Waste disposal practice of urban dwellers

Waste Disposal Practice of Urban Dwellers: A Study on

Khulna City

Pankaj Kumar Mallick

Student Number: MDS 141503

Economics Discipline Social Science School

Khulna University

Khulna, Bangladesh

December, 2016

ii


Khulna City

……………………………



Session: 2015-2016

Supervisor

…………………………………………..

(Shahnewaz Nazimuddin Ahmed, Ph.D)

Professor

Economics Discipline

Khulna University, Khulna

Bangladesh

A Research Paper submitted to Economics Discipline, Social Science

School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh in partial fulfillment

for MDS degree.

December, 2016

http://ku.ac.bd/faculty/dr-shahnewaz-nazimuddin-ahmed/

iii


Khulna City

(Shahnewaz Nazimuddin Ahmed, Ph.D)

Professor & Head


Social Science School

Khulna University

December, 2016

http://ku.ac.bd/faculty/dr-shahnewaz-nazimuddin-ahmed/

iv

Statement of Originality


Khulna City

The findings of this Research Paper are entirely of the candidate’s own

research and any part of it has neither been accepted for any degree nor is

it being concurrently submitted for any other degree.

……………………………



Session: 2015-2016

December, 2016

v

Acknowledgement

Before starting, my best gratitude goes to the Supreme owner, most bountiful, the

most generous, the greatest God who gives me the efficiency to complete this study

from Economics Discipline of Khulna University, Khulna.

Then author wants to convey gratitude to his honorable supervisor Shahnewaz

Nazimuddin Ahamed, Ph.D, Professor and Head of Economics Discipline, Khulna

University, Khulna. His suggestion, co-operation, sincere and systematic guidance,

valuable observation, inspiration, and advice were the main motivation for completing

this research. His wisdom helps me to find out the right way of my research as well as

of my life. Author would like to extend grateful thanks to the Economics Discipline

for giving him such an opportunity of survey based research.

Researcher also acknowledges all the faculty members of Economics Discipline,

Khulna University, for their kind co-operation, advice and guidance. Author should

not forget to convey his heartiest gratitude thanks to all the respondents who helped

him by providing necessary information. He wants to provide special thanks and

gratitude to Khulna City Corporation. He also expresses heartfelt thanks to all beloved

classmates and friends for their inspiration and co-operation. Specially Subrata Kumar

Sana, Biplob Mondal, Tapos Roy, Showmen Das and Junior Md. Shawon, Mukunda

Sana who are some of his lovely friends for helping him with important suggestions,

information and inspiration during research period.

Finally, author would like to show his earnest gratitude to his beloved father Santosh

Mallick mother Maya Mallick and younger brother Pronob Mollik and other family

members for their cordial support and encouragement of every step of research.

…………………………………



Session: 2015-2016

Master of Development Studies Program


Khulna University

vi

Abstract

All living organisms create waste, but human being creates far more waste than other

species. To prevent damaging earth’s ecosystems and maintain a high quality of life

for the planet’s inhabitants, humans must manage and store their waste efficiently and

safely. Khulna, the south-western part of Bangladesh is facing serious environmental

degradation and public health risk due to uncollected disposal of waste on streets and

other public areas. This study highlights the status of waste disposal behavior of city

dwellers. Khulna City Corporation is responsible for managing solid waste effectively

and efficiently to prevent being destroyed of healthy and habitable environment of the

city dwellers. It is found that KCC manage 55% of solid waste at household level in

city corporation area.

This study also tries to show the level of knowledge, practice, and waste disposal

behavior among the people who lived in urban area. Considering the data, it has been

shown that 76% people of Khulna city are aware about their waste being used as

recycling material. On the other hand, 19% people seems that the solid waste may not

be an important material like a resource. Most of the city dwellers are willing to pay

more for ensuring the living environment healthy and free from all kinds of pollution.

It is found that at household level on an average 0.7 kg solid waste are being

generated by city dwellers daily in the city corporation area. It is essential to dispose

the urban solid waste because of its negative effects on health consequences of city

dwellers.

Most of the people indicates diarrhea and other infectious diseases are affect more for

being deteriorated healthy environment in Khulna City. Everybody should concern

about their solid waste disposal behavior because of sustaining healthy and

comfortable environment to survive on the earth, respectively. From this point of view

government should take proper initiative to ensure Sustainable and suitable

environment for the city dwellers. So, that we can ensure a safe and environment

friendly city for our upcoming generation.

Key Words: Solid Waste Management, Recycling, Disposal Practice, KCC

vii

Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................... v

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………..vi

Table of Contents .................................................................................................. vii-viii

List of Tables ................................................................................................................ ix

List of Figures ............................................................................................................... ix

List of Map …………………………………………………………………………...ix

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. …x

Chapter One: Introduction ..................................................................................... 1-4

1.1 Background of the Study……………………………….……………………….....1

1.2 Rationale of the Study .............................................................................................. 2

1.3 Research Gap ........................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Objective of the Study ............................................................................................. 3

1.5 Limitations of the Study........................................................................................... 3

1.5.1 Shortage of Time ............................................................................................ 3

1.5.2 Official Constraints ......................................................................................... 3

1.5.3 Non-Cooperation………………………………………………………..…...4

1.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………4

Chapter Two: Literature Review ........................................................................... 5-9

2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5

2.2 Review of Paper ....................................................................................................... 5

2.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 9

Chapter Three: Methodology ............................................................................. 10-13

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 10

3.2 Topic Selection ...................................................................................................... 10

3.3 Conceptualizaton and Review of Literature .......................................................... 10

3.4 Selection of the Study Area ................................................................................... 10

3.5 Determining the Objective of the Study ................................................................ 11

3.6 Reconnaissance Survey .......................................................................................... 11

3.7 Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 11

3.7.1 Primary Data Collection ............................................................................... 11

3.7.2. Secondary Data Collection .......................................................................... 11

3.8 Sample Size Determining ...................................................................................... 12

3.9 Questionnaire Preparation ...................................................................................... 12

3.10 Sampling Procedure ............................................................................................. 13

3.11 Data Analyis......................................................................................................... 13

3.12 Report Writing ..................................................................................................... 13

3.13 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 13

viii

Title Page No.

Chapter Four: An Overview of the Study Area ................................................ 14-16

4.1 Overview of the Study Area .................................................................................. 14

4.2 Land Use Pattern of Khulna City Corporation ...................................................... 15

4.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 16

Chapter Five: Socio-economic Status of the Respondents ............................... 17-20

5.1 Family Size of the Respondent .............................................................................. 17

5.2 Educational Status of the Respondents .................................................................. 18

5.3 Occupational Status of the Respondents ................................................................ 19

5.4 Monthly Household Income .................................................................................. 20

Chapter Six: Data Analysis and Discussion....................................................... 21-34

6.1 Waste Collecting Organization .............................................................................. 21

6.2 Waste Generation ................................................................................................... 22

6.3 Physical Composition of Solid Waste.................................................................... 23

6.4 Projection of Waste Generation (2024-2025) ........................................................ 24

6.5 Problems Faced by Solid Waste………………………………………………….25

6.6 Environment Pollution Through Solid Waste ........................................................ 26

6.7 Willingness to Pay for Better Service .................................................................... 27

6.8 Causes of Willingness to Pay for Solid Waste Management ................................. 28

6.9 Disease Faced Throgh Solid Waste ....................................................................... 29

6.10 Waste Resource Issue among City Dwellers ....................................................... 30

6.11 Waste Recycling Knowledge………………………………………………...…31

6.12 Satisfaction about Neighbour’s Waste Disposal Behaviour………………...…. 32

6.13 Separation of Household Waste………………………………………………...33

Chapter Seven:Concluding Remarks ................................................................. 34-35

7.1 Findings ………………………………………………………………………….34

7.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 35

7.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 35

References ……………………………………………………………………....xi-xii

Appendix ……………………………………………………………………xiii-xvi

ix

List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

3.1 Ward Wise Respondents......................................................................12

4.2 Study Area............................................................................................14

5.1 Monthly Household Income.................................................................20

6.1 Amount of Solid Waste Generation….................................................22

6.2 Projected waste Generation..................................................................24

6.3 Respondents Opinion about Reasons for Polluting the Environment..26

6.4 Observation of the Respondent............................................................28

6.5 Types of Diseases Faced by Respondents............................................29

6.6 Waste Separation Scenario...................................................................33

List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page No.

