use, are stored by the USGS in the New England Water-Use Data System database. These computer files were designed so that all of the components of a water-use system are linked together to allow the tracking of water from withdrawals to returns, in either a forward or a backward direction.

Methods of Data Compilation and Analysis

Table 2. Sources and description of water-use data in New England

[Auxiliary data: Available in the U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water-Use Data System database. Abbreviations: USEPA PCS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System; NPDES, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System; USBC, U.S. Bureau of the Census; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey]

Data element Sources of data Description of water-use dataDATA PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT

Wastewater-treatment facility name.

NPDES number................................

Latitude/longitude............................

Receiving water body.

Subbasin code....

1990 return flow.

Town (Minor Civil Division) served.

Sewered population.

Per capita return flow..........

Per capita return-flow code.

USEPA PCS database, State agencies

USEPA PCS database

USEPA PCS database, USGS topo graphic maps, telephone interviews

USEPA PCS database, USGS topo graphic maps, telephone interviews, State agencies

USGS (From Seabar and others, 1987).

USEPA PCS database, State agency, or estimated

State agencies, USEPA Needs Survey database

USBC, USEPA Needs Surveydatabase, State agencies, telephone interviews

Calculated (equation 5)

Assigned by author

Wastewater-treatment facility name

Nine-digit NPDES permit number

Latitude and longitude of wastewater-treatment facility

Common name of surface-water body (or the words "ground-water discharge") that receives effluent from the wastewater-treatment facility

Eight-digit hydrologic cataloging-unit code

Sum of reported monthly average daily flows divided by number of months of reported data

Name of Minor Civil Division with wastewater-collection system served by the regional wastewater- treatment facility

Resident number of people served by the wastewater collection system

Average volume of water used per person per day

Code based on evaluation of possible anomaly-causing factors

AUXILIARY DATA

County................................

Pipe latitude and longitude.

Facility address..................

Contact person....................

Telephone number..............

Treatment type...................

Sludge disposal method.....

Pretreatment indicator........

USBC

USEPA PCS database

USEPA PCS database

USEPA (1990c)

USEPA (1990c)

USEPA (1990c)

USEPA (1990c)

USEPA (1990c)

Design flow............................................ USEPA (1990c)

Authority/Facility number..................... USEPA Needs Survey database

Three-digit county code

Latitude and longitude of discharge pipe at outfall

Facility street and mailing address

Name of wastewater-treatment facility contact person

Telephone number of wastewater-treatment facility

Codes for type of wastewater-treatment process

Codes for method of sludge disposal

Yes or no for whether industrial pretreatment program is in effect

Maximum discharge for which wastewater-treatment facility was designed

Database site-identification number


Sources and descriptions of specific water-use data elements that are in data tables in the "Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State" section of this report are shown in table 2. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System data element is included in this report to maintain a useful link between the USEPA-Permit Compliance System and Needs-Survey databases and the New England Water-Use Data System, where wastewater data are stored. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System number is a unique nine-digit USEPA-designated code that begins with the two-letter State abbreviation, followed by the digits "010" (an indicator for permitted municipal wastewater-treatment facilities), then by a 4-digit number.

Latitude and longitude are included in the data tables in the "Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State" section of this report to provide an accurate geographic-referenced product that can be used in a computerized Geographic Information System (GIS). In order to create a GIS file, or "coverage" (a set of digital data that is related to a given map projection) of wastewater-treatment facilities, an existing coverage of wastewater-treatment facilities, a set of latitudes and longitudes, or a set of maps with points to identify the location of wastewater-treatment facilities is needed. Although the Permit Compliance System database contains fields for latitude and longitude data, these data frequently were missing and the geographic data in the Permit Compliance System database were incomplete. These locational data were verified or derived if missing.

About one-half of the missing latitudes and longitudes for wastewater-disposal sites were derived by digitizing the sites from USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps. These locations are accurate to the nearest second of latitude or longitude, or about 75 ft. Locational data on the remaining sites were obtained from telephone interviews with town officials or wastewater-treatment-facility operators who described the location to within an estimated 10 seconds of latitude or longitude, or about 750 ft. Information such as resident population served by the collection system, the number of large non-residential customer

connections, and the name of the receiving water body was requested during the telephone interview along with the locational data.

Return-flow data are the quantitative water-use numbers valuable to water-resources planners. These values must be accurate and used with consistent units in order to be meaningful. Return flow is reported in millions of gallons per day by wastewater-treatment- facility operators. Flows are usually measured by a continuous recorder at the headworks or inlet of the treatment facility, although a weir or a meter also is commonly used (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990b). The return-flow values presented in this report are mean daily values, calculated by totalling the monthly-reported mean daily flows and dividing by the number of months of reported data. The monthly return-flow values presented in appendix 1 are the mean daily return flows for each month of reported data.

Return flows for some or all minor facilities in Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont were obtained from State agencies because the data were not present in the Permit Compliance System database. With the exception of New Hampshire, these data were not computerized. Data from paper files for more recent years (1992 for Vermont and 1991 for Massachusetts, table 2) were more readily available and are, therefore, presented in this report. When return-flow data were not available, they were estimated by multiplying the per capita water-use coefficient of 65 gal/d by population served; this coefficient is based upon the average self-supplied per capita domestic use of 76 gal/d in New England, less 14 percent consumptive use (Solley and others, 1993).

Sewered populations were estimated by use of three different methods. Depending on the methodology, data collected and published by the USBC on Population and Housing Characteristics, included in the USEPA Needs Survey database, and from certain State agencies (CDEP, Maine DEP) supplied estimates of populations served. In addition, telephone calls to facilities or town offices provided some information on the number of service connections or sewered populations. A description of the three estimating methods used is included in the section "Estimation of Sewered Populations."

Methods of Data Compilation and Analysis 11

Data that have been compiled on municipal wastewater-treatment facilities, but are not discussed in this report, are listed as auxiliary data in table 2. These data are stored in the USGS New England Water-Use Data System. Examples of auxiliary data, obtained from USEPA, Region I (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990c), include county, telephone number, treatment type, sludge-disposal methods, and design flow.

Organization of Data

Data in this report are organized by geographic area and include return- flow volumes from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England for 1990. One anticipated application of the data is to use the return-flow values compiled by drainage basins and subbasins in basin-wide water-use analyses. Water-use data assessments are also commonly done on a county basis. Therefore, a small compiling unit will facilitate calculation of return-flow volumes either on the basis of drainage basins or counties. The USBC Minor Civil Division (MCD) was chosen to represent the geographic area for data compilation. MCDs are a logical choice for the compiling unit because Federal, State, and local agencies accept and use MCDs, and the USBC has formally delineated the MCD and uses it as the basis for compiling population data, which are essential in developing water-use estimates. In this report, a return- flow value is presented for each facility, rather than for each MCD, because flows are reported by facility to the State or to the USEPA.

For most municipal wastewater systems in New England (77 percent of the systems), wastewater is collected from sewered users and conveyed to wastewater-treatment facilities, treated, and discharged as effluent all within the same MCD, as diagramed below:

For regional wastewater-treatment facilities, wastewater is collected from users in at least one other MCD besides that in which the wastewater- treatment facility is located. A schematic representation of a regional wastewater-treatment facility is shown below:

Identifiers unique to the original data from State and Federal agencies were maintained for easier cross-referencing with the data sources. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System identification number preserves a link to the Permit Compliance System and the Needs Survey databases. The Authority/Facility (A/F) number, which is the Needs Survey

database unique collection- system identifier, has been maintained with the data stored in the New England Water-Use Data System database. If a particular State has its own system of identification, then these numbers are also incorporated into the New England Water-Use Data System database. In addition, the location of return-flow outfall pipes to surface or ground water is registered in the USGS National Water Information System database, a master database for the coordinating of collection, storage, processing, and disseminating of water- resources data.

Estimation of Sewered Populations

Estimates of sewered population of MCDs served by municipal wastewater- treatment facilities are a valuable evaluation tool when divided into return flow to yield an average per capita return- flow value. Estimates of per capita return flow that are higher than average indicate one or more of the following: (1) wastewater from one or many industrial or commercial enterprises is treated at the facility in addition to domestic customers, (2) data are incorrect, (3) an assumption used in the estimation is not valid for that particular case, or (4) infiltration or inflow into the system is significant. Estimates of per capita return flow that are lower than average indicate one or more of the following: (1) the


data are incorrect, (2) an assumption used in the estimation is not valid for that particular case, or (3) exfiltration from the system is significant. In many cases, the cause of excessively high or low per capita return-flow values can be investigated and explained. Total sewered population for each MCD also can be used to determine unsewered population when subtracted from the USBC population. For water-use analyses, the volume of wastewater returned to ground water through septic tanks may be important as an aggregate return flow to ground water if there is a large unsewered population.

Sewered populations listed in the data tables of this report are rounded to the nearest 10 people. The following equations were used to calculate the estimates of sewered population based on USBC data:

Population in households =(total population) - (population in group quarters) (1)

Population sewered in households = (percentage ofhouseholds sewered) X (population in households) (2)

Population sewered in group quarters = (percentage of households sewered) X (population in group quarters) 1 (3)

Total sewered population = (population sewered inhouseholds) + (population sewered in group quarters) (4)

where population in households includes all people who occupy a housing unit (house, apartment, or mobile home) and population in group quarters includes all people not living in households, such as people living in institutions (prisons, boarding schools, colleges, or military bases) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 199 la).

Total population and population in group quarters are available by MCD from the 1990 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991a-f). Percentage of households sewered is available by MCD from the 1990 Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991g-l), but total sewered population for this report incorporates an estimate for the sewered population in group quarters (not in households).

lrThis formula is not strictly used in every case. When a single, known institution constitutes most or all of the USBC value for population in group quarters, and it is known to be sewered, then the total sewered population of the remainder of the MCD is just the population sewered in households from equation 4.

When separate areas of a single MCD are served by different municipal wastewater-treatment facilities, the 1990 estimate of sewered population for that MCD (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991g-l) has to be split between populations served by the separate facilities because the estimate of households sewered provides one sewered population number for every MCD. In these cases, the sewered population for each facility is assigned a proportion based on the average discharge or population data from the Needs Survey database or on information from a telephone call to the facility, the town office, or the State.

Households not connected to a collection system have septic tanks or other on-site disposal systems to process wastewater. An aggregate unsewered population for each State is calculated as the difference between that State's USBC population and the total sewered population. Just as the estimated return flow for some minor facilities that discharge to ground- water systems was based on an average per capita coefficient of 65 gal/d per person, the same coefficient was multiplied by the unsewered population to estimate the aggregate amount of wastewater discharged from on-site household septic systems.

Quality Control

Quality control is a series of steps performed on a set of data to provide assurance that the data are accurate or reliable to a specified degree of confidence. Several different methods of quality control were used on the data contained in this report.

Wastewater-Treatment-Facility Locations

Incorrect latitudes and longitudes were identified by overlaying a GIS-produced map of wastewater- treatment-facility point locations onto a map of MCD boundaries for each State. If the facility plotted outside of the town where it was supposed to be located, the latitude and longitude were assumed to be wrong; the location was then corrected by use of data from topographic maps or telephone interviews with facility operators. A similar check on drainage-subbasin delineations was made by overlaying plots of facility locations with subbasin boundaries to verify that the table values for facilities and subbasin codes are correct.


Return-Flow Data

Data were corroborated in several different ways for this study. In New Hampshire and Vermont, return- flow data for all major municipal wastewater-treatment facilities were obtained from State agencies and compared with those that were available in Permit Compliance System. Only small discrepancies as a result of rounding or unit-conversion differences were noted in the data from the two sources.

An evaluation of the temporal consistency of return-flow data is another method for quality control of data. Most of the return-flow data were obtained from the Permit Compliance System database. These monthly data are entered into the USEPA database as reports are received from wastewater-treatment-facility operators. Quality control on the accuracy of the data, such as comparisons with previous data, was not done. As part of the analysis for this report, monthly return- flow data for each facility were examined and decimal points were shifted on values that differed from the other months by an order of magnitude. For this evaluation, 7 out of the 354 facilities in New England with 1990 monthly flow data in the Permit Compliance System database had values that were adjusted for 1 or 2 months.

Sewered-Population Estimates

Some of the estimates of sewered population were checked by comparing the estimates derived from the data provided by the USBC against data provided by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) for the 43 MCDs served in Massachusetts (J.A. Riccio, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, written commun., 1993). A comparison of data from these two sources indicates that the values differ by less than 10 percent in 95 percent of the cases.

Estimates of sewered populations also were compared by use of a statistical summary. The absolute value of the differences in percentage of sewered population for each wastewater-collection system, as determined by the USBC estimate and the USEPA Needs Survey, were compared and are presented as "comparison number 1" in table 3. The data sets corroborate one another when the median percent difference between the data sets is small. For example, in Connecticut, there were 87 facilities with similar data from the USBC and the USEPA Needs Survey. The calculated percentage difference between the two estimates of sewered population for each facility

Table 3. Summary of statistical difference in percent between data sets for sewered populations in New England, 1990

[Comparison No.: Represents a comparison of population values derived from: 1, USBC and the USEPA Needs Survey database; 2, USEPA Needs Survey database and a State agency; and 3, USBC and a State Agency. Data sets: Based on sewered population data from either the U.S. Bureau of the Census (USBC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Needs Survey database, or a State agency]

State

Connecticut................

Maine.........................

Massachusetts ............New Hampshire.........Rhode Island..............Vermont.....................

Com pari son No.

12 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1

Num ber of data sets com pared

87 76 94

109 93 86

175 90 23 69

Statistical difference in percent between

data sets

Median

18 4

16 18 16 25 19 17 24 24

Mini mum

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maxi mum

75 67 85 73 78 75 96 89 94 99

ranged from 1 to 75 percent, with a median difference of 18 percent. State agencies from Connecticut and Maine provided a third set of population data from their own records, which are similarly compared against the USEPA Needs Survey and the USBC estimates as "Comparison number 2 or 3", respectively (table 3). In Connecticut, the median difference between the estimate of sewered population based on the USEPA Needs Survey and the CDEP, a State Agency, was 4 percent, and between the USBC and the CDEP was 16 percent. In Maine, the median difference between the estimate of sewered population based on the USEPA Needs Survey and the Maine DEP, a State Agency, was 16 percent, and between the USBC and the Maine DEP was 25 percent.

The statistical comparisons presented in table 3 are useful to readers who are interested in having some measure of the relative accuracy of the population data presented in this report. No claim is made that any particular data set is more accurate than the others because only rarely were the data verified through telephone calls to the municipal wastewater-treatment facility operators. Except where noted as footnotes to the tables in the "Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State" section of this report, sewered populations based on USBC data are used because


these data are easily available and uniformly collected for every State in the country. Table 3 provides information on the extent of agreement between different sources of sewered population data.

Per Capita Return-Flow Analysis

The most rigorous check on the accuracy of return-flow and sewered-population data is the per capita return-flow analysis. Because of the large variation in per capita return-flow values among municipal wastewater-treatment facilities, a median value in the return-flow analysis represents a typical value that was used in the State sections of this report. The equation for per capita return flow is:

Return flow from municipal wastewater-treatment facility,in gallons per day

Total estimated sewered population from all MCDs with sewer connections to wastewater-treatment facility

(5)

Quality-control checks of the per capita estimates of return flow were based on a qualitative evaluation of the separate components that went into the estimate. Potential anomaly causing factors of the per capita analysis for each facility include the following: (1) a large seasonal population, (2) a large population in group quarters, (3) the presence of industrial connections to the collection system, (4) a system with combined-sewer overflows, and (5) a system with large infiltration and inflow. If one or more of these factors were associated with a collection system, that factor was given a special code in the per capita return-flow column of the data tables in the "Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State" section of this report.

The estimate of the USBC sewered populations, which is the denominator of per capita return-flow equation 5, can result in an abnormally large or small per capita estimate if seasonal population or population in group quarters is excessively large. Communities with large seasonal sewered populations can have an artificially large per capita estimate because the estimated sewered population is based on year-round residence and is, therefore, too small. A large population in group quarters also can affect the per capita estimate. Equation 3 shows that the population in group quarters is multiplied by the percentage of households sewered to calculate population sewered in group quarters. If most of the population in group

quarters is actually sewered, and the general population is not, or if the reverse is true, the estimate of total sewered population (equation 4) could be either artificially low or artificially high. To address these potential cases of artificially large or small per capita estimates, facilities where the number of seasonal households is greater than 10 percent of total households, or the population in group quarters is at least 10 percent of total population, were identified in the data tables.

Several other factors also can inflate the estimation of per capita use. Most municipal wastewater-treatment facilities, even in small rural towns, have service connections to nondomestic customers. These service connections could increase per capita return-flow values because they contribute to the return-flow volume but not to the user population; this is especially true if large industries or commercial establishments (for example, hotels, laundry facilities, or shopping centers) generate a large percentage of the total wastewater in a collection system. The Industrial Facilities Discharge file includes a listing of municipal wastewater-treatment facilities that accept industrial contributions as part of their collection system (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). If any industrial contributions were present, a code was placed in the per capita return-flow column in the data tables of the section: "Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State."

If a combined sewer system was present in a collection system, it was coded in the database. A list of combined sewer-overflow systems in New England was provided by the USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). A determination of the extent of infiltration and inflow in a collection system was made by comparing return- flow values in March, April, and May with the remaining months of the year. These 3 months are important because in many parts of New England, streamflow and the water table are commonly higher than at other times due to snowmelt (U.S. Geological Survey, 1995). Large runoff volumes from snowmelt and a high water table can lead to increased inflow and infiltration. If return flows from two of the months from March to May exceeded return flows for the other months, infiltration and inflow was considered a factor in the per capita estimates.


A contingency-table analysis (table 4) was used to determine whether there was a statistical association between the presence of some of the potential anomaly causing factors and the value of the per capita return- flow estimate. An association indicates only that the variables share occurrence and that a more detailed investigation is suggested. The contingency-table analysis consisted of evaluating whether links exist between high per capita estimates and the presence of one or two anomaly causing factors. Large seasonal and group-quarters populations are not included as factors in the contingency-table analysis because they may cause either large or small per capita return-flow estimates. Both factors, combined sewer overflows and high infiltration and inflow, are not included because they are similar to one another and are not independent. Thus, one of the variables for the contingency-table

analysis is the presence of one or both of the following factors: (1) industrial contributions to collection systems and (2) high infiltration and inflow. The second variable is the range within which the per capita return-flow value falls: 0-99,100-199, and greater than or equal to 200 gallons per day per person. These ranges were chosen as a somewhat arbitrary attempt to separate low (less than 100) from high (greater than 200) per capita return-flow estimates. The number of municipal wastewater-treatment facilities for each State that falls into this two-factor contingency table is evaluated by use of the chi-square test statistic. An alpha (a) value of 0.05 was used for this analysis.

Table 4 shows that for Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont, there is a statistical association between the absence or presence of anomaly causing factors (industrial contributions and

Table 4. Contingency-table analysis for association between per capita return flows and two anomaly causing factors (industrial contributions and high infiltration and inflow) for municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England

[Data represent number of facilities whose wastewater return flows are affected by (0) neither industrial contributions nor high infiltration and inflow, (1) either industrial contributions or high infiltration and inflow, or (2) a combination of industrial contributions and high infiltration and inflow. Null hypothesis (Ho) is that per capita values and explanatory factors are independent (not associated). Chi-square statistic was compared to a tabulated value of 9.488, which corresponds to four degrees of freedom at a = 0.05; >, greater than or equal to; n, number of cases analyzed]

Number of wastewater-treatment facilities for Number of given per capita range of return flow, Chi-square Acceptance or

factors in gallons per day statistic rejection of Ho0-99 100-199

Association Probability present value

>200Connecticut

0 12

1 0

2 0

32 20

3

610 3 } af 14.7993 Rejected

n = 86Yes 0.005

Maine

0 61 3 2 1

35 17

1

21 23 4 } - , , 6.488 Accepted n= 111 r No 0.166

Massachusetts0 13 1 1 2 0

44 19

1

8 17 8 } , 32.105 Rejected n= 111 J Yes 0.000

New Hampshire0 61 4 2 0

11 12 6

10 52 } 4.087 Accepted

n = 56No 0.394

Vermont

0 14 1 8 2 0

19182

611 5

> 11.332 Rejected Yes 0.023


high infiltration and inflow) and the magnitude of per capita return flows. Therefore, lower per capita return flows for those three States are associated with the absence of contributions from industries and with low infiltration and inflow. The reverse, that higher per capita return flows are associated with the presence of contributions from industries and (or) high infiltration and inflow, also is true. The contingency-table analysis is not intended to produce causal relations between factors. This qualitative analysis was done to propose possible explanations for high or low per capita return flows and to back up the hypothesis with a statistical procedure. Verification of these results is beyond the scope of this report. The results from table 4 complement the non-statistical discussions in the "Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State" section of this report that gives reasons for the variations in the magnitude of per capita return flows for the New England States.

WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND RETURN FLOW, BY STATE

The municipal-wastewater-treatment facility data are organized by State in this section of the report and include data tables that contain facility name, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System number, latitude, longitude, receiving water body, subbasin code, 1990 return flow, MCD served, sewered population, and per capita use and codes. A summary of the data on municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England is presented in table 5. The summary includes the year of the data used in this report, the number of major and minor municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in each State, the number of those facilities with 1990 return-flow data in the Permit Compliance System database, the number of facilities that discharge effluent to surface and to ground water, the number of regional municipal wastewater-treatment facilities, and the median per capita return flow for each State.

Table 5. Summary of data about municipal wastewater-treatment facilities and median per capita return flow in New England, by State

[USEPA classification: Municipal wastewater-treatment facilities with USEPA classifications of Major have design flows of at least 1 million gallons per day. Those classified as Minor have design flows that are less than 1 million gallons per day. Abbreviations: USEPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; PCS, Permit Compliance System; gal/d, gallon per day; , not applicable]

State

Connecticut ............

Maine .....................

Massachusetts.........

New Hampshire......

Rhode Island ..........

Vermont... ...............

New England..........

USEPA classification

Major Minor Major Minor Major Minor Major Minor Major Minor Major Minor Major Minor All facilities

Year of data used in this

report

1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1991 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1992

Number of municipal wastewater- treatment facilities with

1990 return- flow data

in PCS database

6420 62 35 89

1 36

0 19

1 27

0 297

57 354

Return flows to surface water

64 19 63 47 88 22 38 29 19

1 28 53

300 171 471

Return flows to ground water

0 3 0 3 1 3 0 6 0 0 0 3 1

21 19

Number of regional facilities

25 2

14 0

29 1

13 3 7 0 8 4

96 10

106

Median per

capita return flow

(gal/d)

157

186

164

151

184

135

167

Total number of municipal

wastewater- treatment facilities

64 22 63 50 89 25 38 35 19

1 28 56

301 189 490

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow, by State 17

Connecticut

In 1990, 86 municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Connecticut operated to serve 2.291 million people, or about 70 percent of the State's population of 3.284 million (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991a).

These facilities were in 79 MCDs and served all or parts of 111 out of 171 MCDs in the State (fig. 4). Location, return-flow, and sewered-population data about each municipal wastewater-treatment facility in Connecticut for 1990 are contained in table 6.

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\\. ..... N>01100005'I 74^!l| ^^'K^ 1̂ ?'v?2fti0iz"u^-i- -T""S \Hebran>̂ "'w ^v; VKs^rVv-'--"\ 0 .P~T ;c^.«,in^' Bertin -Cronj^elh; °rtl A \ | ^

il.,- iwoico^ ft5/^i'^ Hi53 / VA'~' :v\ h^T-^nrJ--"'\ \ ^"-Tv- "M. t^--J 5 East \ Colchester 1 -. YttonMnU.- \WaterV J30 -/ 1C|^; Meriden|r'i~x ^5 ^ Hampton^ ___,'\ ,> ( 4%r V^-.

ninkn«ni- \ ,-l 01100603--AV " ;01080205 i <. j _ >'__ ,n1lr»nn/

02030101^1^;') 01100005

41°00' -

~~ '-' fridge-*.'

', Wilton \ X Fairfield f port

10 20 MILES

10 20 KILOMETERS

Base from U.S. Geological Survey Digital Line Graphs from 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle maps Connecticut State Plane, Zone 3526 scale 1:24,000

LONG ISLAND SOUND

EXPLANATION

STATE BOUNDARY

MINOR CIVIL DIVISION BOUNDARY

_.._.._.._ DRAINAGE-SUBBASIN BOUNDARY

01100006 DRAINAGE-SUBBASIN CODE-Shown in table 1. First four numbers indicate subregional basin and last four numbers indicate subbasin

B40 WASTEWATER-TREATMENT FACILITY AND NUMBER-Shown in table 6

Figure 4. Locations of Minor Civil Division boundaries, drainage-subbasin boundaries, and municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Connecticut.


Table 6. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Connecticut, 1990

[Wastewater-treatment facilities in bold print are Regional facilities. 1990 return flow: Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1990 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). NPDES, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys tem. Sewered population: Estimated from USBC (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991a; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991g). Sewered population numbers are rounded to the nearest 10 people. Possible causes for high per capita use values are indicated by the following codes: F, infiltration and inflow; G, large popula tion in group quarters; I, contributions from industries; L, large seasonal population; and O, combined sewers. Mgal/d, million gallon per day; gal/d, gallon per day. --, not applicable]

Wastewater- treatment

facility name

Bethel 1 ..... ...................

Bridgeport East1 .......

Bridgeport West1 ......

Bristol 1 ...... ............ ......Canaan Fire District ...

Danbury' ...................

Deep River .................

Derby 1 ........................

East Windsor1 .............

Enfield 1 .......................

Greenwich-Central ' . . . . Groton (City) 1 . ... .........Groton (Town) 1 ..........

Kent... ..................... ....KiUingly 1 .... ............ ....

Litchfield ...................

Metropolitan District Commission-

Refer ence No.

fig. 4]

1734

5

6

18 9

10

11

1?

n

141*5

16171819

?0

21112374

757677

7.8

79

30

NPDES No.

\

CT0100013CT0101061CT0100021CTO 100048

CT0101010

CTO 100056

CTO 100374CTO 100064 CT0100072

CTO 100081

CT0100145

CT0101745

CT0100161CT0024694

CTO 1001 96CT0100200

CT0101044CT0100218

CT0100226CTO 100234 CT0101184PT010O74'?

CT0101681

PT010O769

CT0100277CT0101257

CT0100803

PT010O793

CT0100307

Latitude

412012412548412248411549411020

410933

414004420145 414900

413153414557

412407

412357

411900413314

415507415802

410747414345

414221

410056 412114

412017412620

413556414334414740

414349

414610

413517

Long itude

730452730412732525724824

731029

731248

725514732010 725520

725213721806

732440

722609

730511723326

723713723623

731506724945

723641

733741 720503

720458715801

715835732832715312

731202

77340ft

723905

Receiving water body

Pequonnock River

Cedar Creek

Pequabuck RiverBlackberry River

Ground-waterdischarge

East Swamp Brook


Greenwich Harbor

discharge

Sub- basin code .

01100005011000050110000501100004

01100006

01100006

0108020701100005 01080207

0110000401100002

01100005

01080205

01 i noons01080205

01080205

010802050110000601080207

0108020501100006 01100003niinnnm01100003

01 1OOOO1

0110000501 1OOOO1

01 IftftftftS

01080205

01080205

1990 return flow

Mgal/d)

2.67.19

1.082.62

10.87

23.57

10.76.23 .50

2.074 06

7.93

.07

1.74.96

1.12

4.917.573 24

1.89

9.83 1.992.815 .22

.55

.062.61

.61

5.84

18.32

Per capita return flow and codes

(gal/d)

147 F66 -

112 --115 F

239 I,O

200 I,O

190 --

190 F,L 126 --

154 --

65 -

182 --

93 --

149 F,O96 --

167 --

116 0172 F,I158 --

113 I

225 FI134 --121 G,I92 -

135 0

103 --245 F

236 -

123

126 I

Town (Minor Civil

Division) served(«g. 4)

Bethel

Bridgeport Stratford

Bridgeport Trumbull BristolNorth Canaan

Burlington

Coventry

DanburyBrookfield Deep River

Colchester

Hebron

Enfield

Avon

Greenwich

KentKillinglyBrooklyn

Morris

Berlin

Middletown

Sewered popula

tion

18,1802,8609,610

22,700

242,990 32,500

2 102,200

15,850 56,5202 1,210 3,590

370 13,460

970

41,9901,640

750

11,7105,6504,180

180 6,700

42,44044 040

16,980

33,500 16,74043,660 14,87023,270

2,400

4,060580

8,8101,850 3,090

490 47,390

10,67012,940

13,690


Table 6. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Connecticut, 1990 Continued


facility name

Refer ence No.

(fig. 4)

NPDES Latitude ^°"9~ No. ° ' " . " J


Sub- basin code

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)


(gal/d)

Town (Minor Civil

Division) served(fig. 4)

Sewered popula

tion

Metropolitan District Commission- Cromwell Continued

Metropolitan District Commission-East Hartford1 ............... 31 CT0100170 414545 723901 Hockanum River 01080205 11.53 233

New Britain Newington Rocky Hill

East HartfordMetropolitan District

Commission- Hartford 1 ..............

Metropolitan District Commission- Windsor-

32 CTO 100251 414353 723923 Connecticut River 01080205 64.15 304 F,I,O HartfordBloomfield West Hartford

75,04028,6804,160

49,490

137,65016,70056,690

Meriden 1 .....................

Milford-Beaver

Milford

New Haven EastShore 1 ....................

New Milford 1 .............Norfolk.......................

Plainfield North 1 .......

Plainfield Village........ Plainville 1 . ..................Plymouth 1 ...................

33

3435

36

37

3839

4041

42

43

444546

47

4849

50 5152

CTO 100994

CT0100315CTO 100323

CT0100749

CT0101656

CTO 100935CTO 100641

CT0101273CTO 100331

CTO 100366

CTO 100382

CTO 100391CT0101231CTO 100404

CT0101249

CT0100412CTO 100447

CTO 100439 CTO 100455CTO 100463

415326

413050413329

411140

411340

412623412820

410821415206

411700

412031

413408415957412152

410608

413136414313

414007 414110414008

724007

724943723828

730643

730640

720609730313

732852725730

725358

720549

732432731355725222

732447

720511715508

715542 725159725932

Quinnipiac RiverConnecticut River

Housatonic River

Quinnipiac River

Fivemile River

New Haven Harbor

Housatonic RiverBlackberry River

Moosup River

Mill Brook

Peauabuck River

01080207

0110000401080205

01100004

01100004

0110000301100005

0110000601080207

01100004

01100003

011000050110000501100004

01100006

0110000301100001

01100001 0108020701100005

2.34

9.934.81

2.03

6.39

.986.66

1.35.07

38.72

5.11

.44

.353.60

12.58

7.36.67

.59 2.060.94

95

179188

158

220

119227

18383

191

176

61402170

186

274143

137 176108

East Granby F,I MeridenO Middletown

Middletield

Milford

F MilfordOrange

Middlebury

I,O New HavenEast Haven Hamden Woodbridge

East Lyme Waterfbrd New Milford

F,G,L Norfolk

North Branford

I,O NorwalkWilton

Plainfield Sterling Plainfield

I PlainvillePlymouth

23,900630

55,380225,290

240

12,810

28,500530

8,27027,5303 1,800 7,360

840

129,20025,050 47,510

1,050 28,150

1,470 10,820 7,230

87016,6204,510

65,7201,790

26,8904,310

370 4,310

16,3208.700




facility name

Portland1 . ....................

Ridgefield Route 7 ..... Ridgefield Main

Rocky Hill 1 ................

Sharon ........................Shelton-Riverdale ......

Somers. .......................South Windsor1 ..........

Stafford 1 ....................

Stamford 1 ..................

Stonington-Borough . . . S tonington-My stic ...... Stonington-

Stratford1 ....................Suffield1 ......................Thomaston 1 ................

University of

Vernon1 .......................

Wallingford 1 ...............Waterbury 1 . ........ .......

Watertown Fire District 1 . .................

West Haven 1 ...............

Winchester- Winsted1 ..

Refer ence No.

(«g. 4]

5354

55

5657

58596061 62

6364

656667

68

6970

717273747576

7778

7980

81828384

85

NPDES No.

1

CT0101150CTO 100960

CT0101451

CTO 100854CTO 100480

CT0100498CT0100501CT0101052CT0100714 CT0100919

CT0101605CT0100510

CT0100536CT0100978CT0101214

CT0101087

CT0101281 CTO 100544

CT0101290CT0101036CT0100552CTO 100781CTO 100706CTO 100579

CT0101320CTO 100609

CT0100617CTO 100625

CT0100633CT0101079CTO 100684CT0101001

CT0101222

Latitude

413408415430

411853

411730414101

415757412158415302411844 415215

415855414929

413405413657415703

410241

412000 412059

412100411040415730413842415557414645

414833415150

412646413119

413526411602410715414252

415625

Long itude

723845715430

732800

732916723848

732550730519732917730500724754

722935723728

725259720400721817

733147

715415 715801

715015730736723730730448715346730658

721529722910

725017730236

7-1 0604

725557732151721137

730316


Connecticut River

Norwalk River

Ridgefield Brook

Ten Mile RiverHousatonic River

Woods Stream

Quinnipiac River

Willimantic River

Long Island Sound

Pawcatuck River Mystic River

Hockaman River

Quinnipiac RiverNaugatuck River

Willimantic River

Still River

Sub- basin code ,

0108020501100001

01100006

0110000601080205

01100005011000050110000501100005 01080207

0108020501080205

011000040110000201100002

01100006

01100003 01100003

0110000301100005

010802050110000501 100001

01100005

0110000201080205

0110000401100005

0110000501 10OflO4

01100006

01100002

01080207

1990 return flow

Mgal/d)

.651.44

.01

.936.60

.371.62.06

1.92 1.79

.052.18

4.43.18

1.34

15.83

.19

.51

337.62

.961.10

.216.44

1.484.57

6.0822.69

.827.821.832.56

1.71


(gal/d)

154 O185 -

100 --

194 F179 G

274 F,L160 -214 F,L108 O 139 -

45 G84 --

267 F118 F224 I

157 F,I

178 - 276 -

88 -167 I164 F186 --99 --

203 F,I

122 -163 I

168 F187 O

110 --147 I228 O126 G,I

203 --

Town (Minor Civil


Portland

Woodstock Ridgefield

Rocky HillWethersfield

Shelton

Avon Granby SomersSouth

Windsor

StaffordEllington

Darien Stonington Stonington

StratfordSuffield

Harwinton

Ellington

WaterburyMiddlebury Watertown Wolcott

Westport

Mansfield Winchester

Sewered popula

tion

4,2307,100

680 3 100

4,7903 1 1,80025,160

1,35010,130

28017,710 10,4003 1,200 1,250 1,110

25,920

16,5901,5305,180

3800 89,37011,630

1,070 1,850

3,770244,510

5,8405,9002,120

31,080680

2 12,140

26,2603 1,700 36,090

106,2401,060

37,600 6,440

7,46053,160

8,03016,8703,470 8,440




facility name

Total. ...................

Refer ence No.

(fig- 4)

86

NPDES No.

CT0101591

Latitude *" Receiving . , water body

415443 723749 Connecticut River

Sub- basin code

01080205

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)

1.60

417.47


(gal/d)

131 --

Town (Minor Civil

Division) served

Locks

Sewered popula

tion

12,190

2,290,940

'Classified as a major facility by the USEPA (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).Estimated from USEPA Needs Survey database (Larry MacMillan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).3Data provided by State of Connecticut database (Dennis Greci, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, oral commun., 1992).4Average discharge estimated on the basis of sewered population times average self-supplied domestic per capita of 65 gal/d (Solley and

others, 1993).'Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1991 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written

commun., 1992).

The largest numbers of facilities are in the densely pop ulated central corridor that trends north to south along the Connecticut River that includes the greater Hartford and New Haven areas and the southwestern corner of the State from Greenwich to Stratford. These densely populated areas also accounted for the largest volumes of return flow.

Return flows from the 86 municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in Connecticut totalled more than 417 Mgal/d. There were 27 regional wastewater- treatment facilities that serviced areas in more than one MCD. The return flow from each of 23 of these regional facilities was greater than 1 Mgal/d. The Met ropolitan District Commission (MDC) treated more than 96 Mgal/d and served 0.431 million people in 1990. The State's largest municipal wastewater- treatment plant, the Hartford Wastewater-Treatment Facility, was under the jurisdiction of the MDC. This facility treated and discharged more than 64 Mgal/d to the Connecticut River during 1990 (table 6). The next largest municipal wastewater-treatment facilities were New Haven East Shore, Bridgeport West, and Water- bury.

Eighty-three of the 86 facilities served 2.287 mil lion people and discharged 417 Mgal/d of wastewater to surface water. The remaining three facilities (Coven try, Deep River and Highlands in Ledyard) served 0.004 million people and discharged less than 1 Mgal/d on a combined basis to ground water. In addition, about 0.993 million people in Connecticut were not served by

sewer systems; based on typical wastewater generation of 65 gal/d per person, disposal to ground water from this population was estimated to be almost 65 Mgal/d.

The Connecticut River drainage area subregion (0108) in Connecticut assimilated 153 Mgal/d of waste water-return flow from a population of 0.816 mil lion (calculated from table 6). Monthly return-flow volumes for 1990 by subregional drainage basin (for example, 0108) and by drainage subbasin (for example, 01080001) are presented in appendix 1. Ninety-one percent (265 Mgal/d) of return flows into the Connecti cut Coastal Basins subregion (0110), which includes the Quinebaug, Shetucket, Quinnipiac, and Housatonic Subbasins (table 1, fig. 1), were from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in the State of Connecticut; the remainder were from facilities in Massachusetts.

Per capita return flow for municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in Connecticut ranged from 45 to 402 gal/d, with a median of 157 gal/d. Of the 19 facilities with per capita return flows greater than 200 gal/d, 15 had at least one potential anomaly- causing factor (table 6), of which the most important appeared to be high infiltration and inflow, industrial- wastewater contributions, and combined sewer overflows. Results of the contingency-table analysis confirm that, in Connecticut, high infiltration and inflow and the presence of industrial-wastewater contributions were statistically associated with the high per capita return-flow values (table 4).


Maine

Maine consists of a largely rural population except in the southern and southeastern sections of the State. During 1990, there were 113 municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Maine in 111 MCDs that served all or part of 130 MCDs (fig. 5, table 7). Most of the facilities in Maine (73 percent) processed less than 1 Mgal/d on an average day. Sewered population in Maine for 1990 was 0.587 million people or about 48 percent of the State's total population of 1.228 million (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991b).

In 1990, return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Maine were over 136 Mgal/d. Fourteen regional facilities served 0.232 million people or 38 percent of Maine's sewered population. The city of Portland treated more than 23 Mgal/d and served 0.081 million people in 1990 (table 7). This waste water was discharged to Casco Bay and the Presumpscot River. Other large facilities included the Lewiston-Auburn and the Kennebec Sanitary District facilities.

All but three of the 113 facilities in Maine discharged to surface water (136 Mgal/d) and served a sewered population of about 0.585 million (calculated from table 7). The Brownville, Kingfield, and Vassalboro Wastewater Treatment Facilities together served about 0.002 million people and discharged 0.15 Mgal/d of wastewater to ground water. About 0.641 million people in Maine were not connected to a wastewater collection system. This unsewered population generated almost 42 Mgal/d of wastewater (using a coefficient of 65 gal/d per person) that was returned to ground water through on-site septic systems. Thirty-eight percent of the municipal wastewater-return flow from facilities in Maine were in the Saco River Basin subregion (0106), predominantly from the Presumpscot (01060001) River Subbasin (Appendix 1).

Per capita return flows by municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Maine ranged from 45 to 1,197 gal/d, with a median of 186 gal/d. In many cases, per capita return flows were greater if sewered population values from the USEPA Needs Survey database were used instead of estimates based on the USBC. Forty-eight facilities had per capita return

flows greater than 200 gal/d; for all but seven of these facilities, flows can be potentially explained by one or more of the following factors: presence of combined sewers, high infiltration and inflow, and (or) industrial contributions (table 7). However, results of the contingency-table analysis (table 4) indicate that per capita return flows greater than 200 gal/d were not statistically associated with industrial connections to collection systems and high infiltration and inflow. The statistical analysis does not reflect that large seasonal populations or combined sewer overflows in many of these facilities could help to explain the high per capita estimates.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts had more municipal wastewater- treatment facilities (114) than any other New England State. During 1990, these facilities served 4.366 million or almost 73 percent of a total population of 6.015 million (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991c). As shown in figure 6, these facilities were in 104 MCDs and were distributed evenly throughout the State. In Massachusetts, 200 of the 351 MCDs were served entirely or in part by sewer systems. Location, return flow, and sewered-population data about each of these facilities is included in table 8.

In 1990, total return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Massachusetts were 905 Mgal/d. Eighty-one percent (3.54 million people) of the State's sewered population were connected to 32 regional facilities. The MWRA, an independent agency that sells water and provides sewer services to 43 cities and towns in the greater Boston area, is the largest wastewater system in New England (table 8). The two largest regional systems in the State, the Deer Island and Nut Island facilities, are part of the MWRA. These two facilities served 1.96 million people, or 45 percent of the State's sewered population; the 406 Mgal/d discharged from them accounts for 45 percent of return flows in Massachusetts. Another regional facility, the Greater Lawrence Sewer District, served over half of the population of Salem, New Hampshire (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 199 Id) as well as four communities in Massachusetts.


