Waste Management Operations

7/30/2019 Waste Management Operations

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO THE THERMAL DESORPTION UNIT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Waste Management Operations are basically operations involved in managing

waste products such as domestic and industrial waste but before this operation

can be carried out without hazards, safety which is the primary measure for

remediation and which is of great importance is first considered before anything,

That is where the need for environ mental impact assessment (EIA) which is

mostly common in the knowledge of geoscientists and environmental scientists

can be applied.

In data gathering of the EIA one would consider the kind of hazards to be e n

countered in his/her field but in the thermal desorption unit, hazards that could

be observed are hazards which include the physical, chemical, biological, and

radioactive.

The geoscientist or environmental scientist will have to create measures on ways

to tackle such hazards in order to help prevent chaos and fatalities that may occur

in the area of field activities in the thermal desorption unit.

Generally the work of the geoscientist is typically and basically on the field of

operation which also entails of knowing the equipments and their uses.

1.2 BACKGROUND

A Thermal desorption unit treats contaminated feedstock such as soil, sludge,

sediments or debris by heating the feedstock directly or indirectly. The heating

process separates the contaminants from the feedstock by volatilizing them. This

part of the process takes place in the primary treatment unit (PTU) and usually

does not destroy the molecular structure of the contaminant.


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To meet the size and moisture requirements for effective heat transfer, feedstock

is manipulated by pre-treatment equipment before entering the PTU.

Treated feedstock is transferred to a stockpile area and tested for residual

contamination. Depending on the site requirements, treated feedstock will be

further treated, disposed of off-site, or used to backfill site excavations.

Volatilized contaminants are removed from the primary treatment unit in the off-

gas stream and are destroyed or eliminated using air pollution controls (e.g.,

afterburners, bag houses, scrubbers, carbon adsorption units).

1.3 Types of Thermal Desorption Units

Thermal de sorption u nits are commonly divided into high temperature and low

temperature units. Low temperature units operate between 200oF and 600

oF and

are used to treat halogenated and non-halogenated volatile organic compounds

(VOCs), and petroleum hydrocarbons. High temperature units operate between

600oF and 1,000oF and are used to treat VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds

(SVOCs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

pesticides, coal tar wastes, creosote, paint wastes, and mixed wastes.

The configuration of a unitincluding the primary treatment unit, pre-treatment

equipment and air pollution controlswill vary according to the contaminants and

the type of material being treated. The unit may be operated under a vacuum

and/or low oxygen conditions to lower heat requirements and reduce the

likelihood of forming dioxins, furans, and flammable conditions.

Thermal desorption units can also be grouped into three process types: directly-

heated units, indirectly-heated units, and in-situ units. The process type is based


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on the primary treatment unit used in the system. Directly- heated units use a

fuel burner (internal or external to the primary treatment unit), a fluidized bed, or

an irradiation source to heat the contaminated feedstock or the air/gas coming in

contact with the feedstock. Indirectly-heated units use a fuel burner to heat a

transfer medium, which heats a surface (generally metal) that comes in contact

with the contaminated feedstock. In-situ units heat contaminated soil in place

using vertical wells installed in the ground and filled with steam, hot air or a

mechanical heater.

Directly-heated and indirectly-heated desorption systems use pre-treatment and

material handling systems to size and condition feedstock prior to entering the

PTU. Equipment like vibrating screens, rock crushers, hammer mills, shredders

and mixers are used to screen, separate, and size the feedstock. Conditioning

generally refers to removing excess water. Equipment like drying beds, belt filter

presses, centrifuges, and blending equipment can be used to dewater and

condition feedstock. Material handling equipment is used to move feedstock into,

though, and out of the entire treatment system. Material handling equipment can

include feed hoppers, augers, and conveyors.