5.1 Family Structure of the Respondents....................................................17

5.2 Education Level of the Respondents.....................................................18

5.3 Occupational Status of the Respondents...............................................19

6.1 Waste Collecting Organization.............................................................21

6.2 Average Composition of Urban Solid Waste........................................23

6.3 Problems Faced through the Solid Waste.............................................25

6.4 Willingness to Pay for better Service....................................................27

6.5 Solid Waste as Resource.......................................................................30

6.6 Waste Recycling Knowledge................................................................31

6.7 Neighbour’s Waste Disposal Behaviour...............................................32

List of Map

Map No. Title Page No.

4.1 Map of the Study Area…………………….............................................15

x

Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

BDT Bangladeshi Taka

CD Compact Disk

CMOs Community Based Organizations

DVD Digital Video Disk

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GoB Government of Bangladesh

HSC Higher Secondary Certificate

KCC Khulna City Corporation

MOFAD Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark

NGOs Non-Government Organizations

SSC Secondary School Certificate

SWM Solid Waste Management

SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

UNCED United Nation Conference on Environment and Development

VCD Video Cassette Recorder

Km2 Square Kilometre

1

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Rapid population growth, urbanization and economic development are the most

important factors lead to generation of solid waste of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh

16,380 tons of solid waste generated every day, which posing threat for the

environment if not managed properly (Roy & Roy, 2013). The increasing urban

population made the environmentalists thinks about the scientific waste management

with top most priority in urban planning in the developing countries. Waste

management is now a concerning issue of modern city.

Bangladesh is a developing country with huge population in south-Asia. Most of the

people in this country were lived in village, but now socio-economic causes push

them to town from village and as a result the population size is getting bigger. Khulna

is third largest city of Bangladesh. The population is also growing day by day. With

over 3.3% annual growth in urban population in Bangladesh during 1991-2001 census

years, solid waste generation has also increased proportionately with the growth of

urban population. Waste disposal is an emerging problem in almost all urban areas of

Bangladesh. The increase in waste generation can be primarily attributed to factors

such as rapid rate of urbanization, rural- urban migration, changing consumption

pattern and high population growth rate. While the magnitude of the problem is

relatively small and manageable in rural areas, it appears to be growing significantly

in urban areas in recent times. Among the major environmental concerns confronted

today in the urban areas of Bangladesh are problems relating to proper management

of solid waste. Approximately 16,380 of tons of waste are generated in the urban

areas of Bangladesh (SAARC, 2004).

Urban waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious

environmental problems confronting municipal authorities in Bangladesh. Municipal

authorities are the only government institution to tackle this situation. Khulna is an

under privileged City Corporation comparing to other and one of the issues concerned

of this city is the management of municipal waste. Inadequate waste management is

mainly responsible for environmental pollution in the city. Industries, factories,

markets, health centers and households produces huge amount of wastes every day in

2

the city. People are habituated to throw the wastes here and there to save their cost,

time and labor. When waste is not properly collected, it will be illegally disposed of,

and this will pose serious environmental and health hazards to the areas. As a result, it

creates an unhygienic environment in the city (Rahaman & Jakia, 2014).

1.2 Rationale of the study

Public cleanliness and safe disposal of waste are essential to public health and

environmental protection. That’s why Municipal Solid Waste Management is a major

responsibility of local government. In most cities, waste management is inadequate; a

significant portion of population does not have access to a waste collection service

and only a fraction of the generated waste is actually collected. Wastes are generated

in all activities of human, but whether wastes would pose risks to the environment and

public health depends on the way they are collect, handled and disposed of (Zurbrügg,

2002).

In high-income countries, most municipal solid wastes are collected. Due to the strong

regulatory framework for occupational health and safety, loading is commonly made

as easy and mechanized as possible. Most low-income countries experience low levels

of collection service. Typically only 30% to 60% of the municipal solid wastes are

collected. Service levels in middle income countries are slightly higher; typically 50%

to 80% of the wastes are collected. Because the uncollected wastes accumulate near

homes and work areas, city dwellers and their domestic animals have much more

direct contact with wastes than city dwellers in low-income countries. Periodic

clearing of the wastes accumulated in open place is accomplished with wheeled

loaders and open trucks, which raise significance levels. This research attempts to

understand the disposal practice of urban dwellers of Khulna city.

The system for collection and transfer and disposal of waste are unsatisfactory from

environmental, economic and financial point of view. Solid waste management is of

course a complex task, which depends as much upon organization and cooperation

between households, communities, private enterprise and municipal authorities. Here

researcher mainly trying to find out the disposal practice of household people.

3

1.3 Research Gap

From review of the above literature author founds that different aspects discuss in the

literature which is related to my research. Firstly, stand of research concludes that

solid waste management system is gradually worsened day by day due to the limited

resource. They also added that illegally disposed into open space and road side, and

the result brings serious environmental and health hazards. Secondly, another stand of

research conducts that the dumping of solid wastes has two major negative effects on

air, water as well as soil and Human health hazards like dysentery, diarrhea, dengue,

skin infections, eye infections which are spread indirectly by flies and rats from solid

waste. Finally, in the absence of a basic facility of collection of waste from source,

citizens are prone to dumping waste on the streets, open spaces, drains, and water

bodies in the vicinity creating insanitary conditions. The focus point of my research is

household level waste disposal practice of urban dwellers in Khulna city. Waste

disposal practice is the most important issue of modern for the environmental safety.

1.4 Objective of the Study

The Study focuses on following objective:

To investigate the waste disposal practice of urban dwellers.

1.5 Limitations of the Study

This is a master degree research paper not a large-scale research project

accomplishing by a legendary and recognized organization with huge expertise

personnel and large financial support.

1.5.1 Shortage of Time

Time is the most important factor for any research work, but at this level of study,

time is very limited. Long time is very essential for good research work. Short time is

not enough for appropriate research work.

1.5.2 Official Constraints

Official information is collected for maintaining some specific rules and regulations.

Information neither is supplied without the permission of higher authority. So, many

4

days have been going to office for the collection of information. For this, official

information is collected lately.

1.5.3 Non-Cooperation

People do not want to participate in the survey work. They are very much uninterested

to respond to the questionnaire. Many people said, “They have no time”. Moreover

they are not interested to deliberate correct information.

1.6 Conclusion

This study is an attempt to assess the household level waste disposal practice of urban

dwellers of Khulna City. In Khulna City mostly in selected area having many open

dumping point to dispose household solid waste which make offensive odor and

spread various diseases among the city dwellers. This unwanted situation makes the

city life very unpleasant for the dwellers. This study want to find out the existing

disposal practice of household level generated solid waste.