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Table 7. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Maine, 1990

[Wastewater treatment facilities in bold print are Regional facilities. 1990 return flow: Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1990 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). NPDES, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Sewered population: Estimated from USBC (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991b; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991h). Sewered population numbers are rounded to the nearest 10 people. Possible causes for high per capita use values are indicated by the following codes: F, infiltration and inflow; G, large population in group quarters; I, contributions from industries; L, large seasonal population; and O, combined sewers. Mgal/d, million gallon per day; gal/d, gallons per day. , not applicable]


facility name

Refer ence No.

(fig. 5)

NPDES No.

Latitude L°"g- , itude


Sub- basin code

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)


(gal/d)

Town (Minor Civil


Sewered popula

tion

Anson-Madison 1 ..

Ashland... Augusta1 .

Baileyville 1 Bangor'.....

Bar Harbor Hulls Cove..................

Bar Harbor Main1 .. Bath 1 ......................Belfast 1 ..................Berwick1 ................

Bethel.

Biddeford 1 ............Bingham...............Blue Hill...............Boothbay Harbor1

Brewer1 ................Brownville............

Brunswick1

Bucksport1 .. Calais 1 ........Camden1 .....Canton........Caribou 1 .....Castine........Corinna 1 .....

Danforth ................

Dover Foxcroft......

East Machias.........

East Millinocket ...

1 ME0101389 444740 695312 Kennebec River 01030003 4.23 855 L,O

2 ME0101087 4638073 ME0100013 441832

4 ME0101320 4509095 ME0100781 444622

6 ME0101273 4424497 ME0101214 4423168 MEO100021 4355419 ME0101532 442542

10 ME0101397 431456

19202122232425

ME0100111 ME0100129 MEO 100137 MEO 102067 ME0100145 ME0101192 ME0100153

445457451117441235442650465045442339445510

26 ME0100161 454003

27 ME0100501 451102

28 ME0102156 444353

29 ME0100196 453706

682453 Aroostook River 694628 Kennebec River

672314 St. Croix River 684721 Penobscot River

681455681154694840690023705028

11 ME0101176 442453 704726

12 MEO 100048 432923 70263113 MEO 100056 450210 69515414 ME0101231 442432 68350415 ME0100064 435109 693810

16 MEO 100072 444623 68471117 ME0100099 452114 690303

18 MEO 100102 435453 695631

695651671605690349701835675659684724691535

675221

691106

Frenchman's Bay Frenchman's Bay Kennebec River Belfast Harbor Salmon Falls

River Androscoggin

River Saco River Jackson Brook Blue Hill Bay Booth Bay Harbor

Penobscot River Ground-water

discharge Androscoggin

RiverPenobscot River St. Croix River Camden Harbor Whitney Brook Aroostook River Penobscot Bay Sebasticook River

East Branch Baskahegan

Stream Piscataquis River

672349 East MachiasRiver

683401 Penobscot RiverWest Branch

0101000401030003

0105000101020005

0105000201050002010500030105000201060003

01040002

01060002010300030105000201050003

0102000501020004

01060001

01020005010500010105000201040002010100040105000201030003

01020003

01020004

01020005

01020001

Madison Anson

.27 325 F Ashland 4.55 197 I,O Augusta

Hallowell Manchester Monmouth Winthrop

.31 242 F Baileyville 37.61 219 F,I,O Bangor

Hampden

4.06 261 L Bar Harbor1.13 350 L,O Bar Harbor2.24 242 I,O Bath

.59 142 I,O Belfast

.73 270 F,I Berwick

.16 165

3.84.12

4 .03

.29

3.444 .03

237 1,0126 F125 -254 O

423 I,O45

Bethel

Biddeford Bingham Blue Hill Boothbay

Harbor Brewer Brownville

2.97 163 -- BrunswickTopsham

.38 179 O Bucksport

.53 166 O Calais

.78 245 I,L,O Camden".04 98 - Canton1.21 198 I,O Caribou

.15 197 F Castine

.61 587 F,I,O Corinna

.05 217 Danforth

3 .32 142 O Dover-Foxcroft

".08 151 -- East Machias

.50 233 F,O EastMillinocket

24,3702570

2830

16,2402,180

8001,0202,8001,280

31,4303,300

2230

23,2309,250

24,160

2,700

970

16,200950240

1,140

8,130660

14,1604,1102,1203,2003,190

4106,100

760

5 1,040

230

2,250

5530

2,150


Table 7. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Maine, 1990 Continued


facility name

Ellsworth1 ...............Falmouth 1 ....... .......

Fort Fairfield1 .........Fort Kent 1 ...............Freeport1 .. ...............

Gardiner1 ..............

Refer ence No.

(«g. 5)

3031

32333435

36

NPOES No.

i

MEO 100889ME0100218

ME0101249MEO 100226MEO 100234ME0101036

ME0101702

Latitude

443207434231

443902464637

471515435009

441133

Long itude

682517701456

700821675028683507700602

694528


Blue Hill Bay

River Estuary

HarraseeketEstuary

Kennebec River

Sub- basin code

0105000201060001

01030003010100040101000301060001

01030003

1990 return flow

[Mgal/d]

0.55.95

.47

.59

.28

.45

1.35


1 (gal/d)

185 --168 --

109 --259 F96 F201 --

147 F.O

Town (Minor Civil !

Division) served (fig. 5)

Ellsworth

Cumberland

Fort Kent

Gardiner

Sewered popula

tion

2,9804,1301,510 4,3102,2802,9202,240

5.130

Great Salt Bay. 37 ME0101516 440313 693121

GuilfordSangerville1 .........

Hartland 1 Houlton 1 .

Islesboro....................Jackman.....................North Jay...................Kennebec Sanitary

District

Kennebunk 1 .............Kennebunkport1 ......

Kingfield.................

Kittery1 ...................

Lewiston Auburn 1

Limerick .................

Limestone1 Lincoln 1 ..... Lisbon 1 ......

Livermore Falls1 ...

Lubec ......................Machias 1 ..................Madawaska.............Maine Correctional. Mapleton ................

5556575859

Damariscotta River

01050003

Farmingdale Randolph

.17 138 -- Damariscotta

38 ME0102032 451014 692132 Piscataquis River 01030003 .44 143 F

39 ME0101443 445251 69270640 ME0101290 460923 674904

41 ME0100269 441541 68543542 ME0100978 453816 70153543 ME0101061 443250 701435

Sebasticook River Meduxnekeag

RiverPenobscot Bay Moose River Seven Mile Stream

0103000301010005

010500020103000101040002

44 ME0100854 443132 693922 Kennebec River 01030003

45 MEO 10093546 ME0101184

47 ME0101711

48 MEO 100285

49 ME0101478

50 MEO 100871

51 ME010109552 ME010179653 ME0100307

432057432133

445731

430521

440501

433955

465422452235435928

54 MEO 100315 442807

702847 Mousam River 01060003 702841 Kennebunk River 01060003

700908 Ground-water 01030003discharge

704535 Piscataqua River 01060003

701238 Androscoggin 01040002River

704324 Little Ossipee 01060002River

674845 Limestone Stream 01010004 683030 Penobscot River 01020005 700302 Androscoggin 01040002

River 701105 Androscoggin 01040002

River

ME0102016 445150ME0100323 444306ME0101681 472129

665914 Machias River 01050002 672704 Machias River 01050002 681931 St. John River 01010001

ME0101729 434519 702249 Presumpscot River 01060001 ME0101257 464101 680913 Presquelsle 01010004

Stream

Guilford Sangerville

.91 1,197 I,L Hartland 2.11 302 -- Houlton

.04 250 F,L4.07 88.04 100 --

4.23 .39 .66 .04 .14

Islesboro Jackman Jay

11.62 452 I,O Waterville Benton Fairfield Winslow

.90 199 I,L,O Kennebunk

.30 233 L Kennebunk-port

4.05 135 ~ Kingfield

I.29 228 G Kittery Eliot

II.78 207 F,I,O LewistonAuburn

.05 139 ~ Limerick

.33 57 F,G Limestone

.80 277 F,L,O Lincoln

.90 133 I Lisbon

.83 177 O

280 L212 G,O186 --167 --

264 F

LivermoreFalls

Jay Lubec Machias Madawaska Windham Mapleton

2,1701,870

2 1,300

2 1,0902 1,980

76026,980

2 160

8002400

16,200440

3,7505,3104,5301,290

370

4,3401,330

37,49019,430

360

5,7602,8906,750

2,310

22,390820

1,8403,550

4240

530




facility name

Mars Hill ...................Mechanic

Falls'.....................

\lillinocket1

Milo............ ...............Mount Desert

Town 1 . ............ .......

Northport Village......

Oakland 1 . ...................

Old Orchard Beach 1 ..

Old Town 1 ................

Paris 1 .........................

Passamaquaddy Pleasant Point.......

Passamaquoddy The Strip ......................

Penobscot Indian

Pittsfield 1 ............. ......Portland (City) 1 ......... Portland

(Westbrook) 1 . .......

Portland Water District

Refer ence No.

(fig. 5)

60

61

6263

64

6566

67

68

69 70

71

7273

74

7576

77

78

7980

8182

83

84

85

NPOES No.

I

ME0101079

MEO 100391

MEO 100404MEO 100803

MEO 100439

MEO 101 346MEO 100447

MEO 10 1885

ME0101907

ME0100901 ME0100455

ME0100463

ME0100986ME0101524

ME0100471

MEO 100498MEO 100951

MEO 100773

MEO 101737

ME0101311ME0101869

MEO 100528MEO 102075

MEO 100846

MEO 100561

ME0102121

Latitude

463100

440652

443207453812

451342

441727445001

431815

440736

442255 441231

443234

431613432955

445507

445241441244

445727

451403

445644435533

444535434012

434109

464202

433528

Long itude

675159

702315

675234684021

685812

681803691621

704417

685204

685803 703119

694312

703507702355

683756

684000703100

670222

673444

683901701550

692257701423

702100

680103

701248


Prestile Stream

LittleAndroscoggin

Narragaugus RiverWest Branch

Penobscot River

East Branch The Great Works

River

Thoroughfare

Penobscot Bay Little Androscog

gin River

Stream Ogunquit RiverGoosefare Brook

Penobscot River

Penobscot River

gin River

Passamaquoddy Bay

Flowage

Penobscot River

Sebasticook RiverCasco Bay

Presumpscot River

Stream

Sub- basin code

01010005

01040002

0105000201020001

01020004

0105000201030003

01060003

01050002

01050002 01040002

01030003

0106000301060001

01020005

0102000501040002

01050002

01050001

0102000501060001

0103000301060001

01060001

01010004

01060001

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)

0.18

.40

5 .04

1.53

4.29

.22

.47

.26

.04

.07

.36

.55

.511.33

1.02

1.77.32

.07

.02

.06

.18

1.2320.42

2.54

2.68

.33


i (gal/d)

148 O

210 F,0

65 --224 -

169 --

206 L299 F,L

220 --

235 L

226 F,L 145 --

259 F,O

630 L186 L

119 O

207 F,O115 I

127 --

118 --

162 -900 F

319 --333 I,O

142 F,O

324 0

58 0

Town (Minor Civil !


Mars Hill

Falls

Milo

NorthBerwick

Northport

Oakland

Old Orchard Beach

Old TownMilford Orono

Perry

Old Town

Gloucester PittsfieldPortland

Westbrook Gorham

CapeElizabeth

Sewered popula

tion

1,220

1,900

2540

6,840

1,720

1,0701,570

1,180

170

310 2,480

2,120

8107,140

26,7701,780 8,5602,780

5550

2170

2370

^OO

23,85061,270

14,360 3,510 8,280

5,670




facility name

Rumford-M exico l . . . .

Saco1 ..........................

South Portland 1 .........

Southwest Harbor1 ....

St. Agatha..................

Unity .........................

Wells 1 ........................Wilton 1 ......................

Winterport .................

Yarmouth1 .................York1 .........................

Total.....................

Refer ence NPDES No. No.

(fig. 5)

86 87 88 89

90 91 92 93 94 95 96

97

98

99 100 101

102 103

104 105 106 107 108 109

110 111 112 113

MEO 100579 ME0100587 ME0100595 ME01 00552

ME0101842 ME0101117 ME0100617 ME0102059 ME0101966 ME0100625 ME0100820

ME0100633

MEO 100641

ME0100609 ME0100668 ME0101150

ME0100684 ME0100692

MEO 100706 ME0100714 ME0101028 ME0100790 ME0101915 ME0100731

ME0100749 ME0100757 ME0100765 ME0101222

Latitude

445754 440455 440554

443226

440638 432927 432417 433137 442709 444608 431331

433840

441624

471426 440420 443755

470927 442918

6445045 440537 464625 431653 443509 442338

443759 440015 434729 431055

Long itude

703824 694802 690614 703120

700629 702609 704316 701838 685447 694246 704832

701717

681926

681818 691105 692309

675556 693734

6684243 692235 680919 703423 701355 680502

685043 693940 700956 703613


Haley Pond Kennebec River Rockland Harbor Androscoggin

River

Sabattus River Saco River Mousam River Atlantic Ocean Searsport Harbor Kennebec River Salmon Falls

River Fore River and

Casco Bay Atlantic Ocean

Long Lake St. George River Twenty-Five Mile

Stream St. Johns River Ground-water

discharge Penobscot River Medomak River Aroostook River Saco River Wilson Stream Henry Cove

Penobscot River Sheepscot River Royal River Cape Neddick

River

Sub- basin code

01040001 01030003 01050003 01040002

01040002 01060002 01060003 01060001 01050002 01030003 01060003

01060001

01050002

01010003 01050003 01030003

01010001 01030003

01020005 01050003 01010004 01060003 01030003 01050002

01020005 01050003 01060001 01060003

1990 Per capita return return flow flow and codes

(Mgal/d) (gal/d)

0.12 .30

2.33 1.50

.11 1.82 2.50 1.06 .10

1.42 .25

6.71

.23

.04

.61

.23

.43

.07

5 .10 .14

3 .14 .62 .19 .13

.16

.17

.66 1.06

136.07

414 194 332 144

85 161 166 134 109 213 82

297

197

138 253 511

150 100

65 139 144 148 79 165

182 138 108253

F,L 0 I F

0 F,I,O I

F,0 F

I,O

G,O G,0

O

F,I

F,0

1,0

Town (Minor Civil


Rangely Richmond Rockland Rumford Mexico Dixfield Sabattus Saco Sanford Scarborough Searsport Skowhegan South

Berwick South Port

land Southwest

Harbor St. Agatha Thomaston Unity

Van Buren Vassalboro

Veazie Waldoboro Washburn Wells Wilton Winter

Harbor Winterport Wiscasset Yarmouth York

Sewered popula

tion

290 1,550 7,010 6,110 2,780 1,520 1,290

11,300 15,090 7,900

920 6,670 3,050

22,630

1,170

290 2,410

450

2,870 700

1,500 1,010

970 4,190 2,390

790

880 1,230 6,090 4,190

586,970

Classified as a major facility by the USEPA (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).Estimated from USEPA Needs Survey database (Larry MacMillan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).'Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1991 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written

commun., 1992).4Data provided by State of Maine database (Maine Department of Environmental Protection, written commun, 1992).'Average discharge estimated on the basis of sewered population times average self-supplied domestic per capita of 65 gallons per day (Solley and

others, 1993).""Facility latitude and longitude are estimated as the town centroid.


o

o_ 5"

ft

o 3

D) Q.

3J 2. c n i m

*S.

D) Q.

73*0

0'

02020003^

K

i"

( J 0

11

0Q

00

5<

oi0

80

20

7r

V

\---

iIU

xb

rid

ge

' _.

.'(_

,/'

lDud,e

y /

f\.

18B

i1

n,

pH

«*-'

V.

Lu

^JA

'^91^

-!M

OD

E I

SLA

ND

Bas

e fro

m U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y di

gita

l dat

a U

nive

rsal

Tra

nsve

rse

Mer

cato

r P

roje

ctio

n S

cale

of c

oast

line

1:2

4.00

0 S

cale

of p

oliti

cal b

ound

arie

s 1:

100,

000

. Wes

tern

Mas

sach

uset

ts

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

STA

TE B

OU

ND

AR

Y

MIN

OR

CIV

IL D

IVIS

ION

BO

UN

DA

RY

DR

AIN

AG

E-S

UB

BA

SIN

BO

UN

DA

RY

DR

AIN

AG

E-S

UB

BA

SIN

CO

DE

-Sho

wn

in ta

ble

1. Fi

rst f

our n

umbe

rs in

dica

te s

ubre

gion

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asin

and

la

st f

our n

umbe

rs i

ndic

ate

subb

asin

WA

STE

WA

TE

R-T

RE

AT

ME

NT

FA

CIL

ITY

A

ND

NU

MB

ER

-Sho

wn

in ta

ble

8

Figu

re 6

. Loc

atio

ns o

f Min

or C

ivil

Div

isio

n bo

unda

ries,

dra

inag

e-su

bbas

in b

ound

arie

s, a

nd m

unic

ipal

was

tew

ater

-trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s in

(A)

wes

tern

and

(B

) ea

ster

n M

assa

chus

etts

.

MASSACHUSETTS 71 71 °00'72'

I42'30'-/

EXPLANATION STATE BOUNDARY

42- 50 MILES

0 50 KILOMETERS 41'30'-

- - MINOR CIVIL DIVISION BOUNDARY

DRAINAGE-SUBBASIN BOUNDARY


WASTEWATER- TREATMENT FACILITY AND NUMBER-Shown in table 8

/ "7 ~V t *\ 8j.<N*2 S"

/"'&/$ (..> ^»*-Y V- '-Lynn" -on'_<J^ VY.j*iLtf&!JJ&. \AO Marblehead

Swampscott>Nahant

erett Chel

nthrop __

66 ATLANTIC OCEAN

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data 4-) «3Q' _ Universal Transverse Mercator Projection Scale of coast line 1:24,000ouaie ui puiuiudi c

0 10I

I0 10

B. Eastern

raunaanes i:iuu,uuu ' AJ -s / ^ )\ .»,

20 MILES ^Cfi^ *" jy\ ' ^^ I ^ * ~i£*\

1 ' ^« ^\ r y* \1 X^ v Nantucket 1

20 KILOMETERS o ^^^-§i-^^

1

Massachusetts

Figure 6. Locations of Minor Civil Division boundaries, drainage-subbasin boundaries, and municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in (A) western and (B) eastern Massachusetts Continued.


Table 8. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Massachusetts, 1990

[Wastewater treatment facilities in bold print are Regional facilities. 1990 return flow: Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1990 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). NPDES, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys tem. Sewered population: Estimated from USBC (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991c; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991i). Sewered population numbers are rounded to the nearest 10 people. Possible causes for high per capita use values are indicated by the following codes: F, infiltration and inflow; G, large popula tion in group quarters; I, contributions from industries; L, large seasonal population; and O, combined sewers. Mgal/d, million gallon per day; gal/d, gallons per day. , not applicable]


facility name

Amherst 1 .....................Athol 1 ..........................Attleboro 1 .. ..................

Billerica 1 .....................

Brockton Regional 1 ...

Charlton 1 .....................

East Fitchburg 1 ... .........

Easthampton 1 ..............

Fall River 1 ...................

Gloucester 1 ..................Grafton 1 .......................Great Barrington 1 ........

Refer ence No.

(«9- 6]

12

34567

89

10

11

12

13141516

171819

202122

2324

25

262728

NPDES No.

>

MAO 1003 15MA0101745

MA0100218MAO 100005MAO 100595MA0100013MA0102016

MAO 103 152MA0101711MAO 100641

MA0101010

MAO 102598

MA0101141MAO 101 508MAO 100285MAO 100668

MA0101605MA0101095MAO 100986

MA01 01478MA01 01052MA01 00765

MA01 00382MA0101729

MA01 00994

MAO 100625MA0101311MA0101524

Latitude

423841425026

422314423508415351423339414033

422235423530415943

420245

420835

420827420908421430422830

413524420440423249

421644423550413819

414036413312

423411

423645421030421123

Long itude

730634705539

723220721435712013713613702258

720700711722705804

710030

712300

715944723733704840712030

705933714240714511

723851722326705234

711140703639

720114

704050724100732129


Back Rivers Connecticut River

Ten Mile River

discharge

Salisbury Plain

Cady Brook

Nashua RiverNorth Branch

Connecticut River

Mt. Hope Bay

discharge

Otter River

Housatonic River

Sub- basin code

0202000301070002

0108020101080202010900040107000401090002

010802040107000S

01090004

01090004

01090001

01100001010802040109000201070005

010900020109000301070004

010802010108020201090002

010900020100000?