All three systems require air pollution control devices to remove contaminants

from the water and air emitted. Dust and particulate can be controlled with

cyclones, bag houses, or venturi scrubbers. Small amounts of acid vapour might

require scrubbing. Residual organic compounds can be condensed and/or

captured in activated carbon adsorption units or oxidized in a thermal oxidizer or

afterburner.


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Directly-heated desorption systems: Common primary treatment units for this

type of system include rotary kilns (dryers), aggregate dryers, and conveyor

furnaces. In each of these units, contaminated feedstock enters a heating

chamber and is heated (flame or hot air/gas) while passing through. Both the

rotary and aggregate units agitate the feedstock by revolving, and most have

internal mechanisms (flights) that lift and move the feedstock. Conveyor furnaces

use a conveyor or belt to move the material through the unit while exposing it to

heated air/gas. Directly heated desorption systems can be used for both low and

high temperature applications.

Indirectly-heateddesorption systems: Common primary treatment units for this

type of system are rotary kilns (dryers) and thermal screws. Indirectly-heated

rotary kilns are similar to their directly heated counterparts, but the surface of the

heating chamber drum is heated rather than the chamber itself. The thermal

screw has hollow augers that are filled with hot oil, molten salt or steam, and are

used to mix, move and heat the feedstock. Indirect heating produces a lower

volume of off-gas, resulting in lower loading for the off-gas treatment and air

pollution control systems. Indirectly-heated desorption systems can be used for

both low- and high-temperature applications, although thermal screw systems

are typically limited to low temperature applications.

In-situ steam extraction: This technology is most applicable for contaminants

near the surface, where vacuum extraction is less effective. With this type of

system, vertical wells are installed with heaters or are injected with steam or hot

air to heat contaminated soil in place and volatilize contaminants. The volatiles


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are collected under vacuum in a shroud at the surface; some removal of semi

volatiles may also take place.

Residual Material and Waste Streams

The operation of thermal desorption units can create different residual streams:

treated material, oversized material rejected during pre-treatment, condensed contaminants and water, dust from particulate control system, clean off-gas, and Spent carbon (if used).

Several of these streams may be recycled or reused in the process. For example,

systems often recycle contaminant free condensed water and use it to suppress

dust emitted from the treated feedstock exiting the system. Scrubber purge water

that has been treated in a site wastewater treatment facility (if available) may

also be used to suppress dust or can be discarded into the sewer. Often, the

concentrated condensed organic contaminants are containerized for further

treatment and recovery. The dust collected from a bag house or cyclone can be

mixed with the contaminated feedstock for conditioning. Alternatively, this dust

can be mixed with the treated feedstock and backfilled onsite if it is free of

contaminants. Spent carbon can be recycled by the supplier or other processor.

Finally, the clean off-gas is released to the atmosphere.


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1.4 THE THERMAL DESORPTION UNIT OPERATIONS

In the thermal desorption unit, certain operations are carried out. The flow chart

below illustrates the basic operations in a typical thermal oil recovery unit.

Fig. 1 Flow chart of Thermal oil Recovery Unit

Arrival process

Arrival of oil based drilled cuttings in air tight sealed skips (cuttings boxes)


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Weighing and offloading of the skips contents into designated storage pitsassigned to client. On-site laboratory analysis of drilled cuttings (i.e.

qualitative analysis specific gravity, oil, water and solid content)

Analysis report to control room for treatment parameters. Transferring analyzed cuttings into feed pits for treatment and oil recovery.

The Drum process

With the help of an excavator the cuttings are feed into the vibrating hopper (this

has a grating which does not allow larger particles to enter the drum), and

conveyed into the pre-heated rotating drum by a controlled auger system.

All vapor generated from the rotating drum are transferred to the quench, while

the solids (which is in the form of ash and dust) are conveyed to the pug mill.