5

Chapter Two

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Bangladesh is one of the most populated country around the world. Density of

population in Bangladesh is very high and an urbanization rate is increasing

alarmingly that leads to crucial moment of urban solid waste management. Solid

wastes make an incredible environmental hazard and social problem for the city

dwellers. According to BBS, Khulna is the 3rd largest city with approximately 16,

00,000 population and about 19,000 km2 density. As a researcher to know about this

issue author reviewed below mention literature.

2.2 Review of Papers

A massive volume of waste is generated every day in urban areas and unfortunately,

the solid waste management system is gradually worsened day by day due to the

limited resource. It is difficult to handle the increasing rate of generated waste

because of over population. This paper shows that the waste generation in urban areas

of Bangladesh approximately 16,015 tons per day. Due to lack of proper waste

management of authority the people easily dumped on roads and into open space

which leads to serious health risk and degradation of living environment (Bahauddin

& Uddin, 2012).

A large portion of waste is used in land filling and a few portions are found to

burning. Urban waste is not properly collected, which illegally disposed into open

space and road side, and the result brings serious environmental and health hazards. It

creates an unhygienic living environment for the urban dwellers. Odor spreading and

water logging are the common phenomena that arise due to unplanned waste

dumping. Various diseases are spreading through wastes (Rahman & Jakia, 2014).

The study revealed that though the students are aware about the solid wastes and its

disposal but they are not so much concerned about its effects on health. They are also

suffering from different health problems like dysentery, diarrhea, dengue, skin

infections, eye infections which are spread indirectly by flies and rats from Solid

waste. It consists of highly heterogeneous mass of discarded solid materials from the

community as well as industrial waste. Solid waste are those waste which are seen

litterer everywhere, which cannot be used further, neither be transported by water or

6

not readily absorbed in the environment. This disposal of solid wastes has two major

effects (i) it’s pollute air water as well as soil. (ii) Human health hazards (Saha, 2013).

Asnani et al. (2006) shows that, community participation has a direct bearing on

efficient SWM. Yet, the municipal authorities have failed to mobilize the community

and educate citizens on the rudiments of handling waste and proper practices of

storing it in their own bins at the household, shop and establishment level. In the

absence of a basic facility of collection of waste from source, citizens are prone to

dumping waste on the streets, open spaces, drains, and water bodies creating

insanitary conditions. Citizens assume that waste thrown on the streets would be

picked up by the municipality through street sweeping. For the general public, which

is quite indifferent towards garbage disposal etiquette, the onus of keeping the city

clean is entirely on the ULBs. This mind set is primarily responsible for the

unscientific systems of waste disposal in the country.

Bhuiyan et al. (2003) describes that, environmental degradation due to unplanned

waste disposal and improper waste management in urban areas was not the prime

concern even a few decades ago in the developing countries like Bangladesh. But the

increasing urban population made the environmentalists think about the scientific

waste management with topmost priority in urban planning in the developing

countries. It has only been in the very recent times, when certain NGOs started

working and highlighting the pathetic state of municipal waste services provision in

the country.

Rahman et al. (2000) reveals that, then the decision-makers began to realize the

importance of this particular aspect of environmental management. The study make

an attempt to assess the existing solid waste management system of Khulna city and

the environmental aspects associated with the current practice of household disposal

of solid wastes. The study reveals that the uncollected wastes are dumped in open

spaces and streets which clog the drainage system creating serious environmental

degradation and health risks in the city. Because of the scarcity of flood free land, the

population density exceeds 19,000 per km2. The collection rate is estimated in this

study at 60% to 70% of generated volume. Uncollected waste has been recognized as

the root of mosquitoes. Inferior environment such as scattered garbage, offensive

odor, drain clogging, water pollution.

7

Montouri et al. (2015) the term “triangle of death” was used for the first time by

Senior and Mazza in the journal The Lancet Oncology referring to the eastern area of

the Campania Region (Southern Italy) which has one of the worst records of illegal

waste dumping practices. In the past decades, many studies have focused on the

potential of illegal waste disposal to cause adverse effects on human health in this

area. Despite the methodological and sampling heterogeneity between the studies, this

review examines the evidence from published data concerning cancer incidence,

childhood mortality and birth defects, so that the current situation, knowledge gaps

and research priorities can be established.

With 160 million people on a geographical area 3 times the size of Denmark and with

a dysfunctional municipal waste handling system solid waste is a major problem.

Low-lying areas, drains and canals are in all cities clogged with waste and waste

generation is rapidly increasing. More than 15,000 tons of waste is produced in

Bangladesh each day. In 2025 it is expected that the number will be 47,000 tons of

waste and only a fraction of it will be systematically handled. However 70-80% of the

solid municipal waste is organic and pose a major potential for production of fertilizer

and biogas etc. Challenges are however lack of source separation, inadequate

collection, shortage of land for disposal/handling and (to some extent) lack of

municipal support for solving the problems (MoFAD, 2008).

In the race of technological advancements in the country it is not surprising for

computers and other electronic equipment’s to become obsolete within few years. The

e-Waste has been mounting rapidly with the rise of the information society. It is the

fastest growing segment of the municipal solid waste stream because of increased

affordability of new products and technological achievements which make it easy to

purchase of new electronics rather than repairing or upgrading old products. The

growth of end of life electronic products depends on economic growth of the country,

population growth, market penetration, and technology up gradation and obsolescence

rate. The waste from electrical and electronic equipment also known as e-Waste

typically consists of electronic products coming to the end of their useful life such as

computers, televisions, mobile phones, VCRs, CD players, DVD players,

refrigerators, air conditioners, microwave ovens, tube lights and other consumer

electric and electronic components. The huge range and complexity of component

materials in the electronic products makes it difficult and expensive to dispose of or

8

recycle them safely with profit making business. Some of the materials used in

electronic devices are of high value and highly recyclable, such as gold and platinum

while many others are non-renewable, such as plastics which are currently either

discarded or recycled to form lower grade material. The biggest concern with e-Waste

is the presence of toxic materials such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, mercury and

arsenic, toxic flame retardants, plastics, printer cartridge inks and toners that pose

significant health and environmental risks (Arora, 2008).

Everyday 4000-4500 tons of solid waste is generated in Dhaka City by its 10 million

inhabitants. About half of this waste is collected by the Dhaka City Corporation

(DCC) and disposed at the central landfill site at Matuail. The rest are dumped in open

fields, ditches and along street sides creating a major civic health problem. The

situation is made worse by fact that the there is no separate system of collection and

disposal for clinical and industrial waste in the city – all the hazardous clinical and

industrial wastes are dumped in the same municipal bins used for household waste

disposal; eventually most of the hazardous wastes also end up in the landfill site. It

considered that the developed nations usually have technological resources and

infrastructure for environmentally sound recycling whereas developing nations lack

the regulations as well infrastructure for proper recycling. The spent acids and other

chemicals, solid wastes after burning and other wastes are disposed of in open drains

which eventually end up in rivers (Faisal & Parveen, 2005).

Bangladesh is a densely populated country in the third world facing myriads of

problems with the growth of population. The increased population leads to the growth

of urban areas and slums which, in turn, generating a huge volume of waste. The huge

generations of waste in different cities of Bangladesh like Khulna city increasing

anxiety day by day. The waste generation rate of KCC is now 0.50 kg/cap/day

producing around 950 tons of wastes, where about 36.84% being uncollected. The

rubbishes, which remain uncollected, are dumped in open spaces, street and drains,

clogging the drainage system, which create serious environmental degradation and

treats to health. Moreover, the population growth rate is around 1.5% per year and

waste generation rate will be about 1.7 times in 2025. Most of the urban local bodies

are finding it difficult to keep place with the demand for adequate solid waste

management and conservancy services provided by the urban local bodies. So, both

9

public and private sectors should take proper initiatives for effective solid waste

management (Riyad & Farid, 2014).