01080202

010900010109000301100005

1990 return-

flow [Mgal/d)

2.341.85

4.651.565.351.42

3 14

2.58.79

14.97

3.60

.0912.58

3 .08

.98

1.87

8.10

2.471.902.50

30.88

3.32

3.341.102.99


(gal/d)

253 I137 I

149 -174 F205 I242 -

65 -

84 -158 I126 -

168 I

139 -

73 -230 F.I.O

71 -153 -

133 -87 -

324 I,O

168 I2,676 I196 --

343 I,O65 --

167 I

194 I,O162 -372 G.I.L

Town (Minor Civil

Division) served

Adams

AmherstAtholAttleboro

Brockton Abington

Bellingham Franklin Millis Charlton

Easthampton

Mattapoisett Fall River

Templeton

Great

Sewered popu lation

9,24013,510

31,2308,980

26,1405,8708,820

1,67016,3106,270

87,960 4 1,340 5,3701,810

15,540 3,100

82054 590

1,1306,420

14,0501,720

25,000

14,690710

11,5401,190

89,9502 3SO

18,730

17,2206,790

48,030Barrington


Table 8. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Massachusetts, 1990 Continued


facility name

Greater Lawrence Sewer District 1 ......

Greenfield 1 ..................

Hatfield........................Haverhill 1 ...................

Holyoke 1 .....................Hoosac 1 .......................

Hudson 1 .......................Hull 1 ............................

Indian Hill (Hadley).... Ipswich 1 ......................Lee 1 .............................

Lowell Regional 1 .......

Lynn 1 ..........................

Manchester 1 ................

Mansfield 1 ..................

Marlborough Easterly ..................

Refer ence No.

(fig. 6]

29

30313233

3435

3637383940 4142434445

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

NPDES No.

1

MA0100447

MA0101214MA0100102MA0101290MA0101621

MA0101630MA0100510

MA0102202MA0101788MA0101231MA0101265MA0100099 MAO 100609MA0100153MA0101796MAO 100935MAO 100943

MA0100617

MAO 100633

MAO 100552

MAO 100871

MA0101702

MAO 100030

MAO 100498

Latitude

424258

423417421800422318424535

421132424345

420720422401421843421355421945 424129421712421425422055421949

423246

423855

422711

423424

415720

414201

422101

Long itude

710748

723555721247723625710332

723650731246

713220713226715352725240723112 705019731429715507731450731450

714510

711720

705723

704620

710930

704644

712928


Merrimack River

Green River

Connecticut RiverHoosic River

Mill RiverAssabet RiverAtlantic OceanWestfield RiverConnecticut River Greenwood Creek

River Merrimack River

Lynn Harbor(Broad Sound)

ManchesterHarbor

HOD Brook

Sub- basin code

01090001

01080203010802040108020101070002

0108020102020003

0109000301070005010900010108020601080201 010900010110000501100001

0110000501100005

01070004

01070002

01090001

01090001

01090004

01090002

01070005

1990 return-

flow (Mgal/d)

36.94

3.705.035 16

11.45

11.885.93

.442.331.533 .09

3 .31 1.02.90

3 143 653 .08

5.81

27.75

28.30

.61

2.06

.45

3.09


(gal/d)

243 I,O

227 F,I125 -107 -241 I,O

283 I,O255 F,G,I

92 -165 --181 L134 L164 - 156 --

180 L42 --

191 -190 -

162 I

210 I,O

262 I,O

170 -

148 --

247 L

164 --

Town (Minor Civil


North Andover Andover Lawrence Methuen Salem, NH Greenfield

Hatfield

Groveland

WilliamstownClarksburg North Adams

HudsonHull

Hadley

Lee

Lowell Chelmsford Dracut Tewksbury Tyngsborough

Nahant Saugus Manchester

Foxborough

Marlboroueh

Sewered popu lation

16,650 18,290 68,430 35,410 13,420 16,270

4240

1,49045,630

1,900 41,970

6,870350

15,990

4,78014,1008,460

6701,890 6,5204,990

4 1,6203 4OO

420

3S 000

101,460 7,210

14,070 6,710 2,890

80,4703,730

23,690 3,590

9 340

4,570 1,820

18.790




facility name

MarlboroughWesterly1 ................

Marshfield 1 ................

Maynard 1 ...................

Massachusetts Correctional Institute(MCI)-Concord. ......

MCI Norfolk-Walpole 1

MCI-Bridgewater 1 ......Medfield 1 . ........ ............Merrimac .....................Middleborough 1 ..........Milford 1 .......................

Millbury 1 . ....................Millers Falls

Village 1 ...................Montague 1 . . ................

MWRA-Deer Island 1

Refer ence NPDES Latitude No. No.

(fig. 6)

53 MAO 100480 422029

54 MA0101737 420515

55 MA0101001 422627

56 MA0102245 42274257 MA0102253 420615

58 MA0102237 41572159 MA0100978 42112660 MA0101150 42494061 MA0101591 41543062 MAO 100579 420709

63 MA0100650 421100

64 MA0101516 42352665 MA0100137 423448

66 MA0102351 422303

Long itude

713651

703840

712629

712340711729

705732712003705910705346713032

714410

722937723421

704813


Assabet River

Massachusetts Bay

Assabet River

Concord RiverStop River to

Charles RiverSaw Mill BrookCharles RiverCobblers BrookNemasket RiverCharles River

Blackstone River

Millers RiverConnecticut River

Boston Harbor

Town _ 1990 Per capita (Minor

" . return- return flow Civil ®m flow and codes Division)

coae (Mgal/d) (gal/d) served(«g. 6)

01070005 1.69 126 - MarlboroughNorthboro

01090002 .86 76 L MarshfieldDuxbury

01070005 1.02 93 I MaynardSudburyWayland

01070005 3 .27 152 -- Concord01090001 .30 194 -- Norfolk

01090004 .54 129 -- Bridgewater01090001 .84 207 -- Medfield01070002 3 .23 67 -- Merrimac01090002 1.28 164 -- Middleborough01090003 3.73 162 I Milford

01090003 .85 136 -- Millbury

01080202 .54 1,459 I Erving01080201 1.25 170 F,I,O Montague

Gill01090001 6269.66 238 I,O Boston

ArlingtonBedfordBelmontBrooklineBurlingtonCambridgeChelseaEverettLexingtonMaidenMedfordMelroseNewtonReadingRevereSomervilleStonehamWakefieldWalthamWatertownWilmingtonWinchesterWinthropWoburn

Sewered popu lation

10,2803,1209,9501,3209,630

640710

1,7801,550

4,2004,0603,4507,810

23,070

6,240

4370

6,940430

6286,850644,5856 10,007624,201627,22062 1,671695,706628,681635,665627,380653,830657,350628,12264 1,090620,736642,743676,13462 1,648623,708657,820633,251

6 1,589620,0646 18, 109634,505




facility name

MWRA-Clinton 1 .......

MWRA-Nut Island 1 ..

Nantucket ....................

New Bedford 1 . ...... ......

Newburyport 1 ..............North Attleboro 1

North Brookfield 1

Northampton 1 ............

Northbridge 1 .. ............ ..

Northfield .................. ..Old Deerfield 1 . ............Orange 1 .......................Oxford-Rochdale .........

Palmer1 ... .................. ..

PeoDerell. .....................


(fig. 6)

67 MA0100404

68 MAO 103268

69 -

70 MA0100781

71 MAO 10 142772 MA0101036

73 MA0101061

74 MA0101818

75 MAO 100722

76 MAO 10020077 MA010194078 MA010125779 MA0100170

80 MA0101168

81 MA0100064

Latitude

422552

421644

411432

413531

424834415734

421458

421841

420644

423800423305423540421115

421053

424025

Long itude

714050

705717

700619

705406

705141711820

720435

723723

713806

722900723620721920715325

722157

723430


Nashua River,South Branch

Boston Harbor,Quincy Bay

Ground- waterdischarge

Buzzards Bay

Merrimack RiverTen Mile River

Dunn Brook

Connecticut River

Blackstone River

Connecticut RiverDeerfield RiverMillers RiverFrench River

TributaryChicopee River

Nashua River

s 1990 Percapite return- return flow

Da®in flow and codes coae (Mgal/d) (gal/d)

01070004 2.40 164 ~

01090001 6 136.36 164 F

01090002 2 .23 65 -

01090002 28.30 287 I,O

01090001 2.24 146 I,O01090004 3.61 185 -

01080204 .47 147 -

01080201 5.27 201 F,I

01090003 1.19 127 --

01080201 3 .33 163 -01080201 .15 341 F01080202 1.17 272 -01100001 3 .16 68 -

01080204 3.58 271 O

01070004 3 .19 63 --

Town i (Minor v Civil i Division)

served (fig. 6)

ClintonLancasterQuincyAshlandBostonBraintreeBrooklineCantonDedhamFraminghamHinghamHolbrookMiltonNatickNeedhamNewtonNorwoodRandolphStoughtonWalpoleWellesleyWestwoodWeymouth

Nantucket

New BedfordAcushnetNewburyportNorth AttleboroPlainvilleNorth

BrookfieldNorthamptonWilliamsburgNorthbridge

NorthfieldDeerfieldOrangeOxford

PalmerMonsonPeDDerell

Sewered popu lation

12,9301,670

684,90066,878

6286,850632,922627,2206 13,52762 1,64266 1,090

65,06166,293

624,182624,713623,975641,090628,671629,1906 17,0036 11,319624,166

69,669649,738

3,480

96,5201,940

15,12016,1503,3503,200

25,280980

9 340S)J*T\J

42,0204440

4,3002,340

9,3303,8703.000




facility name

Pittsfield 1 . .................. .

Plymouth 1 . ............... ....Rockland 1 . ..................

Russell....... ........ ..........

Scituate 1 ......................Shelburne Falls. .........

Somerset........ ...... ........South Deerfield 1 ..........

South Essex Sewer District 1 ..................

South Hadley 1 .............Southbridge 1 . ...............

Springfield Bondi Island 1 ................. ...

Taunton 1 . ....................

Temoleton3 . .................

Refer ence No.

(fig. 6]

82

8384

85868788

8990

9192

93

949596

97

9899

100101102

103

NPDES No.

>

MA0101681

MA0100587MA0101923

MA0100145MA0100161MAO 100960MA0102873

MA01 02695MA0101044

MA0100676MA0101648

MA0100501

MAO 100455MAO 100901MA0100919

MA0101613

MA0101087MAO 100421

MA0101079MA01 01907MA01 00897

MAO 100340

Latitude

414537

415750420627

423907423755421119425011

421034423540

414305422800

423152

421218420417421347

420508

421735420615

422645422803415224

423601

Long itude

704101

704012705359

703712720815725318705313

704345724400

711003723520

705316

723518720026720047

723514

731935720513

723510705412710554

720414


Westfield RiverCreek to

Merrimack River

Taunton River

Connecticut,Chicopee, and Mill Rivers

Otter River

Sub- basin code

01100005

0109000201090002

01090001010802020108020601070002

0109000201080203

0109000401080201

01090001

010802040110000101080204

01080201

0110000501100001

0108020101090001

01090004

01080202

1990 return- flow

[Mgal/d)

14.62

2.361.75

.733 m3 n.38

1.203 ?1

2.50.91

28.01

3.452.48

.69

48.25

3,,

3 41

3 16

2.61

6.51

1.44


(gal/d)

268 F,I

167 L121 -

131 L176 -159 -109 L

203 L104 -

164 --

291 F,I

175 I,O

223 F,I,O152 I106 -

195 I,O

197 L198 I

63 -191 -167 I,O

713 -

Town (Minor ( Civil


PittsfieldDalton Hinsdale Lanesborough

Abington

Salisbury

Shelburne Somerset

Beverly Danvers Marblehead Peabody South Hadley

AgawamEast

Longmeadow Longmeadow Ludlow Springfield West Springfield Wilbraham

Dighton Raynham

Temoleton

Sewered popu lation

46,9006,610

720 370

14,09011,2303,250 5,590

170820

3,500

5,9204990

4 1,020 15,23043,130

37,62036,180 22,560 19,420 44,520 15,45016,3506,500

24,59011,430

15,170 12,660

153,930 26,580

3,650 1,1702,070

2,52013 640

35,3301,280 2,420

42.020




facility name

Upper Blackstone3 .....

Upton 1 .........................Uxbridge 1 ..... ...............Ware 1 ...........................Wareham 1 ..................

Warren 1 .......................Webster 1 .....................

West Fitchburg1

WftcttiAmiioti

Westfield 1 ....................Winchendon 1 ...............

Total .......................


(fig. 6)

104

105106107108

109110

111

112

113114

MA0102369

MA0100196MA0102440MA0100889MA0101893

MA0101567MA01 00439

MA0101281

MA0100412

MA0101800MA0100862

Latitude

421255

420946420215421502422427

421234420210

423337

421651

420702424105

Long itude

714725

713717713700721506731428

721454715313

725045

713808

724356720451


Blackstone River

West RiverBlackstone RiverWare RiverGround-water

discharge

Quaboag RiverFrench River

Nashua River,North Branch

Assabet River

Westfield RiverMillers River

Sub- basin code

01090003

01090003010900030108020401090002

0108020401100001

01070004

01070005

0108020601080202

1990 return- flow

(Mgal/d)

39.23

.17

.58

.76

.57

.584.43

4.61

4.11

3.24.71

904.73

Town Per capita (Minor return flow Civil and codes Division)

(gal/d) served (fig. 6)

212 I

104 -96 -

126 I63 L

205 I261 -

302 I

134 I

131 I153 -

AuburnHoldenRutlandSuttonWorcesterUptonUxbridgeWareWareham

BourneWarrenWebsterDudleyFitchburgWestminsterWestboroughHopkintonShrewsburyWestfieldWinchendon

Sewered popu lation

11,2104,9802,5801,060

165,2701,6306,0206,0307,220

1,8102,830

11,8405,130

14,1501,120

10,4201,630

18,51024,6804,650

4,365,705

'Classified as a major facility by the USEPA (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).2Average discharge estimated on the basis of sewered population times average self-supplied domestic per capita of 65 gallons per day (Solley and

others, 1993).3Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1991 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written

commun., 1992).4Estimated from USEPA Needs Survey database (Larry MacMillan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).5Average discharge determined from the State of Massachusetts database, 1991 data (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, written

commun., 1993).6Data provided by Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (J.A. Riccio, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, written commun., 1993).


Return flows to surface water from 110 municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Massachusetts that served 4.342 million people totalled 903 Mgal/d. The Barnstable, Falmouth, Nantucket, and Wareham Wastewater Treatment Facilities served 0.024 million people and discharged wastewater return flows of 1.52 Mgal/d to ground water. In addition, the unsewered population in Massachusetts of 1.650 million people discharged about 107 Mgal/d (based on 65 gal/d per person) to ground water.

Seventy-four percent of return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Massachusetts were discharged to the Massachusetts- Rhode Island Coastal Basins subregion (0109), 13 percent flow to the Connecticut River Basin subregion (0108), and 9 percent flow to the Merrimack River Basin subregion (0107) (Appendix 1). Return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Massachusetts comprised 83 percent (673 Mgal/d) of the total return flows to the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins subregion (0109); 62 percent (80 Mgal/d) of flows to the Merrimack River Basin subregion (0107); and 40 percent (116 Mgal/d) of flows to the Connecticut River Basin subregion (0108) (Appendix 1).

The wastewater-collection systems of three regional facilities in Massachusetts crossed drainage- basin divides. The entire sewered population of Lowell was served by the Lowell Regional Wastewater- Treatment Facility, which is in the Merrimack River Subbasin (01070002). The town, however, straddles two subbasins in almost equal land-area proportions, the Merrimack River Subbasin, and the Concord River Subbasin (01070005). The town of Ludlow, predominantly in the Chicopee River Subbasin

(01080204), has a sewer connection to the Springfield Regional Facility, Bondi Island, which is in the Lower Connecticut River Subbasin (01080205). Wastewater generated by about 0.013 million people in Ludlow crossed this drainage divide. Likewise, the town of Rutland straddles the Chicopee River and the Nashua River Subbasins (01080204 and 01070004, respectively), but is connected to the Upper Blackstone Facility in Millbury, which is in the Blackstone River Subbasin (01090003). Wastewater from the sewered population of 0.003 million people in Rutland crossed this drainage divide.

Per capita return flow for municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in Massachusetts ranged from 42 to 2,676 gal/d with a median of 164 gal/d (table 8). Of the 33 facilities with per capita return-flow values over 200 gal/d, 5 had values that were unexplained by any of the 5 possible anomaly-causing factors. The most important factors contributing to the high per capita return flows were the presence of industrial connec tions to municipal wastewater collection systems and combined sewers. An association between industrial contributions and infiltration and inflow and increasing per capita estimates was demonstrated by the contin gency-table analysis shown in table 4. Two extremely high per capita return flows (2,676 and 1,459 Mgal/d) were calculated respectively for the Erving Center and the Millers Falls Wastewater Treatment Facilities, in Erving. The USEPA Industrial Facilities Discharge file indicates that industries contribute wastewater to these facilities, which probably accounted for the high per capita return-flow values in Erving.


New Hampshire

In 1990, 73 municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in 70 MCDs (fig. 7) were operating in New Hampshire. These facilities had customers in 94 out of 260 MCDs in the State. Location, 1990 return flow, and sewered-population data about each municipal wastewater-treatment facility in New Hampshire are presented in table 9. Of the 1.109 million residents in the State (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991d), 0.536 million people or 48 percent were connected to a municipal sewer system.

In 1990, return flows from all municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New Hampshire totalled nearly 83 Mgal/d. Sixteen regional systems served 0.349 million people in 41 towns, comprising 65 percent of the sewered population. The State's largest facility, the Manchester Regional Wastewater Treatment facility, served 0.104 million people from Manchester, Goffstown, Londonderry and Bedford, and discharged an average of 18 Mgal/d to the Merrimack and Piscataquog Rivers during 1990 (table 9). The Nashua and the Franklin Wastewater Treatment Facilities were the second and third largest facilities in New Hampshire. The Woodsville Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility in Haverhill served part of the population of Newbury, Vermont (fig. 9).

Sixty-four of the 73 facilities in the State served 0.533 million people and discharged 82 Mgal/d to surface water. The other seven facilities, the Canaan, Eastman Community Associates in Grantham, Newbury, Ossipee, Sandwich, Wakefield, and Wolfeboro Wastewater Treatment Facilities, discharged a total of 0.2 Mgal/d to ground water through municipal septic systems, sand filters, or spray irrigation. The unsewered population of New Hampshire (0.573 million people) generated about 37 Mgal/d of wastewater daily that was discharged from on-site septic systems to ground water.

Of total return flows from municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in New Hampshire, 50 Mgal/d, or 60 percent, were into the Merrimack River Basin subregion (0107); of this amount, 46 Mgal/d are from within the Merrimack River Subbasin (01070002). Almost 17 Mgal/d, or 20 percent of total flows from

New Hampshire facilities were discharged to the Saco River Basin subregion (0106), and 13 Mgal/d, or 16 percent of total flows, were discharged to the Connecticut River Basin subregion (0108). Return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New Hampshire contributed 38 percent (50 Mgal/d) of total return flows to the Merrimack River Basin subregion (0107); 24 percent (17 Mgal/d) of total return flows to the Saco River Basin subregion (0106); and 4 percent (13 Mgal/d) of flows to the Connecticut River Basin subregion (0108) (Appendix 1).

Per capita return flow for municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in New Hampshire ranged from 49 to 1,000 gal/d with a median of 151 gal/d. Seventeen facilities in the State had a per capita return flow greater than 200 Mgal/d. The per capita use for all but the Colebrook, Lancaster, and Stratford Mill House Wastewater Treatment Facilities can be partially explained by at least one of the five possible anomaly- causing factors (table 9). The largest estimated per capita return flow (1,000 gal/d) was for the town of Waterville Valley. This estimate is based on resident sewered population (note the code "L" in table 9 for large seasonal population). The large reported per capita return flow was probably a result of the ski resort in town, which attracts thousands of people to Waterville Valley during the winter. Many people stay for several days or more at condominiums or hotels but are not residents of the town. A large number of these temporary housing units may be connected to the sewage-collection system but are not counted as sewered population in table 9. Lincoln, also the site of a ski resort, had a large per capita return-flow value of 364 Mgal/d, probably for the same reasons that the estimate for Waterville Valley was large.

Although the association was not statistically significant according to results from the contingency- table analysis (table 4), many of the municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New Hampshire with per capita return flows greater than 150 gal/d generally had industrial contributions and large infiltration and inflow rates (table 9). In addition, of the 14 facilities in the State with large seasonal populations, 10 had per capita return-flow values greater than 150 gal/d.


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Table 9. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in New Hampshire, 1990

[Wastewater-treatment facilities in bold print are Regional facilities. 1990 return flow: Average discharge determined from the State of New Hampshire database (Frederick Chormann, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, oral commun., 1992). NPDES, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Sewered population: Estimated from USBC (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991d; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991J). Sewered population numbers are rounded to the nearest 10 people. Possible causes for high per capita use values are indicated by the following codes: F, infiltration and inflow; G, large population in group quarters; I, contributions from industries; L, large seasonal population; and O, combined sewers. Mgal/d, million gallon per day; gal/d, gallon per day. --, not applicable]


facility name

Antrim......................

Berlin 1 .......................

Bristol....... .................

Canaan (new in 1991)..... ................