1.5 The generated vapour cooling process

The vapour which enters the quench is then cooled by means of sprays flashing

cooled water. The condensed vapour in the quench thus enters into the weir tank

for separation. Any uncondensed vapour from the quench enters into the

scrubber where the same cooling and condensation process takes place. The

condensed vapour still goes into the weir tank. Further condensation for any

uncondensed vapour in the scrubber enters the condenser. Here cold water

stream from the cooling tower flows in pipes and condenses any vapour. The

liquid generated here is sent to the weir tank. Any remaining vapour is sent to the

thermal oxidizer for oxidation.


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1.6 Thermal quench

The thermal quench also helps to separation process but usually done with a lot

of heat and vapour

1.7 The weir tank separation

The weir tank is divided into two major compartments namely the cleanand dirty side. All condensed vapor from the various vapor cooling process

enter into the dirty side. The condensed vapor contains oil, water and dust

particles. By the principle separation of immiscible liquids, three layers are

formed. Oil on top, water in the middle and dust sludge at the base of the

tank.

The weir tank also has various baffles (i.e. weir) of different heights. As thefluid level rises, oil at the top overflows into the oil compartment area

inside the weir tank, then to the oil sump tank.

From the base of the weir tank to a particular height, there is a weir. Waterat the middle now flows to the clean side of the tank. As the water level

increases, any oil in the clean side flows over to the CPI (Corrugated Plate

Interceptor), where oil is separated from water. The oil flows to the oil

sump tank while the water flows to the water sump tank.

An automated centrifugal pump is connected to the clean side thattransfers water to the heat exchangers for cooling.

At the base of the tank (outside) is a variable speed monopump thattransfers all the oil laden dust particles to the centrifuge. The centrifuge

separates the liquid from the solids. All the solids are collected into a skip


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beneath the centrifuge, while the liquid enters into the clean side of the

weir tank.

Fig 2.Weir tank

1.8 The heat exchanger and cooling tower process

Water from the clean side of the weir tank is transferred to the heat exchanger

for cooling. The fresh water tank supplies water to the cooling tower were the

water becomes cold. This cold water flows into the heat exchanger and the

condenser only. The cold water loses its coldness and is sent back to the cooling

tower. The cooled water is thus used as sprays for the quench, scrubber and pug

mill respectively.

Fig 9: Heat exchanger


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CHAPTER TWO

The Oil Recovery Process

Contents of the oil sump tank are transferred by an automated pump to the

Primary Holding tanks (P1 and P2). The two tanks are connected only at the top.

As the level in P1 rises, only volumes at the top flow into P2. This is to ensure that

water does not find its way. From the P2 tank, volumes flow into the main tanks

also from the top (The M1, M2, M3 tanks). The base of the tanks is drained

periodically to check for water content. In the event of water available, these are

pumped to the dirty side of the weir tank. Volumes received so far have been

minimal.

2.1 The water sump process

Water in the water sump tank is transferred by an automated pump to the water

recovered tank. This is pumped to the pug mill which provides sprays for the dust

generated from the drum.

2.2 The Auger and Pug mill process

As earlier mentioned, all the heated ash and dust are transferred out of the

rotating drum, by means of sealed augers into the pug mill. The sprays in the pug

mill reduce the rising of dust particles to the environment. The wetted ash flows

into the ash pit, where it is scooped by an excavator to the appropriate ash

stacking area.


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2.3 Feed Hopper

This is a semi-automatic feeding system which has the capacity to hold mud and

sends it into the thermal plant for processing

2.4 Scrubber

The scrubber systems are diverse group of air pollution control devices that can

be used to remove some particulates and gases from industrial exhaust streams.

2.5 InducedDraftFanandCondenser

The induced draft fan helps to suck the flue gases coming out of the furnace.

While the condenser is a device used to condense vapour into liquid.

2.6 Flame Arrestors

The flame arrestors are used to stop the spread of an open fire, to limit the

spread of an explosive event that has occurred and also to protect potentially

explosive mixtures form igniting. And are commonly used on fuel storage tanks,

fuel gas pipelines

2.7 ThermalOxidizer

The thermal oxidizer is a process unit for air pollution control in many chemical

plants that decomposes hazardous gases at high temperature and releases them

into the atmosphere.