Solid waste management is the process of collecting, storing, treatment and disposal

of solid wastes in such a way that they are harmless to humans, plants, animals, the

ecology and the environment generally. The unhealthy disposal of solid waste is

one of the greatest challenges facing developing countries (Kofoworola, 2007).

It is a problem recognized by all nations at the 1992 Conference on Environment and

Development, and regarded as a major barrier in the path towards sustainability

(UNCED, 1992).

Individual/group awareness and attitude towards solid waste generation and disposal

is critical in the effort to combat the current solid waste management challenges

in Port-Harcourt city. It is against this background that it becomes pertinent to

examine whether there is a relationship between individual background (sex, age

and social class) and the level of awareness, knowledge and practices of solid

waste management (Agwu, 2012).

2.3 Conclusion

This research title was selected on author own interest and the above literature helps

to find out the research gap of this research work. On this chapter author added

fourteen literature those reviewed for this research work. Those literature are collected

from various sources like organizations working paper, published or unpublished

paper, on this topics. Various renounce organization and institution are working on

this issue all over the world to mitigate the problem for improving the environment.

10

Chapter Three

Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This chapter depicts the detailed methodology of this research. At first a wide concept

of the different issues that are related to the research is developed and it is done

through surveying various journals, books, research papers etc. After

conceptualization, numbers of parameters are identified. A structured questionnaire is

used to gather opinion and satisfaction level of the citizen/dwellers to address the

objective of the study. All these data is analyzed though MS Excel, MS Word and

represented in tabular and graphical format.

3.2 Topic Selection

The research topic of this study has been selected on the basis of researcher’s interest.

It is basically a quantitative research. The title of the study is ‘Waste Disposal

Practice of Urban Dwellers: A Study on Khulna city’

3.3 Conceptualization and review of literature

Concept about the research was enriched by the review of related literatures.

Literature was collected from different journals, websites, books, seminar papers,

reports, magazines, thesis papers and unpublished documents. The concept of the

study has been enhanced by the need of the local people.

3.4 Selection of the Study Area

It is very essential to select an area for any research but it the hardest job too.

Khulna is located in south-western part of Bangladesh at 22°49′0″N 89°33′0″E, on the

banks of the Rupsha and Bhairab River. It lies south of Jessore and Narail district,

East of Satkhira, West of Bagerhat district and North of the Bay of Bengal. Khulna

City Corporation consist with 31 wards located in between 22°43' and 22°50' north

latitudes and in between 89°29' and 89°24' east longitudes. It covers a total area of

59.57 km2 Among 31 wards the randomly selected wards are ward no. 24 ward no. 27

ward no.28 and ward no.31. Total area of the selected wards covered 6.1 km2 It is

bounded by Khalishpur thana and Rupsa upazila on the north, Batiaghata upazila on

the south, Rupsa upazila on the east, Sonadanga thana on the west.

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khalishpur_Thana

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rupsa_Upazila

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Batiaghata_Upazila

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonadanga_Thana

11

3.5 Determining the objective of the study

The objective are selected according to the main theme of the study title, where the

overall concept and issues of the research work are indicated. The study aimed at

assessing the waste disposal practice of urban dwellers of Khulna city. There are lots

of studies on service offer by City Corporation. But there are very few works using

citizen’s opinion as a tool for measuring City dwellers waste disposal behavior.

The objective is to analyze the waste disposal practice of urban dwellers. To achieve

the purpose, the specific objective is to investigate the waste disposal practice of

urban dwellers

3.6 Reconnaissance Survey

A reconnaissance survey has been conduct in the study area to know and note the

existing condition of solid waste disposal process of city dwellers. This helps to

finalize the questionnaire.

3.7 Data Collection

To meet the objective of the study, information collected both from primary and

secondary sources. Detailed procedures have been given below.

3.7.1 Primary data collection

Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire survey in the study area.

In the process of questionnaire survey and data analysis the respondents were

requested to answer the questions, carefully and honestly, regarding the issue. The

respondent is any one member of the household.

3.7.2 Secondary data collection

Questionnaire survey provided the base of the study. Some additional data for this

study were collected from Community Series Report of BBS, City corporation data

cell, various website, magazine, published and unpublished documents etc.

12

3.8 Sample Size Determination

Firstly, from thirty one wards under City Corporation of Khulna, 4 wards were

selected randomly. The sample have been selected through random sampling. For this

survey, total 100 households were selected randomly from the selected 4 wards

(taking 25 respondents from each ward).

Table 3.1: Ward Wise Respondents

Ward No. Number of Respondents

24 25

27 25

28 25

31 25

Total = 4 Total=100

Source: Author’s Compilation, 2016

As respondents of this research paper, heads of these household heads have been

considered. Hence, the sample size of the research stands at 100. Attempts were made

to cover the entire locality within the ward. Here, ward no. 24 and ward no. 27 and

another two are ward no. 28 and ward no. 31.

3.9 Questionnaire Preparation

After performing the reconnaissance survey in the study area, a clear and structure

questionnaire is developed. As the study is mainly based on primary sources,

questionnaire preparation is an important part of this study and special attention is

given in the preparation of questionnaire. At first, draft questionnaire was developed.

To check the reliability with actual field condition, draft questionnaire are pre-tested

in the field before going to take final interview from the household respondents (any

member). The errors of draft questionnaire are corrected, fault and failure are also

modified and altered and extra questions excluded to prepare a final questionnaire

according to study objectives. Then final questionnaire is ready for final interview to

the respondents in the study area.

13

3.10 Sampling Procedure

Random sampling technique has been applied as sampling procedure. Data has been

collected mainly through household level questionnaire survey. The city corporation

area is composed of 31 wards and for the study purpose, 4 wards are considered.

3.11 Data Analysis

Data which is collected from all sources through direct survey, are assembled to

address the objectives of the study. The obtain information is edited and summarize in

sequential order. For processing and analysis purpose, computer software is used.

Likert scale is used to assess the satisfaction level of city corporation service.

Satisfaction level is divided into five categories and represent in the bar diagram.

Various tables are prepared with the help of MS Excel, Stata and MS Word.

Necessary maps are prepared based on field survey.

3.12 Report Writing

After completing the analysis of the data a draft copy has been submitted and

consequently the final version prepared after incorporating the received comments

and observations.

3.13 Conclusion

In the conclusion, it can be said that all the steps mentioned above have been followed

carefully to prepare the research paper. The data analysis process has been selected

under close supervision. Afterward, the author has tried to gather all required data for

this study. In this way, all the steps of methodology have helped to fulfill the

objective of the study.

14

Chapter Four

An Overview of the Study Area

4.1 Overview of the Study Area

Khulna was declared as a paurashava in 12 December 1884 and promoted to

a Municipal corporation in 1984. In 1984 on the platinum jubilee of Khulna

Pouroshava. In 6 August 1990 Khulna has been declared as City Corporation. Khulna

is the 3rd largest city after Dhaka and Chittagong. Khulna is located in south-western

Bangladesh at 22°49′0″N 89°33′0″E, on the banks of the Rupsha and Bhairab river.

Population and area of the city corporation has extended over the time period. Total

area of Khulna City Corporation is 59.57 km2 (23.00 sq. mi). At present total

population is about 14, 00,000.