Concord-HallStreet 1 ... ................

Concord-Penacook1 .

Deny 1 ....... .................Dover1 (new facility

1991).....................Durham1 ....................

Eastman Community

Epping.. ............... ......

Franklin 1 ..................

Franklin Pierce College.... ....... .......

Gorham .....................

Greenville..................

Refer ence No.

(«g. 7)

1

23

4

5

6

789

10

11

12

1314

15

16171819

20

21

22

NPDES No.

NH0100561

NHO 100005NH0100013

NHO 100501

NH0100021

NHO 100765NH0101257NH0100315

NH0100901

NH0100331

NHO 100056

NH0100064NHO 100455

NHO 100692NHO 100871NHO 100854NHO 100960

NH0101044

NHO 100927

NH0100919

Latitude

430144

434124442712

441806

433542

433845

431340432359445403

431054

431657

425146

431030430806

433030

430221425905432313432446

424615

442322

424619

Long itude

715602

713843711108

714056

714312

715955

722550722340713014

713111

713511

712010

705130705413

720645

710332705651710303713905

720330

710917

714824


Contoocook River

River

River

River

discharge

Merrimack River

Estuary

discharge

Merrimack River

Lake

River Souheean River

Sub- basin code

01070003

0107000101040001

01080101

01070001

01080104

010801040108010401080101

01070002

01070002

01070002

0106000301060003

01080104

01060003010600030106000301070002

01080202

01040001

01070002

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)

0.10

.33245

.21

.19

2.01

.121.57.34

4.06

.89

1.55

2.921.02

2.03

.161.934.25

45.60

2.03

.78

.10


(gal/d)

81 F,L

340 I,L214 O

200 L

181 L

65 L

49 F152 F,I221 -

158 I

127 F,I

107 --

133 I143 G

65 --

95 --

183 F,I,O102 F177 I,L

65 -

321 F

79 F

Town (Minor Civil


AntrimBennington

Bristol

Bow Concord Boscawen

Epping

Belmont Center

Harbor Gilford Laconia Meredith Moultonboro Northfield Sanbomton Tilton

Greenville

Sew ered

popu lation

860370 970

11,470

1,050

1,050

150

2,46010,310

1,540

25,540100

5,600 1,420

14,460

21,9807,150

3490

1,68010,5602,4406,2702,470

210

2,730 14,590

1,680 100

1,830 190

1,480

520

2,430

1.270


Table 9. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in New Hampshire, 1990 Continued


facility name

Refer ence No.

(fig. 7)

NPDES Latitude "r.0"9" No. ' " '?U,d!


Sub- basin code

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)


(gal/d)

Town (Minor Civil


Sew ered popu lation

Groveton-Northumberland.... 23

Hampton1 ................. 24

Hanover1 .................... 25Henniker1 .................. 26Hillsborough............. 27Hillsborough County

Home.................... 28Hinsdale 1 ................... 29Hooksett 1 ................... 30Hopkinton................. 31Jaffrey 1 ...................... 32Keene 1 ....................... 33

Lancaster1 Lebanon 1

Lincoln 1 ... Lisbon.....

3435

3637

Littleton 1 .................... 38

Manchester 1 ............. 39

Merrimack1 ................ 40Milford 1 .................... 41

Milton........................ 42

Nashua1 .................... 43

New Hampton 44 Village..................

Newbury.................... 45

Newmarket 1 ............... 46Newport 1 ................... 47North Conway 1 .......... 48Ossipee...................... 49

Peterborough 1 ............ 50Pittsfield 1 ................... 51

NH0100226 443538

NH0100625 425519

NHO100099 434145NH0100102 431033NH0100111 430910

NHO 100439 430045NHO 100382 424650NH0100129 430414NHO 100579 431323NH0100595 424923NH0100790 425454

NH0100145 442906NH0100366 433814

NH0100706 440214NH0100421 441205

NH0100153 441827

NH0100447 425630

NH0100161 NH0100471

NH0100676

NH0100170

NH0100358

NH0100196 NH0100200 NH0101354 NH0101125

NHO 100650 NH0100986

424838424938

432341

424446

433615

432200

430432432237440115434530

425440431730

713112 Ammonoosuc 01080101River

704913 Tide Mill Creek 01060003

721756 Connecticut River 01080104714901 Contoocook River 01070003715257 Contoocook River 01070003

713200 Piscataquog River 01070002722935 Ashuelot River 01080202712745 Merrimack River 01070002714247 Contoocook River 01070003715947 Contoocook River 01070003721554 Ashuelot River 01080201

713544 Connecticut River 01080101 721925 Mascoma River 01080104

714030 East Pemigewasset 01070001 715546 Ammonoosuc 01080101

River 714737 Ammonoosuc 01080101

River 712731 Merrimack and 01070002

PiscataquogRivers

712834 Merrimack River 01070002 713737 Souhegan River 01070002

705912 Salmon Falls 01060003River

712637 Merrimack and 01070002Nashua River

713930 Hatchery Brook 01070001

720222

705601721054710716710845

715547711930


Lamprey River Sugar River Saco River Ground-water

discharge Contoocook River Suncook River

01080104

01060003010801040106000201060002

0107000301070002

0.24

42.30

1.44 .19.52

2.05

.32

.52

.05

.613.52

.86 1.70

.44 2.07

.87

18.34

3.231.08

.04

9.65

2.01

2.02

4.54

.722.132.03

.38

.31

140 --

202 L

221 F,G110 G278 F,L

65 -194 --

107 F78 -

210 F,I156 F,I

339 --

158 F,I,O

364 L65 -

194 -

177 LO

259 F,I114 F

71 L

113 I,O

65 -

Northumber land

Hampton RyeHanover Henniker Hillsborough

GoffstownHinsdaleHooksettHopkintonJaffreySwanzeyKeeneMarlboroughLancasterLebanonEnfieldLincolnLisbonLandaffLittleton

ManchesterGoffstownLondonderryBedfordMerrimackMilfordWiltonMilton

3 1,720

10,840540

6,5101,7201,870

7601,6504,860

6402,9105700

20,7901,1102,5409,5601,1801,2101,050

504,480

94,1106,3702,420

73012,4707,9101,560

560

Nashua 75,230Hudson 10,340New Hamp- 220

ton 65 - Newbury 3370

95 F Newmarket 5,660194 - Newport 3,71065 - Conway 1,94065 - Ossipee 410

138 I Peterborough 2,750136 F,I Pittsfield 2,280


Table 9. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in New Hampshire, 1990 Continued


facility name

Plymouth Village 1 ....

Portsmouth-Pierce

Rockingham County

Strafford County

Stratford Mill House . Stratford Village........

Sunapee-New

Suncook-

Wakefield ..................

Warner Village Fire District ..................

Waterville Valley '......

Whitefield..................

Total.......................

Refer ence No.

(fig. 7

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60 61

62

63

64

65

66

6768

697071

72

73

NPDES No.

)

NHO 100242

NH0100234

NH0100668

NHO 100609

NHO 100251

NHO 100277

NH0100641

NH0101214 NH0100536

NH0101150

NHO 100544

NH0100714

NH0101052

NH01 00498NH01 00781

NH0100510NH0100404

NH0101273

NHO 100978

Latitude

434509

430423

431613

430100

431402

434830

431506

431300

444430 444505

425157

432246

430740

425000

433215

431634435645

442135424605433530

440012

Long itude

714108

704497

705822

710300

704902

712630

705030

705700

713715 713750721943

720650

712750

721123

710155

714841713043

713238722330711310

714050


Pemigewasset River

River

discharge

River

Cochcco River

Kimball Brook

discharge

Mad River

discharge

River

River

Sub- basin code

01070001

01060003

01060003

0106O003

01060003

01070002

01060003

0106O001

01080101 01080101

01080201

01080104

01070002

01080201

01060003

0107000301070001

010801010108020101070002

01070001

01080101

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)

0.42

4244

3.46

2.02

2.09

2.01

1.22

2.02

.02

.03

.05

.37

.57

.132.01

.06

.15

.11

.152.10

2.03

2.13

82.40


(gal/d)

108 G

97 0

206 F

65 -.

65 -

65 -

149 I

65 ..

222 L 214 -

71 -

359 T

83

107 -65 --

109 F1,000 L

122 L115 F65 -

65 -

65 -

Town (Minor Civil

Division) served (fig- 7)

Plymouth Holderness

New Castle Rochester

Stratford Stratford

New London

Pembroke

Troy

Wakefield

Waterville Valley

Whitefield

Newbury, Vt.

Sew ered

popu lation

3,640 150

24,510530

16,790

5330

1,360

120

8,180

5310

90 140

5700

770260

2,860

4,010

1,210

150

550150

9001,3001,480

530

1,450

5540 536,200

'Classified as a major facility by the USEPA (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).2Average discharge estimated on the basis of sewered population times average self-supplied domestic per capita of 65 gallons per day (Solley and

others, 1993).Determined from telephone conversations with wastewater-treatment-facility or town personnel.4Determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1990 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).5Estimated from USEPA Needs Survey database (Larry MacMillan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).


Rhode Island

Rhode Island had 20 municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in 18 different MCDs (fig. 8, table 10) in 1990. Twenty-nine of a total of 39 MCDs in the State were served entirely or in part by public sewer systems. The estimated total sewered population of the State was 0.689 million or 69 percent of the total population of 1.003 million in 1990 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991e).

Return flows to rivers and the Atlantic Ocean in 1990 from municipal-treatment facilities totalled 136 Mgal/d. Seven regional facilities served 0.528 million people and accounted for 109 Mgal/d, or 80 percent of total daily return flows from municipal waste water-treatment facilities in Rhode Island. The largest facility, Fields Point in Providence, is administered by the Narragansett Bay Commission and served 0.210 million people in parts of Cranston, Johnston, Lincoln, and North Providence in addition to Providence. This facility treated and discharged more than 55 Mgal/d. The facility in Woonsocket served parts of Woonsocket, North Smithfield, and Blackstone, Massachusetts (fig. 6A).

All return flows from municipal wastewater- treatment facilities were to surface-water bodies. The 0.314 million unsewered population in Rhode Island generated approximately 20 Mgal/d of wastewater that was returned through septic systems to ground water.

The State of Rhode Island is contained within the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins subregion (0109). As this basin also includes return

flows from the Boston area, Rhode Island only accounted for 17 percent (136 Mgal/d) of total return flows in 1990 to the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins (Appendix 1). Ninety percent (122 Mgal/d) of the total wastewater-return flows generated in Rhode Island were from the Narragansett River Subbasin (01090004).

Like Massachusetts, Rhode Island had a regional facility with part of its collection system in a different subbasin than the facility. Rhode Island's second-largest facility, the Blackstone Valley District Commission, Bucklin Point Facility discharged 23 Mgal/d into the Narragansett River Subbasin (01090004). That facility had sewered customers in the town of Cumberland, which was entirely contained in the Blackstone River Subbasin (01090003) (fig. 8).

Per capita return-flow values for municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Rhode Island ranged from 79 to 450 gal/d, with a median of 184 gal/d. Although six facilities in the State had per capita return-flow values greater than 200 gal/d, all of these high values can likely be explained by at least one of the five possible anomaly-causing factors. The most frequently identified factors were the presence of industrial contributions, a large seasonal population, and combined sewer overflows. Fourteen of the facilities had at least one industrial connection. No contingency-table analysis was done for Rhode Island because of an insufficient sample size.


71 °30'

42°00'- r--- MASSACHUSETTS^ _ _ RHODE ISLAND \

41°30'-

ATLANTIC OCEAN

EXPLANATION

STATE BOUNDARY

MINOR CIVIL DIVISION BOUNDARY

_.._.._ DRAINAGE-SUBBASIN BOUNDARY


Base from U.S. Geological digital data Universal Transverse Mercator projection Scale 1:24,000

JO WASTEWATER-TREATMENT FACILITY AND NUMBER-Shown in table 10

10I

20 MILES

10\

20 KILOMETERS

Figure 8. Locations of Minor Civil Division boundaries, drainage-subbasin boundaries, and municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Rhode Island.


Table 10. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Rhode Island, 1990

[Wastewater treatment facilities in bold print are Regional facilities. 1990 return flow: Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1990 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). NPDES, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Sewered population: Estimated from USBC (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991e; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991k). Sewered population numbers are rounded to the nearest 10 people. Possible causes for high per capita use values are indicated by the following codes: F, infiltration and inflow; G, large population in group quarters; I, contributions from industries; L, large seasonal population; and O, combined sewers. Mgal/d, million gallon per day; gal/d, gallons per day. --, not applicable]


facility name

Blackstone Valley District Commission Bucklin Point Facility1 .................

Bristol1 .....................Burrillville1 ..... ..........

East Greenwich1 ....... East Providence1 .....

Narragansett Bay Commission Fields Point Facility1 .... . ..........

Newport1 .................

Rhode Island Port Authority Quonsett Point1 ....

Smithfield1 ...... ........ ..

South Kingstown1 ...

Warren1 .....................

West Warwick1 .......

Westerly1 . .. ............. ..

Refer ence No.

(«g. 8]

1

2345 6

78

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

161718

19

NPDES No.

>

RI0100072

RIO 100005RIO 100455RI0100013RI0100030 RIO 100048

RI0100366RI0100081

RI0100315

RI0100196

RIO 100293

RIO 100404

RI0100188

RIO 100251

RIO 100374

RIO 100056RIO 100234RI0100153

RIO 100064

Latitude

415104

413942415742414509413930 414630

413037413317

414741

411017

413035

413523

419W7

415255

412529

414333414415414337

412134

Long itude

712207

711549713910712635712653 712158

712138713254

712324

713318

711908

712432

712837

712955

712831

711710712712712917

715010


Greenwich Cove Seekonk River

Sound

Narragansett Bay

Sound

River Rhode Island

Sound

Pawtuxet River

Pawcatuck River

Sub- basin code

01090004

01090004010900030109000401090004 01090004

01000004

010QOOOS

01090004

01090005

01090004

01090004

010Q0004

01090004

01090005

010Q000401090004

01090004

01090005

1990 return flow

[Mgal/d)

22.83

233.57

12.27.82

4.53

.42

.05

55.14

.09

9.78

.77

.74

1.30

2.58

9 003.525.72

2.14

Per capita return flov and codes

(gal/d)

174 I,O

115 F,I79 --

184 I192 F,I 94 I

1Q4 T

294 -

263 I,O

450 L

219 I,O

209 I

289 I

96 -

174 I,L

198 F99 F,I

183 I

185 I.L

Town i (Minor * Civil i Division)

served(«g. 8)

Central Falls Cumberland Lincoln Pawtucket Bristol

CranstonEast Greenwich East Providence Barrington

Fxf»tpr

Cranston Johnston Lincoln North

Providence

Middletown

North Kingstown

Smithfield

Narragansett South

Kingstown

West Warwick Coventry Westerly

Sewered popu lation

16,33017,190 14,050 12,160 71,160 20,310

7,18066,8204,270

32,640 15,740 2,170

170

158,8401,850

16,940 640

31,540

200

27,67017,060

3,680

22 SfiO

13,610

6,020 8,850

10,08035,44027,620

3,720 11.560


Table 10. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Rhode Island, 1990 Continued


facility name

Total ...................


(fig- 8)

20 RI0100111

Latitude Lt°"g- ' » itude

420000 712948


Sub- basin code

01090003

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)

7.93

135.53


(gal/d)

164 I

Town(Minor Civil


Woonsocket

North Smithfield

Blackstone, Mass.

Sewered popu lation

42,840

2,880

2,490

689,220

Classified as a major facility by the USEPA (Ed Kirn, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). ^Estimated from USEPA Needs Survey database (Larry MacMillan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).

Vermont

During 1990-92, there were 84 municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in 76 MCDs in Vermont (fig. 9). These facilities served all or parts of 86 MCDs in the State. Location, return flow, and sewered- population data about each municipal wastewater- treatment facility in Vermont is included in table 11. Total sewered population was approximately 0.248 million, or 44 percent of the State's population of 0.563 million (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991f). Like Maine, most of Vermont's residents lived in rural communities throughout the State where the majority of households are on individual septic systems.

Return-flow data for the minor municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Vermont were only available for 1992 from the VDEC (table 11), so these data are presented along with 1990 data for the major facilities. Return flows from municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in Vermont totalled 49 Mgal/d. Twelve regional facilities in the State served 0.105 million people, or 42 percent of the total State sewered population. The Burlington area on Lake Champlain, which includes the towns of Colchester, Winooski, Burlington, and South Burlington, contained six facilities serving 0.057 million people, or 23 percent of the State's sewered population. Two regional facilities in Vermont (Canaan and Bellows Falls, table 11) had service connections in New Hampshire for the towns of Stewartstown, and Walpole (fig. 7), respectively.

Return flows from 81 municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in Vermont were into surface-water bodies. These facilities served 0.247 million people who generated 49 Mgal/d of wastewater. Three facilities in Vermont discharged 0.2 Mgal/d of wastewater to ground water: Hyde Park, Newport Center Town, and the North Branch Fire District 1 in

Dover. Return flows to ground water from unsewered homes in Vermont were about 20 Mgal/d (0.314 million unsewered population times 65 gal/d per person).

Return flows into the Richelieu-Lake Champlain River Basin subregion (0201) from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in Vermont totalled 34 Mgal/d, or 69 percent of Vermont's total return flows. The Richelieu-Lake Champlain River Basin also includes parts of Canada and New York but does not include areas in any of the other New England States. Most of the return flow (19 Mgal/d) that was discharged from Vermont into this basin was from the Winooski River Subbasin (02010003), which included Burlington, Montpelier, and Barre. Nine Mgal/d, or 19 percent of Vermont's total return flows, was discharged from facilities in Vermont into the Connecticut River Basin subregion (0108). Three percent of the total return flow into the Connecticut River Basin from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities was from Vermont facilities.

Per capita return flow for municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in Vermont ranged from 29 to 484 gaVd, with a median of 135 gaVd. There were 22 facilities with per capita return flows greater than 200 gal/d, of which 3 were unexplained by any of the five possible anomaly-causing factors. St. Albans and Northfield, with per capita return flows of 471 and 484 gal/d, respectively, each had four possible causes for these high values. High per capita return-flow values were most influenced by the presence of combined sewers, high infiltration and inflow, industrial contributions, and high seasonal populations. Results from a contingency-table analysis (table 4) indicate that there is a statistically significant association in Vermont between high per capita return-flow values and industrial contributions and high infiltration and inflow.


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Table 11. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Vermont, 1990

[Wastewater treatment facilities in bold print are Regional facilities. 1990 return flow: Average discharge determined from USEPA Permit Compliance System database, 1990 data (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992). NPDES, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Sewered population: Estimated from USBC (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991f; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 19911). Sewered population numbers are rounded to the nearest 10 people. Possible causes for high per capita use values are indicated by the following codes: F, infiltration and inflow; G, large population in group quarters; I, contributions from industries; L, large seasonal population; and O, combined sewers. Mgal/d, million gallon per day; gal/d, gallon per day. , not applicable]

... . . Refer- Wastewater- »,««,-,> x x x ence NPDES treatment .. . . .... No. number facility name (f jg g)

Alburg ................ ......

Barre City2..............

Bellows Falls2

Bethel .......................

Brattleboro2 ..............

Burlington Main ...

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9

10 11

12 13

VTO 100005

VTO 100889

VTO 100641

VT0100013

VTO 100021 VTO 100498 VTO 100048 VTO 100803 VTO 100056 VTO 100064 VTO 100846

VTO 100072 VT0100153

Latitude

445754

441238

444454

430742

425455 434230 434930 435952 434723 425029 433511

444720 442818

Long itude

731810 723121

721036

722654

731532 731840 723725 720710 730529 723259 723712

714810 731318


Lake Champlain

Stevens Branch

Barton River

Connecticut River

Walloomsac River Hubbardton River Connecticut River Waits River Neshobe River Connecticut River Ottauquechee

River Clyde River Lake Champlain

Sub- 1 »° . . returnbas!n flow code (Mgal/d)

02010005

02010003

01110000

01080104

02020003 02010001 01080105 01080104 02010002 01080104 01080106

01080101 02010003

! 0.07

3.12

'.10

.47

4.57 ! .01 '.07 ».06 '.31 1.87 ».01

».10 4.20


(gal/d)

233

204

100

96

362 77

123 67

130 175 91

132 164

L

F,L,O

F

L F F,O

F,G,L O

Town (Minor Civil


Alburg

Barre City

Barre Town Berlin Barton Glover Rockingham Westminster Walpole, N.H. Bennington Benson Bethel Bradford Brandon Brattleboro Bridgewater

Brighton Burlington

Sewered popula

tion

300

9,460

5,710 150 820

3 180 3,280

380 1,220

12,610 130 570 900

2,380 10,690

110

760 25,430

BurlingtonRiverside2 ............

Burlington-NorthEn^........ .............

Canaan....................Castleton2 .. ...............Cavendish.................Chelsea.. ...................