2.8 CoolingTower

The cooling tower is a waste removal device used to transfer process waste heat

to the atmosphere.


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2.9 AshDischargeSystem

The ash discharge system is a system that has to do with ash been discharged

from the processing of mud by the help of the augers.

2.10 Centrifuge

This is a piece of equipment used for separation of mud from base oil and water

and removal of impurities.

2.11 Settling Tank

This tank is used for storing products by the seperation process centrifuge such as

water gotten from the processing of mud.

2.12 Storage Tank

This tank is used for storing base oil gotten from the processing of mud, control

room air compressor

2.13 Control Room

Where operations of the thermal mud processing plant are been controlled and

monitored.

2.14 Air Compressor

This is a device that converts power usually form an electric or diesel engine into

kinetic Energy by compressing and pressurizing air which on command, can be

released in quick burst.


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CHAPTER THREE

HARZARD AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN A THERMAL DESORPTION UNIT

(ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT)

3.0 Hazard Analysis

Principal unique hazards associated with low/high-temperature in thermal d e

sorption, methods for control, and control points are described below

A. PHYSICAL HAZARD

3.1 Noise Hazards

T h e thermal Desorption treatment units exposes workers to elevated noise levels

in the work area from the operation of air blowers, pumps, induced draft fans,

high energy venture scrubbers, fuel injection ports, and the ignition of fuels

within the combustion chamber. Noise may interfere with safe and effective

communications.

Control

Controls for noise hazards include:

Train workers in the use of hearing protection and establish a hearing protection

program.

Use hearing protection with appropriate NRR hearing protectors selected to

eliminate the noise hazard without overprotecting, thus potentially preventing

necessary voice communications.

Use personal electronic communications devices, such as a dual ear headset with

speaker microphone, to overcome ambient noise. The device reduces ambient


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noise levels while enhancing communication. Hearing protection and headset

combinations are available commercially and should be used where needed.

Establish vibration and noise-free areas during operations to provide breaks

from the vibration and noise, which can cause fatigue and inattention.

3.2 Flammable/Combustible Fuels

Thermal desorption usually requires storage of flammable or combustible fuels

used to fire the thermal desorber (e.g., kerosene, waste fuels).Hazards associated

with fuels include the potential for on-site spills or release of material. The release

may cause worker exposure to the vapours generated, or a fire hazard may exist if

the material is ignited.

Control

Controls for flammable/combustible fuels include:

Use appropriate tanks, equipped with pressure-relief devices and bermed to

help prevent release of material

Ventilate the area adequately to help prevent the accumulation of flammable

vapours.

Authorize only trained and experienced personnel to work on the system.

Use lock-out and tag-out procedures on all electrical systems during repair or

maintenance.

3.3 Ignition of Saturated Soils

During excavation of waste materials with low flash points, saturated soils may be

ignited by sparks generated when the blade of the dozer or crawler contacts rocks


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or other objects under unusual or extraordinary conditions. If the soil will be

crushed prior to feeding into the desorption unit, waste materials with higher than

expected Btu values may ignite during the crushing/sorting process.

Control

Controls for ignition of saturated soils include:

Apply water periodically to the soils (before and during crushing).

Equip soil-handling equipment with non-sparking buckets or blades when highly

flammable excavation materials are suspected.

3.4 Electrocution

Because desorption treatment units operate electrical systems outdoors, workers

may be exposed to electrocution hazards if the electrical equipment comes in

contact with water or subunits are not properly grounded.

Control

Controls for electrocution include:

Verify that drawings indicate the hazardous area classifications.

Use controls, wiring, and equipment with adequate ground-fault protection.

Perform all electrical work in accordance with applicable codes and under the

supervision of a state licensed master electrician.