Table 4.1: Study Area

Ward No. Area (km2) Percentage

24 1.18 1.98

27 0.46 0.77

28 0.41 0.69

31 4.05 6.80

Total= 4 Total area = 6.1 km2 10.24

Source: KCC, 2016

Density of population is about 19,000 per km2. Khulna City Corporation consist of 31

wards. Map shows selected ward wise area of Khulna City Corporation.

Table 4.1 shows ward wise area distribution in square kilometer. Total area of Khulna

City Corporation is 59.57 km2. Among the thirty one wards of Khulna City

Corporation the selected wards are only four. Those wards are accordingly Ward

No.24, Ward No.27, Ward No.28, and Ward No.31. Total area of four wards are 6.1

km2 and 10.24 percent of 59.57 km2.

15

Map 4.1: Map of the Study Area

Source: KCC, 2016

4.2 Land use pattern of Khulna City Corporation

Land is very much crucial for any kinds of development like as physical, economical

and others so on. Khulna was an industrial area of Bangladesh since British period. It

was a famous place for jute industry and other growing economic activities. But

Khulna has lost its fame because of some policy implementation. In resent time the

government of Bangladesh has taken an initiative to develop the south-west region

like as Khulna and Government of Bangladesh also trying to back the fame of Khulna

as industrialist city of Bangladesh. Padma Bridge is a dream for the people of south –

west region of Bangladesh which plays an important role to connect between south-

west region and rest of the country. Second largest seaport of Bangladesh is in Khulna

16

District which connected with capital city by train line. That makes a change on

Khulna city corporation land area usage for various purposes. Author has tried to

focus on the increasing amount of population that is mainly connected with waste

disposal practice. Because of economic development, its need more man power to and

huge land area and more population generate more waste. In Khulna City 47.13% of

the land goes to residential use, Agriculture holds the second highest position with

13.29% acres of land water body takes 8.64% and circulation system occupies 6.85%

(Roy and Roy, 2013).

4.3 Conclusion

This chapter contains the overall overview of the KCC. Basic discussion about the

city corporation, area of wards on the basics its size, different land use of every wards,

household, population size of sample wards, population and occupation of the

households are discussed here.

17

Chapter Five

Socio-economic Status of the Respondents

5.1 Family Size of the Respondents

Twenty five household from each ward among total household according to the

Khulna City Corporation have been considered to conduct the household survey in

KCC. According to the City Corporation census data total population is in those

wards are

Figure 5.1: Family Structure of the Respondents


The above mention figure 5.1 depict the average family size in Khulna city. The

figure states about 41% family has 2 to 4 members. The immediate next mention is 5

to 7 members of family which 66%. Beside this there also have some extension

families. The bigger the family size the more waste will be generated. It shows the

urbanization pattern in Bangladesh as well as urban population growth of Khulna

City. The level of urbanization was extremely low in 1951 with only 4.33% of the

total population living in urban areas. It has increased gradually to 5.19% in 1961 and

then very rapidly to 8.78% in 1974, 15.54% in 1981, 20.15% in 1991 and 23.39% in

2001 (BBS, 1991 and BBS, 2001). A recent study by World Bank has estimated that

about 40% of the total population in Bangladesh will be living in urban area in

Bangladesh by 2025 (ADB, 2000). With over 3.3% annual growth in urban

18

population in Bangladesh during 1991-2001 census years, solid waste generation has

also increased proportionately with the growth of urban population. As such, most of

the urban local bodies are finding it difficult to keep pace with the demand for

adequate solid waste management and conservancy services provided by the urban

local bodies. Consequently, a backlog between demand and supply for solid waste

management in most of the urban local bodies is created. Lack of financial resources,

institutional weakness improper choice of technology and lack of public awareness

about solid waste management has rendered solid waste management services far

from satisfactory.

5.2 Educational Status of the Respondents

Figure 5.2 shows the education status of respondent of Khulna City Corporation.

From the figure it is seen that about 18% of respondent have S.S.C level or 10 year of

schooling, 20% of

Figure 5.2: Education Level of the Respondents


Respondents have 12 year of schooling, 57% of respondent have more than 16 years

of schooling, 5% of respondent have no year of schooling. It is essential to clarify that

author wants to separate the respondent in only four category based on S.S.C. H.S.C.

Above and N/A. Average literacy rate of KCC is about 72.86% (KCC, 2016)

19

5.3 Occupational Status of the respondents

From baseline survey of selected wards of Khulna City Corporation the pie chart

shows the occupation pattern of household members. The pie chart figure 5.3 suggests

that there is variety of occupation among household members. Pie chart illustrates that

most of the household men are

Figure 5.3: Occupational Status of the Respondents


Small business men which are about 33%, the next chosen occupation by the

household head are private service and NGOs which is about 28%, 16% are engaged

in day laborer, 12% and 11% are engaged in government service and large business.

In the KCC area there is considerable amount of unemployed person although they

are not counted in the survey.

20

5.4 Monthly Household Income

Monthly income of the respondents has been grouped into five classes having the

range of monthly earning from BDT 10,000 to BDT 20,000. The second group,

having a monthly income range of BDT 20,001-30,000 twenty five percent of the

respondent are in the group of monthly income ranging from BDT 30,001- 40,000

while only 10% of total large business earn more than that. The study has also found

that the respondents of the private sector living below the poverty level which

indirectly affects their health and other safety

Table 5.1: Monthly Household Income

Household Income Frequency Percentage

10000 to 20000 59 61

20001 to 30000 25 26

30001 to 40000 10 10

40001 to Above 03 03

Total =100 Total= 100%


Services that is essential in the work place. The lower and upper limit of income range

is 10000 to 40000. Most of the people average income is 10000 BDT to 20000 BDT.

The next range is 20% people income is 20001 BDT to 30000 BDT. Another 10%

respondent income level is30.001 to 40,000 and 3% people is under 40,001 to above

group. Sample survey was conducted in Khulna City Corporation representing high,

middle and low-income groups as well as in three markets. Various Research shows

the domestic waste generation rate of Khulna City Corporation for different income

groups as well as the weighted average domestic solid waste generation rate in the

city, while the same in graphical representation. Like Chittagong City, positive

correlation has been found between domestic waste generation and income level of

Khulna City.

21

Chapter Six

Data Analysis and Discussion

6.1 Waste Collecting Organization

In Khulna, the growing population creates more waste that enhance the difficulty of

solid waste management system. It is found that this emerging population addresses

the growing problems of solid waste. It is needed that this large scale solid waste must

be disposed in a systematic way through different waste collecting agency like KCC,

Prodipon, Prism Bangladesh Ltd. etc. It is very difficult to manage the solid waste

appropriately. In Khulna, solid waste management is entrusted with urban local

government bodies like KCC, respectively. The responsibility of removing and

disposing solid waste lies with the City Corporations and concern authorities.

Figure 6.1: Waste Collecting Organization


Solid Waste management is the most important issue for the urban dwellers. Above

figure shows that most of the solid waste in Khulna City Corporation are collected by

KCC like as 55% respectively. Prodipon is an authority for collecting most of the

medical waste and any other solid waste in Khulna city corporation area. It is found

that 32% solid waste are collected and managed by Prodipon. Besides this Prism

Bangladesh ltd also concern authority for collecting the urban solid waste like as 13%

respectively. In this regard these waste collecting organization works together for

ensuring the healthy environment for the urban dwellers in Khulna city.