Chester.....................Danville....................Enosburg Falls .........Essex Junction ......

Fairf ax... ................ ...Fair Haven2 ..... .........Hardwick .................Hartford-Quechee

Service ................

14

1516171819

20212223

242526

27

VTO 100307

VTO 100226VTO 100625VTO 100897VTO 100862VTO 100943

VTO 100081VTO 100633VT0100102VT0100111

VT0101087VT0100129VT0100137

VTO 100978

442915

443140445940433614432308435918

431540442450445407442830

443945433533443018

433940

731138

731557713220731238723602722700

723530720800724833730715

730055731646722224

722020

Winooski River

Winooski RiverConnecticut RiverCastleton RiverBlack RiverWhite River First

BranchWilliams RiverWater AndricMissisquoi River

Winooski River

Lamoille RiverCastleton RiverLamoille River

Ottauquechee

02010003

0201000301080101020100010108010602010005

01080107010801020201000702010003

020100050201000102010005

01080105

Hartford-White River Junction2

Hinesburg2 Hyde Park..

.83 165

South Burlington

Burlington

1.36 165 F,O Burlington.15 152 L Canaan.25 150 F,G,I,L Castleton

'.07 135 F,I,L Cavendish.03 83 F

J .08 '.03 ! .30 1.48

J .03 ! .24

74 F125 L214 I,O102 -

55 F105 -124 F,O

168 -

Chelsea

Chester Danville Enosburg Essex

Williston Fairfax Fair Haven Hardwick

HartfordRiver

28 VT0101010 01080104

2930

VTO 101028 VTO100838

433844 721855 White and Con necticut Rivers

441957 730731 Laplatte River 02010003 443515 723730 Ground-water 02010005

discharge

.91 169 F,O,L Hartford

.19 160 I Hinesburg4.03 65 -- Hyde Park

J 150

5,030

8,240580

1,670520360

1,080240

1,40012,0802,490

5502,2801,530

950

5,380

1,190370


Table 11. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Vermont, 1990 Continued

Wastewater-treatment

facility name

Refer ence NPDES No. number

(fig. 9)


Sub- basin code

1990 Per capitareturn return flowflow and codes

(Mgal/d) (gal/d)

Town(Minor Civil Sewered

Division) popula- served tion (fig. 9)

Jeffersonville. 31 VT0101150 443835 725004 Lamoille River

Johnson................Ludlow ...............Lunenburg Fire

District 2..........Lyndonville .........Manchester Town. Marshfield ............Middlebury2 .........Milton2 .................

32 VT010090133 VTO 100145

34 VT010106135 VT010059536 VT010017037 VTO 10047138 VT010018839 VTO 100684

443806 724100 Gihon River 432330 724045 Black River

442445443143431008442052440105443802

714250720012730308722120731023730732

Montpelier2 ............. 40 VT0100196 441518 723602

Connecticut River Passumpsic River Bourne Brook Winooski River Otter Creek Arrowhead

Mountain Lake Winooski River

MorrisvilleVilllage.. Newport Center

Town.................... 42 VT0101036

Newport City2 .... ...... 43 VT0100200

41 VT0100480 443342 723607 Lamoille River

445739 721835 Ground-waterdischarge

445624 721200 Clyde River

North Branch Fire District 1 Dover. 44 VTO100218 425531 725022

North Troy............Northfield2 ...........Orleans Village.....Orwell ..................Pittsford................Plainfield.............

Poultney ...............Proctor...................Putney...................Randolph...............

Readsboro.............Richford...............Richmond Village. Rochester 1............

Rochester 2.

Rochester 3.

Royalton. Rutland (Main

plant)2\2

45 VT010023446 VT010024247 VT010025148 VTO 10067649 VT010069250 VT0100781

51 VTO 10026952 VT010052853 VT010027754 VTO 100285

55 VTO 10073156 VTO10079057 VT010061758

59

60

61 VTO 100854

62 VTO 100871

445938440952444858434820434230441640

433126433942425824435533

424540445924442412435230

435225

435215

434816

722355723927721215731740730140722530

731445730200723124723927

725620724051725951724844

724844

724844

723017


Missisquoi River Dog River Barton River East Creek Furnace Brook Winooski River

Poultney River Otter Creek Sacketts Brook White River Third

BranchDeerfield River Missisquoi River Winooski River Ground-water

discharge Ground-water

discharge Ground-water

discharge White River

433614 725941 Otter and East Creeks

Saxtons River..........Shelburne Fire

District 2.............. 64 VT0100820

02010005

0201000501080106

010801010108010202020003020100030201000202010005

02010003

02010005

02010007

01110000

01080203

0201000702010003011100000201000102010002

02010003

02010001020100020108010401080105

0108020302010007

0201000301080105

01080105

01080105

01080105

02010002

63 VT0100609 430820 723020 Saxtons River 01080107

442259 731416 Laplatte River 02010003

0.02 57 --

0.14 93 G.43 328 F,I,O

.65 '.28

1.18

2.12

>.33

'.02

.90

>.06

1.24

'.02 '.05 '.06

.37

.22 1 .04 ! .26

'.02

.35'.084.01

4.01

4 01

>.03

5.56

'.04

'.26

200 F,L,O241 F,G,O188 L29 -

202 O94 F

253 F,0

147 F

48 L

173 I,O

.13 131

97 F471 F,G,I,O125 F105 L57 -

82 F

220 F,G,L,O121 F93 -

106 G,0

41 L233 F,O67 ~65 -

65 -

65 -

79 F

291 I,O

93 ~

190 --

Cambridge

Johnson Ludlow

LunenburgLyndonManchesterMarshfieldMiddleburyMilton

MontpelierBerlinMorristown

Newport Town

Newport City Derby

Dover

TroyNorthfieldBartonOrwellPittsfordPlainfieldMarshfieldPoultneyProctorPutneyRandolph

Readsboro Richford Richmond Rochester

Rochester

Rochester

Royalton

Rutland City Rutland Town Mendon Rockingham

Shelburne

350

1,5101,310

2502,700

1,4905340

5,8401,590

7,990380

2,250

420

4,300900

990

3620

2,630800190870

630100

1,6801,820430

2,460

4901,5001,190150

150

150

380

18,120670340430

1,370


Table 11. Description of municipal wastewater-treatment-facility sites, return flows, and sewered population in Vermont, 1990 Continued


facility name

Shelburne Crown Road Fire District 1 .............

Sheldon Springs ...... Sherburne Fire

District 1 .............South Burlington

Airuort2 .............

Refer ence No.

(fig. 9)

6566 67

68

NPDES number

VTO 100331VTO 100340 VT0101141

VTO 100366

Latitude

442421445300 433905

442854

Long itude

731317725636 724713

731017


Missisquoi River Ottauquechee

Winooski River

Sub- basin code

0201000302010007 01080106

02010003

1990 return flow

(Mgal/d)

'0.28'.02 '.09

1.22


(gal/d)

204 --82 --

225 --

129 F.G

Town (Minor Civil


Sheldon Sherburne

South Burlington

Sewered popula

tion

1,370245

3400

6.440

South Burlington (Bartlett)..........

Springfield(Clinton)2 ........,

StAlbans2 ...........,St. Johnsbury2 .....,Stowe...................Swanton Village2 , TVoy and Jay.......

Vergennes............Wallingford Fire

District 1.........Waterbury............West Pawlet.........West Rutland2 .....Whitingham

Jacksonville....Williamstown......Wilmington.........Windsor Main2 ....Windsor-Weston

Heights............Winooski ............Woodstock Main.

Total.

69 VT0100358 442544 731255 Lake Champlain 02010003

70 VT0100374 431901 723022 Black River 01080106

71 VT0100323 444947 730514 Lake Champlain 0201000572 VT0100579 442436 720100 Passumpsic River 0108010273 VTO 100455 442748 724118 Waterbury River 0201000374 VT0100501 445534 730805 Missisquoi River 0201000775 VT0100391 445640 722430 Missisquoi River 02010007

7677

VT0100404 VT0100552

441001 731534 Otter Creek 432855 725837 Otter Creek

78 VTO 10046379 VT010119280 VT010071481 VT0101044

82 VT010072283 VTO 10070684 VT010091985 VTO 100447

442042432115433526424720

440720425210432820432842

724607731513730219724913

723220725236722317722336

Winooski River Indian River Clarendon River North River East

BranchStevens Branch Deerfield River Connecticut River Connecticut River

87VT0100510 VTO 100757

442926 731151 Winooski River 433724 723118 Ottauquechee

River

0201000202010002

02010003020100010201000201080203

02010003010802030108010401080104

0201000301080106

Colchester .75 266 - South Burlington

1.70 264 F,I,O Springfield

3.45 470 F,I,L,O St. Albans1.06 125 O St Johnsbury'.13 131 G,L Stowe.77 216 F,I,L,O Swanton

'.06 240 F Troy Jay

.46 182 G,I Vergennesl .\\ 115 F,L Wallingford

'.02 .26

'.02

112 F69 L

125 --

74 L

'.06 70 F! .09 87 L,O.47 160 I,O

'.01 91 --

.98 '.25

48.94

148 F,O 156 F,L,O

Waterbury Pawlet West Rutland Whitingham

Williamstown Wilmington Windsor Windsor

Winooski Woodstock

3,0302,820

6,440

7,34038,500

9903,570

3210340

2,530960

2,060290

2,080270

8601,0302,930

110

6,6101,600

248,440

'Data provided by State of Vermont database, 1992 data (Virginia Little, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, written commun., 1992). Classified as a major facility by the USEPA (Ed Kim, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).

3Provided by a telephone conversation with wastewater-treatment-facility or town personnel.4Estimated on the basis of sewered population times average self-supplied domestic per capita of 65 gallons per day (Solley and others, 1993). 5Estimated from USEPA Needs Survey database (Larry MacMillan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1992).


WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND RETURN FLOW IN NEW ENGLAND

In New England, return flows of treated water from 490 municipal wastewater-treatment facilities totalled about 1,725 Mgal/d during 1990. A summary of the return-flow data described for each State is in table 12. These 490 facilities served 66 percent of the population (8.717 million) in the six States and discharged 1,723 Mgal/d of treated wastewater to surface water and 2 Mgal/d to ground water. Twenty- two percent (106 facilities) of these were regional facilities that served populations of more than one MCD. Four facilities had collection systems in two States. Six hundred and fifty-one out of 1,606 MCDs in New England were at least partially sewered. In New England, the two largest municipal wastewater- treatment facility return flows were from the Deer Island (270 Mgal/d) and the Nut Island (136 Mgal/d) facilities into Boston Harbor (table 8).

Median per capita return flow from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities for the New England States ranged from 135 gal/d in Vermont to 186 gal/d in Maine (table 5). The median per capita return-flow value for all municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England was 167 gal/d, which incorporates the net amount of wastewater that was conveyed through collection systems from domestic, commercial, industrial, infiltration and inflow, or combined sewers, and the loss of water through exfiltration.

The estimated aggregate volume of wastewater discharged to ground water from on-site septic systems for the unsewered population of New England was 291 Mgal/d in 1990 (table 12). Adding this amount to the volume of return flow from municipal wastewater- treatment facilities results in a total wastewater return- flow volume of 2,016 Mgal/d, of which 86 percent was treated at a public facility, and the remaining 14 percent was discharged directly to ground water from septic systems. This aggregate return-flow volume

Table 12. Summary of return-flow data for the sewered and unsewered population in New England, by State, 1990

[Total population: U.S. Bureau of the Census, (1991a-f). Estimated return flow from septic systems: Number reflects estimate of unsewered population calculated as the difference between the State total population and sewered population times 65 gal/d per person. Mgal/d, million gallons per day; <, less than; gal/d, gallon per day]

Sewered population

State

Maine.. ..............................Massachusetts.... ...............

Rhode Island...... ...............Vermont ............................New England ....................

Total population (millions)

3.2841.2286.0151.1091.003.563

13.203

1990 total return

flow (Mgal/d)

417 136 905

82 136 49

1,725

1990 sewered

population (millions)

2.291 .587

4.366 .536 .689 .248

8.717

Return flows to surface water

(Mgal/d)

417 136 903

82 136 49

1,723

Return flows to ground water

(Mgal/d)

<1 <1

2 <1

0 <1

2

Unsewered population

1990 unsewered population (millions)

0.993 .641

1.650.573 .314 .314

4.485

Estimated return

flow from septic

systems (Mgal/d)

6542

107 37 20 20

291

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England 55

does not include amounts contributed by unsewered commercial or industrial establishments. Further refinements to a water-use model would include estimates of return flows from unsewered commercial and industrial establishments.

A comparison of sewered and unsewered populations for the New England States is shown in figure 10. Each of the three mostly rural States (Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont) had nearly equal sewered and unsewered populations. Conversely, the three more densely populated States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island) had significantly larger sewered populations than unsewered populations because a larger percentage of people lived in urban areas than in rural areas.

Wastewater discharged into brackish or saline water (ocean or estuary) is unavailable for reuse as freshwater unless treated; however, wastewater discharged into freshwater becomes part of the instream flow of a river and can be withdrawn for reuse. Because populations tend to concentrate at or near coastal areas, many of the municipal waste water- treatment facilities in Maine and Rhode Island, and some in Connecticut and Massachusetts, discharged directly into the Atlantic Ocean or its bays, inlets, or estuaries. In New England, 61 facilities discharged into saline or brackish water, including tidal rivers, for a total return flow of 680 Mgal/d, or 39 percent of the total return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment

o 2 \7\

Sewered

Unsewered

CONNECTICUT MAINE MASSACHUSETTS NEW RHODE VERMONTHAMPSHIRE ISLAND

NEW ENGLAND STATES

Figure 10. Sewered and unsewered populations in the New England States for 1990.

facilities (Appendix 1). Return flows from facilities in Massachusetts were discharged into saline water at a rate of 533 Mgal/d or 78 percent of total return flows into saline water from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England; 80 Mgal/d or 12 percent were discharged from Connecticut, 43 Mgal/d or 6 percent were discharged from Maine, 18 Mgal/d or almost 3 percent were discharged from Rhode Island, and 6 Mgal/d or less than 1 percent were discharged from New Hampshire.

A review of data on municipal wastewater- treatment facilities in New England shows some anomalies when comparing data among the States. For example, although Vermont had the lowest total sewered population of the six States (table 12), it had more municipal wastewater-treatment facilities (87) than Connecticut (86), New Hampshire (73) and Rhode Island (20). Similarly, Maine and Massachusetts had about the same number of facilities (115 and 113, respectively), yet the facilities in Massachusetts served more than seven times the population of those in Maine (table 12). Possible reasons why the number of facilities were significantly different from State to State include extent of urbanization, availability of State and Federal dollars to supplement local sources of funding for construction of a new facility, feasibility of tying into an existing nearby facility, local topography, and the present water quality of the receiving water body. Even if an existing facility in a nearby area has the design capacity to accept the additional load from a new wastewater-collection system, it could be more costly if the wastewater needs to be pumped to a high elevation for treatment. Thus, it is more common to see a few large facilities in flat areas and many but small facilities in areas of varying topography. For example, three facilities served the hilly, 10.5-mi2 city of Burlington, Vermont (table 11), whereas a single facility served the flat 68.3-mi2 glacial-outwash plain of Central Falls, Cumberland, East Providence, Lincoln, and Pawtucket, Rhode Island (table 10).

Monthly total return flows for all municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England ranged from 1,415 Mgal/d in September to 1,996 Mgal/d in April (fig. 11, Appendix 1). Inflows from surface runoff and infiltration of ground water from leaks into wastewater-collection systems during spring snowmelt contributed to the large volumes of water in the spring. Similarly, exfiltration which occurs when the water table is below sewer pipes during dry periods, contributes towards low return flows during the


2,500

>-Qo: 2,000aia.CO

O

|i.O

,500

2? 1,000

Ia:=? 500LUa:

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

TIME, IN MONTHS

Figure 11. Monthly variations in total return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England, 1990.

summer and early autumn. Monthly fluctuations can also indicate seasonal differences in populations for small summer communities such as Old Orchard Beach in Maine (fig. 5) and Hampton in New Hampshire (fig. 7). In addition, return flows that were greater during September through June than during July or August probably represent an influx of students in small towns with large universities such as Amherst, Massachusetts (fig. 6A); Durham, New Hampshire; and Orono, Maine.

WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND RETURN FLOW BY DRAINAGE BASIN

Wastewater-collection and return-flow data are grouped by drainage basins and subbasins for easier use in the planning and allocation of water resources. States that are implementing watershed-management programs will be able to determine the total volume of return flow for entire drainage basins rather than just for drainage areas in the State. This total volume can be used to compare significant gains or losses of water through interbasin transfers to or from drainage basins. Water availability is affected by interbasin transfers because water can be withdrawn and discharged into different basins (water can be used in either the basin of withdrawal or discharge). This gain or loss has to be

included in any water-use analysis because the transfer represents a gain or loss to the volume of water available for use in either of the affected basins. There is also a loss of water to a basin if a large proportion of the total return flow from the basin is discharged into saline water. Although an analysis of unsewered total return flows by drainage basin, similar to the sewered analysis done in each State, would be useful (Marc Loiselle, Maine Geological Survey, written commun., 1994), population data are not available from the USBC by drainage basin and, therefore, was not included in this report.

The Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins subregion (0109), with 67 municipal wastewater- treatment facilities each discharging more than 0.01 Mgal/d (Appendix 1), had the largest total return flow (808 Mgal/d) of all the subregional drainage basins inventoried for this report. More than half (406 Mgal/d) of the total return flows can be attributed to the two MWRA facilities (Deer Island and Nut Island) serving Boston and the surrounding area (table 8). About 201 Mgal/d of the wastewater return flows from these two facilities was withdrawn from a reservoir in the Connecticut River Basin subregion (0108), and about 114 Mgal/d was withdrawn from a reservoir in the Merrimack River Basin subregion (0107) (Bratton, 1991). This water, withdrawn from the Connecticut and Merrimack River Basins and discharged into the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins, constituted a large interbasin transfer of water.

Other large interbasin transfers (at the drainage subbasin level) were in Connecticut. Some of the water discharged in the Lower Connecticut River Subbasin (01080205) (fig. 1) from the Hartford area was withdrawn from reservoirs in the Farmington River Subbasin (01080207). Water discharged in the Shetucket River Subbasin (01100002) originated in the Lower Connecticut River Subbasin (01080205) (Howard Sternberg, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, oral commun., 1993).

The Connecticut Coastal subregion (0110, 292 Mgal/d), the Connecticut River subregion (0108, 291 Mgal/d), and the Merrimack River subregion (0107, 130 Mgal/d) Basins produced the second, third, and fourth largest volumes of return flows, with 73, 113, and 48 municipal wastewater-treatment facilities discharging into these respective basins (Appendix 1). Sewered population in the remaining nine subregional basins in New England generated return flows of

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow by Drainage Basin 57

204 Mgal/d (Appendix 1). Each of the four drainage basins with the largest return flows are contained entirely or almost entirely in New England. Drainage subbasins with the largest volumes of return flows were the Charles River Subbasin (01090001), 516 Mgal/d; the Narragansett River Subbasin (01090004), 159 Mgal/d; and the Lower Connecticut River Subbasin (01080205), 130 Mgal/d (Appendix 1).

Eighty-one percent (551 Mgal/d) of return flows into saline water were from the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins subregion (0109), 12 percent (80 Mgal/d) were from the Connecticut Coastal Basins subregion (0110), 6 percent (42 Mgal/d) were from the Saco River Basin subregion (0106), and 1 percent (7 Mgal/d) were from the Maine Coastal Basins subregion (0105) (Appendix 1). Because all of the water originates as fresh water, the amount discharged into saline water is a loss to the freshwater hydrologic system.

SUMMARY

Site-specific data were compiled from Federal, State, and local sources for municipal wastewater- collection systems, treatment facilities, and return flows in New England. Methods of quality control were developed and are described in this report. The quality-control procedures included the use of GIS to verify facility locations, corroboration of return-flow and some sewered-population data from several sources, and calculation of a per capita return-flow value for each municipal wastewater-treatment facility. Municipal wastewater-treatment facilities with industrial contributions, high infiltration and inflow, combined sewer overflows, high seasonal populations, or populations in group quarters were identified. In addition, a contingency-table analysis was done to determine if there is a statistical association between industries or infiltration and inflow and increasing ranges of per capita wastewater-return-flow values. An association between these factors was identified in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. No statistical association was found in Maine and New Hampshire and the test was not done for Rhode Island because of insufficient sample size.

During 1990,490 municipal wastewater- treatment facilities served approximately 67 percent of New England's population; of these facilities, 106 were regional facilities that served more than 1 MCD and 4

served customers in more than 1 State. Return flows from the 490 facilities totalled nearly 1,725 Mgal/d. In 1990, Massachusetts accounted for the largest volume of return flows in 1990 (905 Mgal/d), followed by Connecticut (417 Mgal/d), Maine (138 Mgal/d), Rhode Island (136 Mgal/d), New Hampshire (83 Mgal/d), and Vermont (49 Mgal/d. The more densely populated States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut had the highest percentage of population sewered in New England with 73,69, and 70 percent of their populations sewered, respectively.