Never allow the use of ungrounded, temporary wiring during small maintenance

work on the units, or grounded, temporary wiring in contact with water, wet, or

damp surfaces that is not approved for those applications.


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3.5 Thermal Desorber Operation.

Workers may be exposed to toxic waste chemicals or exhaust gases via inhalation

exposures if high-Btu waste material is fed into the thermal desorber at a rate that

exceeds its design capacity. The heat and excessive exhaust gases may over-

pressurize the system, resulting in a release of both combustion gases and

unburned or partially burned waste material vapours into work areas.

Control

Controls for incinerator operation include:

Use experienced operators and supervisors.

Audit and apply proper quality assurance/quality control QA/QC to assure work is

done as designed.

Operate the system and waste material within design parameters.

3.6 Thermal Desorption System Design

The thermal desorption process can be one piece of equipment with several

exhaust gas treatment units in a treatment train following the thermal desorption

unit. There may be exhaust gas conditioning equipment, such as electrostatic

precipitators, bag houses, vapour scrubbers, and catalytic converters. Each piece

of equipment has its own associated hazards; one example is the ever-present

hazard of confined space entries to workers required to enter units for

maintenance or repair. The Environmental protection agency (EPA) regulates the

basic design requirements for thermal desorbers. Both the manufacturers and

Environmental protection agency (EPA) specify design requirements to eliminate

contaminant releases that may cause personnel or public exposures, and are also

specified for assuring safe operation and maintenance.


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Control

Controls for the thermal desorber system designs include:

Design toxic and exhaust emission control to address all the individual sub-

systems in the overall system.

Design the thermal desorber process according to Environmental protection

Agency (EPA) and manufacturer requirements.

3.7 Thermal Hazards

The thermal desorption process uses high temperatures to heattreated materials

and subunit equipment. The equipment, gasses generated, and processed

materials may expose workers to possible thermal burn hazards.

Control

Controls for burns include:

Design the thermal desorber and post-desorber treatment units to maximize

ease of operation, physical cleaning, and maintenance to include adequately sized

and easily accessible doors and ports where entry is required.

Perform manufacturer recommended shutdown and cool-down procedures

prior to working on, around, or entering the units.

Use penetrating temperature probes to measure that internal temperature of

ash accumulation are ambient prior to entry into thermal treatment units to

work.

Develop and follow confined space entry permit and procedures and rigorously

apply requirements.

Verifyfunction, and use manufacturers temperature safety control systems.


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Post signs warning of high temperatures.

Use safety barriers to isolate critical sections of the equipment.

Train workers in hazards, use heat resistant gloves and protective gear, and

permit maintenance by workers only after process equipment has cooled to

ambient temperatures.

3.8 Transfer Systems

Transfer systems such as screw conveyors or augers expose workers to injury if

limbs or clothing are caught in the system.

Control

Controls for transfer systems include:

Enclose or otherwise guard transfer system pinch points such as belts, pulleys,

and conveyor end points or material transfer points to the maximum extent

possible.

Install emergency shutoff controls at multiple critical locations and include the

shutoff control locations and operation in all worker training.

Enforce lock-out/tag-out procedures rigorously.

Train workers in identification of pinch points in the system.

3.9 Piping System Leaks

Workers may be exposed via the inhalation exposure route to volatile organic

compounds VOCs, such as toluene, if leaks occur in the piping system.

Control

Controls for leaks in the piping system include:


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Appropriately size the system to maintain negative pressure (e.g. ducts and

piping) at the maximum expected operating pressure.

Avoid or minimize fugitive emission hazards by designing appropriate pressure

control and relief systems.

Install and test fuel systems according to requirement, Flammable and

Combustible Liquids Code, Installation of Oil Burning Equipment.