22

6.2 Waste Generation

At the household level in urban area the solid waste generation is increasing at

alarmingly rate because of rapid urbanization. Since the period of industrialization the

people in urban area are involved with different activities and also create different

solid waste I their city life. Form then they thinks the proper solid waste disposal

system for the city dwellers habitable environment but that initiative does not dream

to light at the implementing level for sustainable development adaptation. More than

15,000 tons of waste is produced in Bangladesh each day. In 2025 it is expected that

the number will be 47,000 tons of waste and only a fraction of it will be

systematically handled. However, 70-80% of the solid municipal waste is organic and

poses a major potential for production of fertilizer and biogas etc. In 2004

approximately 16,380 of tons of waste are generated in the urban areas of Bangladesh

(Rayed & Hossain, 2014).

Table 6.1: Amount of Solid Waste Generation

Category of amount Amount of waste (kg) Frequency Percentage

0.1 < to >0.5 15.35 41 41.41

0.5< to >1.0 16.55 23 23.23

1.< to >1.5 30.60 28 28.28

1.5< to above 14.1 7 7.7

Total 76.6 kg 99 100


Hence, the total domestic solid waste generation rate is increased by the population of

KCC. In the Table above shows that the amount of domestic waste are generated on

an average 0.7kg per capita household level. It is found that 41.41% people are

reported less than 500gm solid waste generate in their house. In the other cases

28.28% people indicates that 1kg to 1.5kg waste are accumulated in their household

with total population of the city. The major sources of solid wastes in Khulna are

residences, streets, hotels and restaurants, private clinics and hospitals etc. The table

depicts that solid waste generation in Khulna city daily is growing with the growth of

population.

23

6.3 Physical Composition of Solid Waste

Composition of solid waste depends upon a number of factors, such as food habit,

culture, socio-economic and climatic condition. Composition of solid waste varies

not only from city to city but even within the same city itself and also seasonally.

Physical composition of solid waste from different urban areas of Bangladesh is given

Figure 6.2: Average Composition of Urban Solid Waste

Source: Enayetullah et al. 2005

In figure 6.2 shows the average proportion of different components in urban solid

waste. Among the components the total percentage of compostable (including food,

vegetable, rags, jute, wood, grass, leaves etc.) waste was found to comparatively

higher.67.65% of average waste is food and vegetable and the lowest amount is

medicine and chemical 0.64%. On the other hand non-compostable waste is lower in

amount. From the point of Severity medical waste is very low in amount but very high

risk of health hazard.

24

6.4 Projection of Waste Generation (2014 - 2025) of Khulna Metropolitan Area

The national population growth rate of Bangladesh is 1.579% respectively Khulna,

south-western part of Bangladesh is the most promising industrial and economical

activities with its growing population growth rate are higher than the national growth

rate of population. Projected population is calculated by Exponential method of

population projection which is expressed by (Riyad & Hossain, 2014).

Table 6.2: Projected Waste Generation

Year

Waste/day/

capita(kg) Population(million)

Total waste/

day(tons)

Total

waste/year(tones)

2014 53 1.99 1055 385075

2015 56 2.09 1171 427415

2016 59 2.19 1292 471580

2017 62 2.3 1426 520490

2018 65 2.41 1567 571955

2019 68 2.53 1721 628165

2020 71 2.65 1882 686930

2021 74 2.78 2057 750805

2022 77 2.92 2249 820885

2023 80 3.06 2448 893520

2024 83 3.21 2664 972360

2025 86 3.37 2898 1057770

Source: Riyad & Hossain, 2014

6.5 Problems Faced by Solid Waste

Inadequate solid waste disposal causes surface and ground water pollution at different

context. The urban solid waste damages ecosystem, decreases soil fertility for open

dumping cause’s aesthetic problems of the city and also it causes threat to public

health. The significant negative impacts due to inadequate solid waste collection are

public health, water pollution, air pollution, disease transmission and so on.

Environmental pollution of waste disposal affects health through both short and long-

term effects. The short-term effects of solid waste are diarrhea, infectious diseases and

skin bone disease etc. It also faced that the urban dwellers are faced different kinds of

problems which is related to health consequences. The causes of congenital

anomalies, asthma and respiratory infection are affects more in the Khulna city. The

Long-term health effects related to solid waste exposure to include chronic respiratory

and cardiovascular diseases, cancer and even brain, nerves, liver, lymph

25

hematopoietic or kidneys diseases. Most of the city dwellers have focused on the

potential health effects of illegal waste disposal mismanagement on public health.

Figure 6.3: Problems Faced through the Solid Waste


For health reasons, waste in south-western regions of Bangladesh is actually being

collected daily through different organization. This makes the challenges and costs of

solid waste management effectively. The above figure shows the opinion of the

respondent that 74% percent respondent faced problem by solid waste and rest

respondent 24% replies that they do not face any problem by solid waste. It is

generally the city center and the wealthier neighborhoods that receive service when it

is available. In poorer areas, uncollected wastes accumulate at roadsides, are burned

by residents, or are disposed of in illegal dumping site which blight neighborhoods

and harm public health. In the present time it may be ought to concern for safe and

better habitable environment and reduces its effects in the most public areas in Khulna

city.

26

6.6 Environmental Pollution through Solid Waste

Khulna City Corporation is mostly responsible for collecting solid waste to prevent

the environment being polluted through solid waste. Urban local government bodies

are responsible for such functions as sanitation and environmental pollution control,

solid waste management etc. The Khulna City Corporations also manage the solid

waste from the household level and also control the other organizations which are

related to solid waste disposal for being the worsens situation of environment in the

city area.

Table 6.3: Respondents Opinion about Reasons for Polluting the Environment


Although, solid waste management is an important function of the Khulna City

Corporation and other concern authorities. The table 6.3 Shows that 16% respondent

are strongly agree with the mentioning causes are for environment pollution of the

area.32% are agree with the compliment, 25% respondent are neutral and 20% and

7% respondent are disagree and strongly disagree with mentioning causes. It also

found that most of the people are reported that environment are polluting for the

different context in the city corporation area. A very few people are disagree about the

matter that solid waste may not cause for environmental pollution. The illegal waste

disposal is very harmful for any environmental protection, which ultimately involves

various environmental hazards for the city dwellers. Besides this, according to

prevailing rule, the Khulna City Corporation are not bound to collect waste from

households; they are responsible to collect waste from dustbins and designated points

and dispose it.

Satisfaction Level Dustbin

Distance

Offensive

Odor

Lack of

manpower

Absence of

Dustbin

Percentage

Strongly Agree 7 4 6 5 16

Agree 12 9 13 9 32

Neutral 18 10 5 1 25

Disagree 11 7 8 1 20

Strongly Disagree 2 3 2 3 7

Total 50 33 34 19 100

27

6.7 Willingness to Pay for Better Services

Cities in developing countries experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth

too often lack the financial resources and institutional capacity to provide needed

municipal infrastructure for adequate solid waste management. It is found that the

present analysis and discussion of the results of the empirical analysis to help

determine which factors are significant for Willingness to pay for improving the solid

waste management service, as well as the amount respondents are willing to pay.

Figure 6.4: Willingness to Pay for better Service

Source: Author’s compilation, 2016

This analysis shows that the respondent Khulna City people average spending for

household waste disposal is 29 BDT and 43 BDT willing to pay for better service.

The amount is 19% extra money for better service than the amount actually spends at

present time in monthly. The poorer people are not willing to pay more than the rich

households. In this circumstances in percentage of income the poor people are not

willing to pay but they also sufferer form the negative effects of solid waste, in this

regard the rich people should encourage for willing to pay more to get better service

both.