In 1990, the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal River Basins accounted for the largest return flow (808 Mgal/d), followed by the Connecticut Coastal Basins (292 Mgal/d), the Connecticut River Basin (291 Mgal/d), the Merrimack River Basin (130 Mgal/d), and the Saco River Basin (68 Mgal/d). Return flows from the eight other drainage basins in New England totalled 136 Mgal/d.

Several cases of interbasin transfers of water were present in the study area. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, large volumes of water were withdrawn by public suppliers from reservoirs, conveyed to users in other basins, and discharged to waters outside the basins containing the reservoirs. The two largest return-flow volumes in New England from individual municipal wastewater-treatment facilities (the MWRA facilities, Deer Island and Nut Island) were from the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins subregion (0109); these return flows predominantly were composed of water that was withdrawn from reservoirs in the Connecticut and Merrimack River Basins subregions (0108 and 0107). Also, the waste water- collection systems for the regional facilities of Lowell, Springfield, Upper Blackstone in Massachusetts, and Blackstone Valley District Commission in Rhode Island had customers in towns that were in different subbasins than the facilities.

Estimates of return flow from the aggregate unsewered residential population of each State were done to provide a more complete analysis of return flows in New England in 1990. Return flows from on- site septic systems in New England totalled about 291 Mgal/d. Combined return flows from septic systems and treated municipal wastewater return flows were 2,016 Mgal/d. This aggregate return flow, however, does not include amounts contributed by unsewered commercial or industrial establishments.


The volume of wastewater-treatment-facility return flows discharged into brackish or saline water was about 680 Mgal/d, or 39 percent of total return flows from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in New England. Massachusetts discharged the largest volume (533 Mgal/d) of treated waste water into saline water in 1990, followed by Connecticut (80 Mgal/d), Maine (43 Mgal/d), Rhode Island (18 Mgal/d), and New Hampshire (6 Mgal/d). By drainage basin, the volume of return flows into saline water in New England in descending order was from the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Coastal Basins (551 Mgal/d), the Connecticut Coastal Basins (80 Mgal/d), the Saco River Basin (42 Mgal/d), and the Maine Coastal Basins (7 Mgal/d).

REFERENCES CITED

Bratton, Lisa, 1991, Public water-supply in Massachusetts, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-86, 108 p.

Browner, C.M., 1994, The administration's proposals: EPA Journal, v. 20, no 102, p. 6-9.

Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 1982, Water quality management priorities: Hartford, Conn., Water Compliance Unit, June 1982, 22 p.

Horn, M.A. and Craft, P.A., 1991, Plan for developing a water-use data program in Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4207, 26 p.

Horn, M.A., Craft, P.A., and Bratton, Lisa, 1993, Estimation of water withdrawal and distribution, water use, and wastewater collection and return flow in Cumberland, Rhode Island, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 93-4023, 54 p.

Maine Water Resources Management Board, 1991, Final Report Findings and recommendations: Augusta, Maine, 27 p.

Seabar, PR., Kapinos, P.P., and Knapp, G.L., 1987,Hydrologic unit maps: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Supply Paper 2294, 63 p.

Solley, W.B., Pierce, R.R., and Perlman, H.A., 1993, Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1081, 76 p.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991a, 1990 Census ofpopulation and housing Summary population and housing characteristics: U.S. Department of Commerce, Connecticut 1990/CPH-1-8 64 p.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991b, 1990 Census ofpopulation and housing Summary population and housing characteristics: Maine 1990/CPH-1-21, 190 p.

1991c, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary population and housing characteristics: Massachusetts 1990/CPH-1-23, 174 p.

199Id, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary population and housing characteristics: New Hampshire 1990/CPH-1-31, 130 p.

1991e, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary population and housing characteristics: Rhode Island 1990/CPH-1-41, 82 p.

199If, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary population and housing characteristics: Vermont 1990/CPH-1-47 130, p.

1991g, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary social, economic, and housing characteris tics: U.S. Department of Commerce, Connecticut 1990/CPH-5-8, 197 p.

1991h, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary social, economic, and housing characteris tics: Maine 1990/CPH-5-21, 278 p.

199H, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary social, economic, and housing characteris tics: Massachusetts 1990/CPH-5-23, 260 p.

1991J, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary social, economic, and housing characteris tics: New Hampshire 1990/CPH-5-31, 198 p.

1991k, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary social, economic, and housing characteris tics: Rhode Island 1990/CPH-5-41, 134 p.

19911, 1990 Census of population and housing Summary social, economic, and housing characteris tics: Vermont 1990/CPH-5-47, 199 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990a, Office of Water environmental and program information systems compendium FY 1990: EPA 500/9-90-002, 125 p.

1990b, Operation of wastewater treatment plants, (3d ed.): Sacramento, Calif., Hornet Foundation Inc., v. 1,504 p.

1990c, Municipal wastewater treatment facilities in New England: Boston, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region I, 92 p.

1991, Advanced waste treatment A field studytraining program (3rd ed.): Sacramento, Calif., Hornet Foundation Inc., 560 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Current water resources conditions in Central New England: August 1995 (published monthly).

References Cited 59

APPENDIX 1

61

App

endi

x 1.

Sum

mar

y of

mun

icip

al w

aste

wat

er-t

reat

men

t fac

ilitie

s an

d m

ean

daily

ret

urn

flow

s by

sub

regi

onal

dra

inag

e ba

sins

and

sub

basi

ns in

New

Eng

land

, 19

90

[Dat

a fr

om S

eaba

r an

d ot

hers

, 19

87. I

f the

ann

ual a

vera

ge d

aily

flo

w w

as e

stim

ated

on

the

basi

s of

pop

ulat

ion

(as

note

d in

tabl

es 6

-11)

, the

n ea

ch m

onth

's m

ean

daily

ret

urn

flow

s w

ere

assu

med

to b

e th

at

sam

e va

lue.

MW

RA

, Mas

sach

uset

ts W

ater

Res

ourc

es A

utho

rity

; MC

I, M

assa

chus

etts

Cor

rect

iona

l Ins

titut

e; M

DC

, Met

ropo

litan

Dis

tric

t Com

mis

sion

; M

gal/d

, Mill

ion

gallo

ns p

er d

ay. -

-, no

dat

a]

Dra

inag

e-

subb

asin

co

de

0101

0001

Tota

l

0101

0003

Tota

l

0101

0004

Tota

l

0101

0005

Tota

l Tota

0102

0001

Tota

l

0102

0003

To

tal

0102

0004

Tota

l

0102

0005

Was

tew

ater

- tr

eatm

ent

faci

lity

nam

e

Mad

awas

kaV

an B

uren

Fort

Ken

tSt

. Aga

tha

Ash

land

Sew

er D

istr

ict

Car

ibou

Fort

Fai

rfie

ldL

imes

tone

Sew

er D

istr

ict

Map

leto

n Se

wer

Dis

tric

t Pr

esqu

e Is

le

Was

hbur

n

Hou

lton

Wat

erM

ars

Hill

1 for

bas

in k

)101

....

......

.....

East

Mill

inoc

ket

Mill

inoc

ket

Dan

fort

h

Bro

wnv

ille

Dov

er-F

oxcr

oft

Milo

Wat

er D

istr

ict

Ban

gor

Bre

wer

Buc

kspo

rt

Eas

t Mac

hias

Lin

coln

Old

Tow

n

Stat

e

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Mai

ne

Mai

ne

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Mai

ne

Mai

neM

aine

M

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Type

of

re

ceiv

in

g w

ater

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h Fr

esh

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Fres

h Fr

esh

Fres

h Fr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Ave

r

age

daily

re

turn

flo

w

(Mga

l/d)

0.66 .4

3 1.

09 .28

.04

.32

.27

1.21 .5

9.3

3.1

4 2.

68

.14

5.36

2.11 .1

8 2.

29

9.06 .5

01.

53

2.03 .0

5 .0

5

.03

.32

.29

.64

7.61

3.

44 .38

.08

.80

1.02

Mea

n da

ily f

low

s, In

Mga

l/d

Jan 0.

36 .40

.76

.21

.02

.23

.12

.48

.39

.14

.04

1.41 .1

7 2.

75

1.00 .07

1.07

4.

82 .30

1.15

1.

45 .06

.06

.03

--

.29

.32

6.36

4.

33 .37

.08

.62

.87

Feb 0.

38 .41

.79

.23

.02

.25

.12

.51

.39

.14

.04

1.41

.1

42.

74

1.10 .08

1.18

4.

95 .36

1.11

1.47 .06

.06

.03

-

.29

.32

6.54

4.

53 .38

.08

.64

1.03

Mar 0.

69 .58

1.27 .3

4.0

3.3

7

1.18 .6

3.3

0.0

8 3.

19

.18

5.56

2.60 .1

9 2.

79

9.99 .6

51.

55

2.20 .0

6 .0

6

.03

-

.29

.32

11.9

9 3.

88 .44

.08

1.04

1.27

Apr 0.

94 .68

1.62 .47

.09

.56

.55

2.04

1.05 .8

7.1

8 4.

43

.25

9.36

2.90 .4

1 3.

31

14.8

4

.80

1.96

2.

76 .06

.06

.03

-

.29

.32

11.2

1 4.

08 .52

.08

1.14

1.38

May 0.

84 .42

1.26 .34

.04

.38

.34

1.15 .6

4.2

7.0

7 2.

86

.11

5.44

1.50 .20

1.70

8.

78 .60

1.82

2.

42 .05

.05

.03

-

.29

.32

7.92

3.

42 .44

.08

1.04

1.11

Jun

e 0.52 .2

6.7

8

.21

.02

.23

.21

1.01 .4

5.1

9.0

5 2.

07

.31

4.29

1.70 .12

1.82

7.

12 .44

1.72

2.

16 .04

.04

.03

.29

.32

5.68

3.24 .3

9 .0

8.6

9.9

3

July 0.

26

.26

.20

.02

.22

.21

.90

.41

.18

.04

1.86

3.58

1.20 .08

1.28

5.

34 .30

1.16

1.

46 .03

.03

.03

-

.29

.32

5.72

2.

71 .29

.08

.51

.87

Aug 0.

47 .29

.76

.23

.02

.25

.21

.92

.49

.17

.04

2.13

.0

6 4.

01

2.80 .1

0 2.

90

7.92 .3

31.

10

1.43 .03

.03

.03

.25

.29

.57

6.99

2.

56 .26

.08

.56

.78

Sept 0.

46 .28

.74

.23

.02

.25

.17

.74

.40

.14

.04

1.90

.0

5 3.

44

1.70 .03

1.73

6.

16 .27

1.04

1.

31 .03

.03

.03

.27

.29

.59

6.09

2.42 .2

1 .0

8.4

7.6

8

Oct 1.

00 .64

1.64 .32

.08

.40

.46

2.05 .8

0.6

1.1

13.

88

.17

8.07

2.40 .2

8 2.

68

12.7

9

.57

1.72

2.

29 .05

.05

.03

.40

.29

.72

6.65

2.85 .3

5 .0

8.8

0.9

0

Nov 0.

91 .53

1.44 .3

2.0

5.3

7

.31

2.10 .7

7.4

8.1

1 3.

86

.10

7.72

3.90 .3

4 4.

24

13.7

6

.73

2.07

2.

80 .06

.06

.03

.39

.29

.71

8.93

3.

42 .41

.08

1.00

1.07

Dec 0.

73 .37

1.10 .28

.04

.32

.30

1.50 .66

.42

.89

3.12

.0

8 6.

97

2.50 .2

6 2.

76

11.1

4

.67

1.99

2.

66 .06

.06

.03

.31

.29

.63

7.21

3.

86 .49

.08

1.05

1.33

2

App

endi

x 1.

Sum

mar

y of

mun

icip

al w

aste

wat

er-tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties

and

mea

n da

ily r

etur

n flo

ws

by s

ubre

gion

al d

rain

age

basi

ns a

nd s

ubba

sins

in N

ew E

ngla

nd,

19

90

Con

tinue

d

Wastewater

Collet CT o' 3 0.

X C i n i 5' z m CO.

a. « 0

Dra

inag

e-

Was

tew

ater

- su

bbas

in

treat

men

t co

de

faci

lity

nam

e

0102

0005

O

rono

Peno

bsco

t Ind

ian

Nat

ion

Vea

zie

Win

terp

ort

Tot

al...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.To

tal f

or b

asin

k)1

02 .

......

......

..

0103

0001

Ja

ckm

an S

ewer

Dis

tric

tT

otal

. ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....

0103

0003

A

nson

-Mad

ison

Aug

usta

Bin

gham

Cor

inna

Sew

er D

istr

ict

Farm

ingt

onG

ardi

ner

Gui

lfor

d-Sa

nger

ville

Har

tland

Ken

nebe

cK

ingf

ield

New

port

Oak

land

Pitts

field

Ric

hmon

dSk

owhe

gan

Uni

tyV

assa

lbor

oW

ilton

Tota

l ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

Tota

l for

bas

in '0

103

......

......

...

0104

0001

B

erlin

Gor

ham

Ran

gely

Tot

al...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.

0104

0002

B

ethe

lC

anto

nJa

y

Stat

e

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

N.H

.N

.H.

Mai

ne

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Type

of

re

ceiv

in

g w

ater

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Ave

r ag

e da

ily

retu

rn

flow

(M

gal/d

)

1.77 .06

.10

.16

15.4

218

.14

.07

.07

4.23

4.55 .1

2.6

1.4

71.

35 .44

.91

11.6

2.0

5.4

7.5

51.

23 .30

1. 42 .2

3.0

7.1

928

.81

28.8

8

2.45 .7

8.1

23.

35 .16

.04

.04

Mea

n da

ily fl

ows,

in M

gal/d

Jan 1.

57 .06

.10

.17

14.5

316

.36

.07

.07

3.99

3.44 .0

8.4

5.4

91.

11 .42

.96

9.89 .0

5.3

1.4

61.

39 .29

.92

-

.07

.19

24.4

924

.56

2.42 .6

3.1

13.

16 .10

.04

.03

Feb 1.

99 .06

.10

.17

15.5

117

.36

.07

.07

4.15

4.48 .0

8.6

5.4

61.

38 .45

.98

10.7

9.0

5.4

1.5

31.

10 .26

1.11

--

.07

.19

27.1

427

.21

2.82 .7

5.1

23.

69 .12

.04

.03

Mar 2.

34 .06

.10

.23

21.4

424

.02

.07

.07

4.40

5.77 .1

3.8

2.5

81.

83 .52

1.03

12.8

8.0

5.5

7.6

91.

35 .38

1.82

--

.07

.22

33.1

033

.17

2.76 .9

5.1

53.

86 .20

.04

.04

Apr 2.

65 .06

.10

.25

21.4

724

.61

.07

.07

4.26

5.86 .2

2.7

8.5

51.

89 .51

1.04

12.9

6.0

5.7

2.7

31.

45 .38

1.97 .2

5.0

7.2

233

.89

33.9

6

3.48 .9

2.1

54.

55 .20

.04

.03

May 1.

84 .05

.10

.19

16.1

918

.98

.07

.07

4.30

5.07 .1

9.5

7.4

91.

83 .45

1.11

12.3

2.0

5.6

5.6

71.

09 .45

1.73 .19

.07

.22

31.4

331

.50

2.40 .8

0.1

43.

35 .15

.04

.03

June 1.

49 .05

.10

.16

12.8

115

.33

.07

.07

4.06

3.91 .0

8.6

5.4

01.

00 .46

.96

11.0

0.0

5.5

4.5

61.

08 .20

1.53 .2

5.0

7.1

826

.99

27.0

6

1.89 .7

3.1

22.

74 .15

.04

.03

July 1.

15 .05

.10

.11

11.5

813

.39

.07

.07

4.19

3.50 .0

6.4

2.3

9.8

0.3

4.7

29.

45 .05

.47

.42

1.11 .1

71.

38--

.07

.17

23.6

923

.76

.63

.11

.74

.12

.04

.03

Aug 1.

10 .05

.10

.10

12.5

714

.61

.07

.07

4.07

3.41 .0

8.6

6.3

8.8

7.3

41.

078.

96 .05

.30

.44

1.30 .15

1.08

--

.07

.17

23.3

923

.46

2.32 .8

3.1

33.

28 .18

.04

.04

Sept 1.

21 .05

.10

.07

11.3

813

.31 .07

.07

4.00

3.20 .0

7.4

9.3

8.8

9.3

7.8

28.

93 .05

.25

.39

1.03 .13

.87

--

.07

.16

22.1

022

.17

1.48 .5

5.0

92.

13 .12

.04

.03

Oct 1.

98 .06

.10

.16

13.9

316

.99

.07

.07

4.50

4.87 .1

4.5

9.4

91.

37 .47

.74

12.4

3.0

5.4

1.5

41.

12 .32

1.31

-

.07

.19

29.6

229

.69

2.44 .7

9.1

43.

37 .17

.04

.04

Nov 1.

70 .06

.10

- 16.7

620

.33

.07

.07

4.49

5.10 .1

7.5

4.5

51.

54 .47

.70

14.5

8.0

5.4

2.6

51.

14 .39

1.62

--

.07

.19

32.6

832

.75

2.49 .8

9.1

13.

49 .20

.04

.04

Dec 2.

24 .07

.10

-- 16.4

219

.77

.07

.07

4.40

5.94 .1

0.6

7.5

51.

71 .47

.75

15.2

9.0

5.5

5

1.54 .48

1.71

-

.07

.19

34.4

734

.54

2.43 .8

2.0

93.

34 .23

.04

.05

App

endi

x 1.

Sum

mar

y of

mun

icip

al w

aste

wat

er-tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties

and

mea

n da

ily r

etur

n flo

ws

by s

ubre

gion

al d

rain

age

basi

ns a

nd s

ubba

sins

in N

ew E

ngla

nd,

1990 C

ontin

ued

Q I Q. x" _i

«*

Dra

inag

e-

Was

tew

ater

- su

bbas

in

trea

tmen

t co

de

faci

lity

nam

e

0104

0002

L

ewis

ton-

Aub

urn

Lis

bon

Liv

erm

ore

Falls

Mec

hani

c Fa

llsN

orw

ayPa

risR

umfo

rd-M

exic

oSa

battu

sTo

tal .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

...To

tal f

or b

asin

'010

4 ...

......

......

0105

0001

B

aile

yvill

eC

alai

sPa

ssam

aquo

ddy,

The

Str

ip

Tot

al...

......

......

......

... ..

......

......

......

..

0105

0002

B

ar H

arbo

r, H

ulls

Cov

eB

ar H

arbo

r, M

ain

Bel

fast

Blu

e H

illC

amde

nC

astin

eE

llsw

orth

Isle

sbor

oL

ubec

Mac

hias

Milb

ridg

eM

ount

Des

ert

Nor

th H

aven

Nor

thpo

rt V

illag

eC

orpo

ratio

n

Pass

amaq

uadd

y, P

leas

ant

Poin

t

Sear

spor

tSo

uthw

est H

arbo

rW

inte

r Har

bor

Tota

l ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

Stat

e

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Mai

ne

Mai

ne

Mai

neM

aine

Mai

ne

Type

of

re

ceiv

in

g w

ater

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Salin

eSa

line

Salin

eFr

esh

Salin

eSa

line

Salin

eSa

line

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hSa

line

Fres

h

Salin

e

Salin

e

Salin

eSa

line

Salin

e

Ave

r

age

daily

re

turn

flo

w

(Mga

l/d)

11.7

8.9

0.8

3.4

0.3

6.3

21.

50 .11

16.4

419

.79

.31

.53

.02

.86

.06

1.13 .59

.03

.78

.15

.55

.04

.23

.39

.04

.22

.04

.07

.07

.10

.23

.13

4.85

Mea

n da

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May 12

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June 11

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Nov 13

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Dec 14

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al d

rain

age

basi

ns a

nd s

ubba

sins

in N

ew E

ngla

nd,

19

90

Con

tinue

d

Dra

inag

e-

subb

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co

de

0107

0002

Tot

al

0107

0003

Tot

al

0107

0004

Tot

al

0107

0005

Was

tew

ater

- tr

eatm

ent

faci

lity

nam

e

Hill

sbor

ough

Cou

nty

Hom

e

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kset

tL

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egio

nal

Man

ches

ter

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rim

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mac

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bury

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wic

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Type

of

re

ceiv

in

g w

ater

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

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hFr

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Fres

h

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h

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h

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h

Fres

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esh

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

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Fres

h

Ave

r ag

e da

ily

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rn

flow

(M

gal/d

)

0.05 .5

227

.75

18.3

4

.23

3.23

1.08

9.65 .3

1.3

8.0

1.5

7.1

087

.72

.10

.19

.52

.05

.61

.38

.05

1.90

1.42

8.10

5.81

2.40 .1

94.