3.10 Respirable Quartz

Depending on soil type of the material thermally treated, exposure to respirable

quartz may be a hazard. A geologist has to confirm the presence of quartz in feed

materials (i.e., determine if soil type is likely to be rich in quartz). As an aid in

determining respirable quartz exposure potential, The Standard Test Method for

Particle Size Analysis of Soils followed by analysis of the fines by X-ray diffraction

to determine crystalline quartz content.

Control

Controls for respirable quartz include:

By the elimination of airborne dust sources that penetrate workspaces, utilizing

appropriate engineering controls. Construct water mist systems or implement

local exhaust ventilation. Wet the soil periodically with water or amended water

to minimize generation of airborne dust.

Train workers on inhalation hazards of silica laden dust.

Where engineering controls fail, provide appropriate respirators, medical

screening, and associated employee training on use and limitations of respiratory

protection, e.g., air-purifying respirators equipped with N, R or P100particulate air


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filters. Verify appropriate use of respiratory protective equipment in identified

hazardous work areas.

ELECTROCUTION HARZARDS Workers exposed to electrocution hazards when

working around electrical utilities such as overhead power lines or underground

cables with material handling equipment; or if electrical equipment on the thermal

desorption units contact water or are not properly grounded.

Control

Controls for electrocution include:

Verify the location of overhead power lines, either existing or proposed, in the

pre-design phase through contacting local utilities.

Verify the location of and do not disturb energized underground utilities during

subsurface and excavation activities.

Use adequate ground-fault protection.

Never allow the use of ungrounded, temporary wiring for minor maintenance

work on the units, or wiring not approved for contact with water, or on wet or

damp surfaces.

Traffic Hazards

During field activities, equipment and workers may come close to moving

vehicular and equipment traffic. In addition the general public may be exposed to

traffic hazards and the potential for accidents.

Control

Controls for traffic hazards include:


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Position controllers and spotters at critical points in the traffic flow to safely

direct it.

Post warning signs according to the criteria of the Department of

Transportation Manual on Uniform Traffic Devices for Streets and High-ways.

Develop a traffic management plan before remediation activities begin to help

prevent accidents involving site equipment.

Heated Surfaces

Workers may be exposed to infrared radiation hazards associated with working in

the vicinity of thermal desorbing treatment units. The exposure, depending on the

temperature of the equipment, length of exposure, and other variables may

increase the risk of cataracts.

Control.

Controls for heated surfaces include:

Minimize worker exposure time on or near hot operating equipment surfaces.

Use eye protection with the appropriate shade safety glass or reflective full body

radiation n (radiant heat) protective suits if prolonged work near the radiant heat

surface or source is required.


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CHAPTER FOUR

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Waste Material Exposure (Excavation and Transport).

Workers may be exposed to chemicals during excavation, transport, or handling of

contaminated materials. Dry soils may generate airborne dusts contaminated with

toxic materials, including and in addition to those contaminants being treated

(e.g., respirable quartz, pesticides, etc.).

Control

Controls for waste material exposure include:

Train the workers in the hazards, engineering controls, personal protective

equipment, and good personal hygiene practices to reduce potential exposure.

Routinely wet material and dirt/gravel travel routes to prevent airborne dust

generation. Cover all excavated material during transport.

Use appropriate respiratory protective equipment as determined from the result

of adequate air monitoring, e.g., air-purifying respirators with N, R orP100 filters

for particulates; organic vapour cartridges for organic vapours and some acid

gases, or combination filter/cartridges for dual protection.

4.1 Process and Waste Products

During operation of the thermal desorption unit, workers may be exposed to

contaminants or thermal desorption chemicals and other by-product or

conditions such as oxygen deficient inert gases, methane, HS, CO, airborne toxic

metals, metal acetates, mercury, lead, and chlorine. Subunits within the system

that utilize bulk chemical or sludge additives in conjunction with exhaust gas wet

scrubbers, pre-clarifier mixing tanks, filter press pre-coat tanks, or surge tanks,


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may present significant exposure potentials, both when replenishing the chemicals

and when performing routine maintenance on the units.