28

6.8 Causes of Willingness to Pay for Solid Waste Management

Willingness to pay for solid waste management is an important for factor to improve

the environment healthy and comfortable for city dwellers. At the household level it is

regarding to the consequences the health and other effects for the people. The city

dweller have indicates more than one reason for willingness to pay for management of

solid waste. Most of the respondent replies that they think lack of man power and

system are the main cause for willingness to pay. Some were willing to pay as they

think better management of solid waste may give a hygienic situation. Some of them

are reported willingness to pay for the creation of better environment like as livable

place. A very Few households are interested to pay for the aesthetic view of the

dwelling area in Khulna city. According to the respondent opinion the causes for

willingness to pay are listing sequentially improving manpower and system, hygienic

situation, better environment creation, and finally aesthetic view of the area.

6.9 Disease Faced through Solid Waste

Solid Waste has a negative effect on health of city dwellers very much critical.

Different types of diseases are caused by solid waste to the urban dwellers. It is found

that the solid waste causes kinds of disease like as Diarrhea, plague, skin bone

diseases and other infectious diseases. The table shows that 33.73% respondent is

reported that they are not faced diseases caused by solid waste. In the other aspects

66.27% respondent are agreed to face different kinds of diseases through the solid

waste. The Modernization and progression has had its share of disadvantages and one

of the main aspects of concern is the pollution it is causing to the earth be it land, air,

and water. With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and

other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by

each household.

Table 6.4: Observation of the Respondents

Diseases faced causes by solid waste Frequency Percentage

Yes Faced 55 66.27

Not Faced 28 33.73

Total 83 100


29

The respondent at 33.73% indicates that they are not faced any disease through the

solid waste in other side 66.27% people are strongly raised their hand on behalf of the

facing the cause of solid waste. Solid Waste that is not properly managed, especially

excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households and the community are a

serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases. The solid waste

lying around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease.

Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to

unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems. Plastic waste is

another cause for ill health.

Table 6.5: Type of Diseases Faced by Respondent


Different types of diseases are faced among the respondent such as Malaria, Diarrhea,

Facial Problem, Infections of Skin bone diseases. Most of the people being faced

diarrhea like as 29.6% when 28% respondent are faced facial problem caused by the

solid waste. In Khulna City, there are an appalling number of people children suffer

from various diseases due to lack of a balanced diet, pure drinking water and

sanitation services. It also delineates that there is an increasing problem of waste

management particularly in the larger cities like Khulna. The city dwellers are

reported for ensuring better and comfortable livable healthy environment to the solid

waste management authority. It is found that there is no effect of Plague in the city

area’s people. For the infection of skin bone diseases are reported by 24.4% people

among the city dwellers. Only 24% respondents are more risk for the diseases of

Malaria.

Variable Observation Mean

Malaria 20 2.4

Diarrhea 28 2.96

Plague 0 0

Facial problem 15 2.8

Infections skin bone 9 2.44

30

6.10 Waste Resource Issue among City Dwellers

Urban solid waste management is one of the most immediate and serious

environmental problems mostly in developing Asian countries like as Bangladesh.

The lack the resources to deal effectively with the growing amount of solid waste

generated by growing city dwellers, as a result, much of this waste finds its way onto

roads and into open drains causing serious health risks. It spreads more infectious

diseases to the city dwellers can cause most of the health hazards among the city

people. The proper management of solid waste in the urban area are very essential to

ensure healthy living environment.

Figure 6.5: Solid Waste as Resource


Above figure shows that 81% respondent treated as the waste may be resource on the

other hand 19% respondent‘s has no knowledge about the matter of waste treated

resource for the betterment of environment. There are different kinds of material

among Solid Waste which may be treated as resource in the Khulna city corporation

area. The plastic and glass materials may be used as resource in some context through

the respondent in urban area.

31

6.11 Waste Recycling Knowledge

Recycling from the solid waste carries too health risks for the urban dwellers if proper

precautions may not be taken. Workers are involved with solid waste collecting

activities that it is containing various types of chemical and metals may experience

toxic exposure to health of city people. The Solid Waste disposal of health-care

wastes require special attention since it can create major health hazards, such as

Hepatitis B and C, through wounds caused by discarded syringes. Rag pickers and

others, who are involved in scavenging in the waste dumps for items that can be

recycled, may sustain injuries and come into direct contact with these infectious

items.

Figure 6.6: Waste Recycling Knowledge


The figure shows that 76% respondent aware about waste recycling and 24% are not

aware about the waste recycling. Most of the people whose are involved by solid

waste management system that has knowledge about the waste recycling factors. The

rag picker picks the plastic and other solid materials that they can recycle again. From

this process they earn few amount of money that is needed for livings.

32

6.12 Satisfaction about Neighbor’s Waste Disposal Behavior

Neighbor plays an important role in every step of life. Their activities influence us

effectively or efficiently. On a critical moment it enhance their helping hand to solve

the problem. Everybody generate different kinds of solid waste in our everyday life

and it is needed to dispose in a suitable place to get rid of being polluting the

environment. As a waste disposal behavior may be satisfied or not.

Figure 6.7: Neighbor’s Waste Disposal Behavior


According to the data 60% people are satisfied for their neighbor waste disposal

practice the other side 40% people are not satisfied. This figure is constructed based

on field survey in 2016. The respondent provides the opinion respectively. Waste

disposal is an emerging problem in almost all urban areas of Bangladesh. The

magnitude of the problem is relatively small and manageable in rural areas. Among

the major environmental concerns confronted today in the urban areas of Bangladesh

are problems relating to proper management of solid waste. The solid waste disposal

practice in Bangladesh must be effective for the betterment of urban dwellers. When

the satisfaction level will high then the situation will be better for healthy and sound

environment.

33

6.13 Separation of Household Waste

Human activities create waste, and the ways that waste is handled, stored, collected,

and disposed of can pose risks to the environment and to public health. This study

want to find out the practice of household waste separation behavior of household

people. At present it is proved trash can be cash with safe environment. From the

point of view the table shows the percentage of who are separating waste and who are

not 63.04% respondents says they separate waste and sell the sellable trash and rest of

people 36.96% said they do not separate sellable items.

Table 6.6: Waste Separation Scenario

Separate Items Frequency Percentage

Yes 58 63.04

No 34 36.96

Total 92 100


According to the table most of the people of Khulna City separate various item from

household waste that will help to reduce other problems. Promotion of separating of

both organic and inorganic waste can reduce the cost of collection, transportation and

disposal of waste. It is found in the study that suitable landfill area for waste disposal

will hardly be available in near future if the current waste disposal practice continues.

So it is high time to changing our mindset about household waste disposal behavior

and that good habit can ensure a better environment for all of us.

34

Chapter Seven

Concluding Remarks

7.1 Findings

Following are the findings of this study:

i. The increasing rate of urban population creating pressure on solid waste

management system.

ii. The study reveals that the uncollected wastes are dumped in open spaces and

streets that leads to different kinds of infectious disease.

iii. In Khulna city a large number of City dwellers are not aware about the impact

of unplanned solid waste disposal on health risk and livable environment.

iv. This study found that 26% people of Khulna city are faced problem through

solid waste disposal practice.

v. The amount of Per capita household waste of city dwellers are 0.773 kg per

day.

vi. Amount of waste is increasing day by day the projected amount of waste will

be approximately 2898 tons within 2025 in Khulna City.

vii. This study also found that the people at household level in Khulna City are

willingness to pay for better solid waste management system. The main

consequences are improving management system, hygienic situation, and better

environment of city with aesthetic view of Khulna City Corporation.

viii. Approximately, 81% people in Khulna City are reported that the solid waste

material may be used as resource.

ix. In recent time most of the city dwellers in Khulna City are not satisfied on

existing solid waste disposal practice.