6122

.53

2.58 .9

82.

33

Mea

n da

ily fl

ows,

in M

gal/d

Jan 0.

05 .46

23.7

014

.23

.24

3.13 .9

010

.16

.27

.26

.01

.41

.10

75.5

2

.07

.11

.46

.04

.51

.36

.05

1.59

1.24

8.10

4.50

2.14 .2

44.

57

20.7

9

2.47 .7

92.

14

Feb 0.

05 .56

34.1

022

.25

.23

3.25

1.23

10.1

9.3

3.3

3.0

1.5

0.1

0 10

0.99 .0

9.1

5.5

6.0

4

.66

.30

.06

1.85

1.64

10.4

0

7.90

3.13 .2

45.

34

28.6

5

3.27

1.07

2.90

Mar 0.

05 .59

29.8

020

.84

.23

3.53

1.31

12.1

2.3

7.2

9.0

1.5

9.1

0

98.5

1

.12

.19

.59

.05

.82

.37

.08

2.22

1.51

9.80

6.40

2.74 .1

85.

57

26.2

0

2.80 .8

52.

56

Apr 0.

05 .60

31.9

020

.67

.23

3.54

1.40

11.1

7.3

9.3

8.0

1.6

1.1

0 94

.78

.11

.23

.60

.06

.78

.46

.07

2.32

1.48

9.30

7.20

2.89 .1

75.

30

26.3

5

3.02

1.14

2.79

May 0.

05 .57

32.3

021

.07

.23

3.40

1.40

10.0

0

.36

.44

.01

.65

.10

100.

14 .12

.17

.57

.07

.74

.42

.07

2.16

1.56

9.60

7.80

2.80 .1

85.

04

26.9

8

2.90

1.14

2.82

June 0.

05 .46

25.4

0

17.1

3.2

33.

35 .93

10.3

9.3

1.4

4.0

1.4

9.1

0

83.3

0

.08

.19

.46

.06

.53

.42

.05

1.79

1.32

6.60

5.30

2.26 .1

75.

04

20.6

9

2.58

1.08

2.29

July 0.

05 .42

26.0

014

.29

.22

3.21 .8

16.

16 .23

.53

.01

--

.10

73.9

8

.20

.42

.05

.35

.40

.05

1.46

1.15

5.60

4.10

1.77 .1

63.

76

16.5

4

2.10 .8

51.

92

Aug 0.

05 .48

25.1

020

.10

.23

3.21 .9

47.

87 .31

.54

.01

.49

.10

83.5

4

.10

.25

.48

.06

.52

.40

.06

1.87

1.46

6.70

4.70

2.01 .1

84.

56

19.6

2

2.04 .9

21.

97

Sept 0.

05 .48

21.8

014

.53

.23

3.11

-- 8.47 .2

7

.36

.01

.49

.10

70.7

7

.07

.21

.48

.05

-

.35

.04

1.20

1.31

5.80

3.90

1.76 .19

4.33

17

.29

2.00 .8

91.

92

Oct 0.

05 .52

29.1

016

.55

.23

3.24 .9

1

8.97 .2

8

.39

.01

.58

.10

87.0

4

.09

.25

.52

.06

.50

.38

1.79

1.52

8.30

5.50

2.39 .1

74.

53

22.4

1

2.65

1.08

2.37

Nov 0.

05 .56

26.5

018

.47

.22

2.99 .9

7

9.22 .2

9.3

2.0

1.6

9.1

0 85

.96

.10

.21

.56

.05

.54

.37

1.83

1.43

8.40

5.90

2.41 .1

73.

51

21.8

2

2.66

1.08

2.09

Dec 0.

05 .58

27.3

019

.97

.24

2.85

1.03

11.0

3.3

0.3

0.0

1.7

4.1

0 90

.59

.10

.14

.58

.04

.71

.40

.00

1.97

1.39

8.60

6.50

2.48

-- 3.73

22

.70

2.44 .9

12.

19

App

endi

x 1.

Sum

mar

y of

mun

icip

al w

aste

wat

er-tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties

and

mea

n da

ily r

etur

n flo

ws

by s

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gion

al d

rain

age

basi

ns a

nd s

ubba

sins

in N

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nd,

19

90

Con

tinue

d

o I a. 5'

Dra

inag

e-

Was

tew

ater

- su

bbas

in

trea

tmen

t co

de

faci

lity

nam

e

0107

0005

M

arlb

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gh E

aste

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Mar

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cord

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......

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0101

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e

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.

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Type

of

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in

g w

ater

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

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h

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h

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h

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hFr

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hFr

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h

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hFr

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Fres

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Fres

h

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h

Ave

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flow

(M

gal/d

)

3.09

1.69

1.02 .27

4.11

16

.07

129.

79 .21

.10

.15

.34

.24

.86

.07

.87

.05

.02

.03

.11

.13

3.18 .0

3.6

51.

06

1.74 .47

.06

1.87 .01

.12

1.57 .03

1.44

Mea

n da

ily fl

ows,

in M

gal/d

Jan 2.

901.

51 .95

.28

3.88

14

.91

114.

21 .12

.08

.14

.22

.17

.64

.07

--

.05

.03

.03

.11

.13

1.77 .0

3.4

9.8

0 1.

32 .44

.06

1.65 .01

.14

1.65 .0

31.

39

Feb 4.

301.

971.

17 .27

5.16

20

.11

153.

22 .11

.07

.13

.38

.31

.83

.07

-

.04

.02

.04

.10

.13

2.23 .0

3.5

7.9

0 1.

50 .53

.05

1.95 .01

.13

1.81 .0

31.

49

Mar 3.

601.

861.

07 .31

4.35

17

.39

146.

17 .16

.09

.17

.43

.31

1.17 .0

7-

.08

.02

.04

.12

.13

2.80 .0

4.8

21.

50

2.36 .5

4.0

62.

48 .01

.15

2.10 .0

31.

67

Apr 3.

941.

981.

19 .30

4.37

18

.73

144.

03 .14

.13

.16

--

.43

.95

.07

-

.09

.02

.04

.12

.13

2.29 .0

41.

221.

202.

47 .44

.08

2.27 .0

1.1

82.

00 .03

1.65

May 4.

002.

131.

22 .30

4.65

19

.15

150.

2 .16

.08

.15

-

.30

.95

.07

.91

.04

.02

.03

.12

.13

2.96 .0

4.6

0.8

0 1.

44 .49

.07

2.10 .0

1.1

71.

87 .03

1.70

June 2.

901.

911.

10 .20

3.98

16

.04

123.

89 .06

.12

.34

.19

.87

.07

--

.02

.02

.03

.13

.13

1.98 .02

.48

.90

1.39 .4

0.0

51.

71 .01

.10

1.37 .0

31.

30

July 2.

281.

51 .95

.04

3.32

12

.96

106.

10 .30

.07

.11

.34

.18

.00

.07

.92

.03

.02

.03

.11

.13

2.31 .0

3.4

4.9

0 1.

36 .35

.05

1.55 .01

.09

1.25 .03

1.23

Aug 2.

301.

52 .96

.21

3.26

13

.18

120.

23 .26

.07

.11

.32

.18

1.08 .0

71.

02 .04

.02

.03

.13

.13

3.44 .0

2.5

11.

10

1.63 .5

3.0

51.

83 .01

.15

1.61 .0

31.

36

Sept 2.

101.

41 .84

.36

3.30

12

.82

103.

18 .07

.11

.27

.13

.61

.07

.66

.04

- -

.09

.13

2.17 .0

4.3

0.8

0 1.

13 .43

.05

1.56 .01

.04

1.17 .03

1.22

Oct 2.

861.

61 .92

.33

4.24

16

.06

128.

62 .23

.07

.11

.38

.24

1.20 .07

.90

.04

-- --

.11

.13

3.48 .0

5.8

11.

20

2.06 .4

9.0

51.

73 .01

.11

1.27 .03

1.49

Nov 2.

801.

43 .96

.33

4.28

15

.63

126.

40 .26

.07

.12

.35

.20

.32

.07

.89

.07

.02

.03

.12

.13

2.66 .0

1.7

51.

18

1.94 .47

.06

1.75 .01

.11

1.33 .0

31.

50

Dec 3.

101.

40 .92

.35

4.53

15

.84

132.

61 .27

.06

.13

.34

.24

.95

.07

.81

.04

.03

.04

-

.13

3.11 .0

3.8

71.

41

2.31 .5

1.0

61.

88 .01

.14

1.45 .0

31.

28

App

endi

x 1.

Sum

mar

y of

mun

icip

al w

aste

wat

er-tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties

and

mea

n da

ily r

etur

n flo

ws

by s

ubre

gion

al d

rain

age

basi

ns a

nd s

ubba

sins

in N

ew E

ngla

nd,

19

90

Con

tinue

d

o

o. (0 2

5' 3

tO

3

Q.

30

c f m (O. o>

Dra

inag

e-

subb

asin

co

de

0108

0104

Tot

al

0108

0105

Tot

al

0108

0106

Tot

al

0108

0107

Tot

al

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Was

tew

ater

- tre

atm

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faci

lity

nam

e

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d, W

hite

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nctio

n

Leb

anon

New

bury

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port

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ondo

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ain

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hel

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burn

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ain

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e

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.

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t.V

t.

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Vt.

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Vt.

Mas

s.M

ass.

Mas

s.

Mas

s.M

ass.

N.H

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ass.

Mas

s.M

ass.

Type

of

re

ceiv

in

g w

ater

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Fres

h

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

h

Ave

r ag

e da

ily

retu

rn

flow

(M

gal/d

)

0.91

1.70 .02

.72

.04

.37

.47

.01

9.81 .0

7

.16

.26

.03

.52

.01

.07

.43

.09

1.70 .25

2.55 .0

8.0

4

.12

4.65

2.47 .1

611

.88

.31

3.52

1.25

5.27 .3

3

Mea

n da

ily fl

ows,

in M

gal/d

Jan 0.

891.

41 .02

.52

.04

--

.56

.02

8.82 .0

7

.17

.20

.03

.47

.01

.08

.46

.13

1.46 .2

32.

37 .08

.03

.11

4.00

2.00 .1

8

10.6

0.2

82.

841.

234.

80 .32

Feb 0.

951.

69 .02

.71

.03

.40

.61

.01

10.4

3

.07

.14

.21

.03

.45

.01

.08

.56

.15

1.60 .21

2.60 .0

8

.03

.11

6.11

3.10 .1

814

.40

.29

3.60

1.33

5.80 .4

0

Mar 1.

122.

22 .02

1.17 .04

.44

.60

.01

12.6

7

.08

.14

.25

.04

.51

.01

.10

.69

.13

2.15 .3

03.

38 .09

.03

.12

5.52

2.90 .2

214

.80

.30

5.11

1.50

6.10 .4

4

Apr 1.

031.

94 .02

.57

.04

.38

.52

.02

11.1

8

.07

.17

.23

.04

.50

.01

.09

.65

.09

2.11 .2

83.

23 .09

.04

.13

5.76

3.30 .17

13.9

0

.29

4.66

1.41

6.40 .3

6

May 1.

102.

06 .02

.88

.04

.39

.52

.01

11.4

6

.06

.15

.31

.04

.55

.01

.08

.56

.05

2.06 .3

03.

05 .08

.04

.12

5.69

3.20 .1

714

.00

.30

4.11

1.29

6.80 .3

5

June 0.

991.

58 .02

.69

.03

.31

.42

.02

9.03 .0

5

.15

.30

.03

.52

.01

.08

.35

.05

1.78 .25

2.52 .0

8.0

4

.12

3.58

2.40 .1

211

.80

.27

3.44

1.19

5.80 .1

9

July 0.

85

1.26 .02

.62

.03

.33

.37

.02

8.05 .0

6

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Aug 0.

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70 .20

Sept 0.

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7

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Oct 0.

781.

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50 .47

Nov 0.

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02.

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4.50

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1

Dec 0.

781.

90 .02

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8

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1

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412

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9

Mea

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Mga

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4.1

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1 73

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1.30

1.73 .0

32.

50 .25

.49

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9.33

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8.0

2.2

0

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3.45 .1

311

.30

.03

.42

3.50

3.04 .5

8

Feb 0.

13 .89

51.9

0.1

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6.1

0.1

3 88

.60

1.68

2.03 .0

34.

20 .35

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1.33 .0

31.

66 .88

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3.94 .3

0.0

2.2

3

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4.59 .1

413

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6

Mar 0.

191.

1050

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5

1.97

1.78 .0

34.

20 .52

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1.61 .0

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4.88 .1

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613

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5

Apr 0.

271.

1653

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91.5

5

1.82

1.96 .03

4.21 .5

0.5

51.

31 .03

1.76 .8

9 13

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5.40 .0

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3.2

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414

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3.70

4.30 .8

7

May 0.

25 .87

54.5

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6.1

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1.86

1.83 .0

34.

45 .43

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1.43 .0

41.

51 .91

13.0

4

4.89 .0

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2.2

7

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5.35 .1

614

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4.10

4.36 .7

1

June 0.

18 .86

47.7

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3.1

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4 78

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1.57

1.94 .03

3.23 .3

0.6

0.8

5.0

21.

47

10.0

2

2.87 .0

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2.1

6

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3.23 .1

212

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3.40

2.97 .5

2

July 0.

09 .86

42.1

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4.1

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2 67

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1.37

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32.

41 .17

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2.40 .11

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852.

39 .54

Aug 0.

10 .89

50.6

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1.47

2.02 .0

32.

74 .24

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1.24 .02

1.40 .5

5 10

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5

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3.72 .1

313

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3.90

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2

Sep

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3.20

2.35 .5

7

Oct 0.

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3.1

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1.24

2.05 .0

32.

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1.01 .0

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312

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5

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1.27 .71

10.4

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4.02 .0

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0

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4.43 .1

411

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3.33

3.41 .7

0

Dec 0.

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6.1

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6.5

21.

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1.14 .59

11.4

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4.20 .1

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3.2

3

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613

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Feb 0.

90 .54

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Mar 0.

88 .64

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Apr 0.

84 .61

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95 .70

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78 .69

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Oct 0.

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Nov 0.

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Dec 0.

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206.

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esh

Fres

h

Fres

h

Fres

h

Fres

hFr

esh

Fres

hFr

esh

Ave

r

age

daily

re

turn

flo

w

(Mga

l/d)

5.56 .4

6

.11

.26

8.15

3.12

4.20 .8

31.

361.

48 .19

.01

2.12

1.24 .06

.08

.26

.28

1.22 .75

.13

.23

.06

.98

18.6

0

Mea

n da

ily fl

ows,

in M

gal/d

Jan -- 0.

40 .11

.25

2.26

2.58

3.89 .71

1.03

1.26 .12

.01

2.26

1.15 .06

.07

.20

.25

1.02 .62

.13

.23

.07

.82

16.4

7

Feb ~ 0.

49 .11

.32

2.53

2.92

3.95 .8

91.

171.

40 .16

.02

2.34

1.20 .06

.06

.19

.23

1.12 .70

.13

.22

.06

1.06

17.8

4

Mar ~ 0.

49 .11

.32

2.67

3.48

4.45 .8

91.

451.

42 .17

.02

3.00

1.38 .07

.07

.26

.28

1.20 .77

.16

.27

.07

1.13

20.5

2

Apr - 0.

57 .13

.32

3.21

3.90

5.10 .9

71.

731.

63 .21

.02

3.10

1.36 .0

8.0

8.3

9

.37

1.30 .83

.18

.30

.08

1.33

22.9

5

May - 0.

44 .12

.35

3.02

3.34

4.38 .7

61.

511.

61 .18

.01

2.20

1.15 .06

.08

.23

.30

1.20 .80

.13

.27

.10

1.04

19.3

5

June -- 0.

45 .11

.24

2.36

2.88

4.08 .6

61.

281.

40 .16

.02

1.60

1.24 .05

.07

.23

.29

1.20 .69

.12

.21

.06

.90

17.1

2

July 4.

21 .47

.10

.18

6.43

2.72

3.89 .7

11.

291.

39 .19

.01

1.40

1.18 .05

.08

.20

.25

1.17 .67

.12

.21

.04

.71

16.2

9

Aug 5.

48 .45

.10

.20

7.90

3.24

4.21 .8

31.

371.

50 .23

.02

1.80

1.19 .05

.08

.24

.27

1.26 .76

.12

.21

.04

.78

18.2

0

Sept ~ 0.

46 .09

.19

2.07

2.49

3.43 .8

71.

121.

33 .18

.02

1.20

1.24 .05

.07

.25

.25

1.13 .62

.11

.24

.05

.64

15.2

7

Oct 5.

55 .47

.09

.24

8.22

3.08

4.32 .9

61.

331.

53 .20

.01

2.10

1.28 .05

.08

.27

.26

1.28 .79

.11

.22

.05

.98

18.9

1

Nov 5.

98 .46

.10

.26

8.95

3.36

4.45 .9

31.

551.

65 .24

.01

2.40

1.22 .06

.09

.34

.32

1.35 .86

.10

.21

.07

1.24

20.4

5

Dec 6.

60 .44

.11

.27

9.29

3.47

4.31 .8

11.

481.

60 .22

.01

2.00

1.30 .05

.10

.30

.27

1.38 .86

.10

.16

.05

1.16

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Fres

hFr

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hFr

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Fres

hFr

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Fres

hFr

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Fres

hFr

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Fres

hFr

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Ave

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0.07 .0

3.0

3.1

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2.0

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454.

43 .30

.02

.06

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.02

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.06

1.58

33.6

7

2.34

4.57

5.93 .2

813

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1,72

5.14

Mea

n da

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ows,

in M

gal/d

Jan 0.

06 .03

.03

.24

.02

.03

.12

.14

0.31

3.27

4.24 .2

2.0

2.0

0.2

8.0

2.5

5.0

71.

1624

.92

2.24

3.52

5.22 .2

511

.23

1,61

5.84

Feb 0.

07 .03

.03

.20

.02

.02

.14

.13

0.31

3.75

4.71 .2

3.0

2.0

6.3

0.0

2.7

8.0

71.

4727

.39

2.75

4.81

7.63 .2

715

.46

1,93

6.54

Mar 0.

08 .04

.05

.33

.02

.02

.16

.15

0.37

4.12

5.33 .3

6.0

2.0

7.4

4.0

2.8

5.0

81.

8431

.37

2.85

5.31

8.55 .2

816

.99

1,80

4.36

Apr 0.

11 .04

.05

.29

.02

.03

.22

.18

0.41

4.60

5.96 .5

4.0

2.1

2.4

9.0

31.

29 .06

2.55

35.8

5

2.66

5.14

8.05 .3

116

.16

1,99

6.28

May 0.

07 .03

.03

.19

.02

.02

.14

.17

0.36

3.70

4.73 .3

0.0

3.0

6.3

3.0

2.8

4.0

61.

6229

.83

2.98

5.46

7.92 .3

016

.66

1,98

4.18

June 0.

06 .02

.04

.14

.02

.03

.09

.16

0.31

2.78

3.64 .2

2.0

2.0

5.2

8.0

1.6

8.0

51.

3125

.31

2.55

4.42

4.84 .2

612

.07

1,61

4.83

July 0.

05 .02

.01

.13

.02

.02

.11

.15

0.31

2.82

3.64 .2

1.0

2.0

5.2

8.0

1.5

3.0

51.

1528

.24

1.83

3.64

3.91 .3

19.

69

1,44

2.98

Aug 0.

05 .02

.04

.12

.02

.02

.12

.15

0.32

3.28

4.15 .2

1.0

2.0

5.3

1.0

2.6

7.0

61.

3432

.43

2.23

5.21

5.17 .2

212

.83

1,64

0.85

Sept 0.

06 .02

.02

.13

.02

.02

.16

.14

0.31

2.31

3.19 .2

5.0

2.0

5.4

0.0

3.6

3.0

51.

4322

.79

1.91

4.13

3.78 .2

510

.07

1,41

5.20

Oct 0.

05 .03

.01

.15

.02

.02

.15

.14

0.29

3.44

4.30 .3

1.0

2.0

5.3

7.0

3.8

3.0

61.

6733

.88

1.96

4.10

4.46 .2

510

.76

1,69

7.15

Nov 0.

08 .03

.04

.17

.02

.03

.16

.16

0.33

3.67

4.69 .4

5.0

2.0

7.3

9.0

4.8

3.0

61.

8536

.89

1.99

4.46

5.46 .3

312

.24

1,65

3.06

Dec 0.

07 .03

.02

.14

.02

.03

.14

.15

0.31

3.71

4.61 .3

1.0

2.0

6.3

0.0

3.7

9.0

31.

5435

.97

2.10

4.59

6.17 .3

113

.16

1,74

6.61

'Sub

regi

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es a

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o

1 Q.

X*

Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England, 1990 · 2011-01-26 · Wastewater Collection...

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Transcript of Wastewater Collection and Return Flow in New England, 1990 · 2011-01-26 · Wastewater Collection...