Control

Controls for waste products include:

Train all workers involved in both the operation and maintenance of the thermal

desorption system. Training shall include hazards related to the generation,

transport, and treatment of by-products, and bulk chemical additives.

Characterize and classify wastes to be treated prior to desorption. Feed only

those waste materials compatible with the process into the unit.

Design off-gas treatment to control generation and release of toxic materials.

Design engineering controls for the system to prevent or minimize the generation

or release of toxic materials into the breathing zone of the workers. Engineering

controls could include negative air throughout the treatment system, dust misting

systems at strategic points throughout the system, real time monitors with alarms,

and contaminant-specific monitoring badges.

Locate, install, and maintain emergency fire fighting equipment, and eyewash

and emergency showers at critical points throughout the system.

Assess workplace and identify appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)

that includes an evaluation of contaminants, treatment by products, and process-

related hazards. Use approved PPE, such as thermal protective gear, safety

glasses, face shields, protective gloves, air-supplied respirators or air-purifying

respirators with appropriate filters/cartridges and air emissions controls


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4.2 Exhaust Vapours

Workers may be exposed by inhalation during the thermal desorption process.

Because some chemical contaminants, such as fuel oils, arenot completely

destroyed in the process, they may be discharged by the exhauststack and in

certain atmospheric conditions may affect the work area.

Control

Controls for exhaust vapours include:

Gather exhaust vapours for further processing in an off-gas treatment unit (e.g.,

vapour carbon beds, incinerators, thermal oxidizers, or gas scrubbingtowers).

Fugitive emissions are possible if systems are not designed to address these issues.

Verify that systems are operating at designed operating pressures, less

thanatmospheric pressures, to eliminate fugitive emissions.

4.3 Toxic Dust/Respirable Quartz Hazard

Depending on soil types, exposure to respirable quartz may be ahazard during the

excavation and soil-handling phase of the process. A geology staff would need to

confirm the presence of a respirable quartz hazard (e.g., todetermine if soil types

are likely to be rich in respirable quartz).

Control.

Controls for respirable quartz include:

Wet the soil periodically with water or amended water to minimize worker

exposure.

Use respiratory protection, such as an air-purifying respirator equipped withN, R

or P100 particulate air filters.


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CHAPTER FIVE

RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS.

5.1 Radioactive Devices.

Fire and smoke detection devices and other process monitors and switches may

contain radioactive devices potentially exposing workers through lack of

identification or mishandling.

Control

Controls for inadvertent handling or exposure to radioactive devices include:

Workers should be prevented from and warned against tampering with the

devices.

The location of the devices should be recorded so as to safely retrieve and

dispose of them in case of a system failure and equipment replacement.

5.2 Biological Hazards.

Opportunistic Insects and Animals.

For all sites but especially in cooler climates, opportunistic insects or animals can

nest in and around warm process equipment. Vermin, insect and arthropod

control measures should be considered in any design.

Control.

Controls of opportunistic insect and animals include:

Electrical cabinets and other infrequently opened enclosures should be opened

carefully and checked for black widow and brown recluse spiders, and evidence of

rodents. As rodents can cause damage to electrical cables, all wiring should be

inspected regularly.


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Ensure all storage is off the ground, palette, and kept dry. Damp areas attract

scorpions, rodents, and the snakes that eat them.

.Design ceiling corners and other high areas to discourage nesting by swallows,

pigeons, and other birds. Birds are carriers of diseases, especially in their

droppings, which can foul cranes and process equipment.


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CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION

This Seminar has provided me with the opportunity to know much of the theories

as well as familiarization with waste management recycle equipment and machine

and as such I wish to thank the school for providing such thing as seminar to

enlighten and broaden our knowledge on the necessary things that we should

know as potential geologists.


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Atkinson, B. and Mavituna. F. (1991) Microbial hydrocarbon degradation of

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