35

7.2 Recommendations

On the basis of this study following recommendation may be taken into care:

i. Khulna City Corporation should take proper initiative to collect 100% of

waste to ensure healthy and livable environment for the city dwellers.

ii. Secondly, people of the city corporation have to more responsible about their

waste disposing practice.

iii. Khulna City Corporation is the apex authority of maintaining the waste

management system. Government should allocate more money for improving

the existing system which will be more eco-friendly and automated.

iv. Proper long term planning with the trend of population and urban growth of

Khulna City Corporation to get a beautiful, livable eco-friendly City for all.

v. Most of the people of Khulna City dwellers are willing to pay to get rid of

from this problem. From the point of view, Government should take some

suggestive measures for ensuring the quality.

vi. Various corporate institution can help government to manage the waste as

corporate social responsibility.

vii. At last raising awareness among the dwellers is the main recommendation of

this Study.

7.3 Conclusion

Living in a healthy, clean and eco-friendly environment now a day becoming a right

of urban dwellers of all over the world. Khulna the third largest city of Bangladesh

with approximately 16, 00,000 population. Khulna City now facing a vast natural

degradation for unplanned and open dispose of household waste. This study try to

investigate to know the disposal practice of urban dwellers. Study found that lack of

awareness of people with reducing expenditure for solid waste, people throw the

waste on road side, drainage system or selected place.

xi

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Appendix

Questionnaire

On

Waste Disposal Practice of Urban Dwellers: A study on Khulna city


Khulna University, Khulna.

(Collected data will be used for study purpose only)

Sample no…………… Date:…../.…./2016

Household Survey:

1. General information

1.1 Name of ward:

1.2 Identification of the respondent

1.2.1 Name of the respondent-

1.2.2 Age-

1.2.3 Sex:

1.2.4 Occupation-

Business Employee Farmer Day laborer

1.2.5

Educational status

1.2.6 Total family members-

1.2.7 Total Family Income (Tk.):…………

2. How do you manage your waste? (put tick mark)

2.1 Collected by concerned authority

2.2 Collected by household People

If the answer is 2.1 then tick the following questions

3. Which organization collect your waste and when?

3.1 Waste collecting time

Time Morning Evening Night

Prodipan

Prism

Potisruti

Unnayan

KCC

3.2 Personal observation of respondent: Observation of households or respondent

about the authorities or concerned people who are collect waste.

(Put tick following; 1=very good, 2=good, 3=satisfied, 4=not bad, 5=bad)

Male Female

SSC HSC Above

Authority Name

3.2.1 Collection frequency in a week 1 2 3 4 5

3.2.2 Manage timely 1 2 3 4 5

3.2.3 Properly sweep dustbin 1 2 3 4 5

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If the answer is 2.2 then tick the following questions

4. Which way is generated waste dispose and how far from household

5. Present waste disposal system of your area polluting the environment?

5.1 Yes 5.2 No

If yes, then what are the reasons for polluting the environment?

(Problems are faced to dispose waste):

Put tick following; 1=very good, 2=good, 3=satisfied, 4=not bad, 5=bad

5.1.1Dustbin is not within walking distance 1 2 3 4 5

5.1.2 Offensive odor near the dustbin 1 2 3 4 5

5.1.3 Lack of manpower for waste disposal 1 2 3 4 5

5.1.4 Dustbin is not in appropriate area 1 2 3 4 5

5.1.5 Absence of dustbin in the area 1 2 3 4 5

6. Do you willingly Spent money for waste disposal and how much?

6.1 Yes 6.2 No

If the answer is 6.1 then how much he/she willingly spends (Tk)?( put tick)

10-20 Tk. 21-30Tk. 31-40 Tk. Above 41Tk.

7. Having good environment quality to remove solid waste how much you willing

to pay?

8. What type of problems you face for existing solid waste management? (Put tick;

1=much severe, 2=severe,3=very bad, 4=bad, 5=normal)

8.1 Dustbin stands on walking way 1 2 3 4 5

8.2 Very close to locality 1 2 3 4 5

8.3 Spread bad smell 1 2 3 4 5

8.4 Generally public avoid this area 1 2 3 4 5

8.5 Natural troubles by dogs, crows, flies etc. 1 2 3 4 5

9. Have you faced any types of diseases causing by solid waste?

3.2.4 Satisfy their payment 1 2 3 4 5

3.2.5 Sufficient tools to dispose 1 2 3 4 5

3.2.6 Sweep drain and bin regularly 1 2 3 4 5

Type Put Tick Distance(meter)

Dustbin

Drain

Road Side

Selected Place

Randomly

10-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-more

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10. By your opinion what types of disease are created by solid waste if it is not

disposal in a proper way?

(Put tick following; 1=much severe, 2=severe, 3=very bad, 4=bad, 5=normal)

10.1 Malaria 1 2 3 4 5

10.2 Diarrhea 1 2 3 4 5

10.3 Plague 1 2 3 4 5

10.4 Facial- oral infections 1 2 3 4 5

10.5 Infections of skin and bone 1 2 3 4 5

11. Amount of waste you collect everyday (kg)……………

12. What are the types the items, generally accrued for disposal?

13 Do you separate your kitchen and vegetable waste from other wastage?

13.1 Yes 13.2 No

13.3. If the answer is yes, then ask what kinds of waste so you separate?

(Put tick, 1=very much, 2= much, 3= more, 4= low, 5= Very low)

Types K. G. 12.1 Kitchen and vegetable wastes 12.2 Paper waste 12.3 Plastics 12.4 Glass (Broken) 12.5 Metal / Tin items 12.6 Rubber materials 12.7 Ferrous 12.8 Others

13.1.1 Kitchen and vegetable wastes 1 2 3 4 5

13.1.2 Paper waste 1 2 3 4 5

13.1.3 Plastics 1 2 3 4 5

13.1.4 Glass(Broken) 1 2 3 4 5

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14. Do you sell the separated items? (put tick)

Yes No

15. What is the frequency of selling these items? (put tick)

Every week Every month Every two month More than two month

16. What types of waste collection system do you prefer?

(1=very good, 2= good, 3= satisfied, 4= low, 5= very low)

16.1 Community collection 1 2 3 4 5

16.2 Block collection 1 2 3 4 5

16.3 Curb side collection 1 2 3 4 5

16.4 House to house collection 1 2 3 4 5

17. What problem do you face while disposing solid waste?

(1= Very much, 2=Much, 3=More, 4=Low, 5=Very low)

17.1 Absence of dustbin in the area 1 2 3 4 5

17.2 Dustbin is not easy to accessible 1 2 3 4 5

17.3 Dustbin is not in appropriate location 1 2 3 4 5

17.4 Offensive odor near the dustbin 1 2 3 4 5

18. Are you satisfied on your neighbor’s waste disposal behavior?

Yes No

19. .Do you know waste materials can be recycled?

Yes No

20. Do you think waste can be a resource?

Yes No

21. Any suggestion for improving waste disposal system in your locality:

…………………………………………………………………………

Signature of respondent Signature of

Surveyor

13.1.5 Metal/ Tin items 1 2 3 4 5

13.1.6 Rubber materials 1 2 3 4 5

13.1.7 Ferrous 1 2 3 4 5

13.1.8 Liquids 1 2 3 4 5

13.1.9 Others 1 2 3 4 5

C

Waste disposal practice of urban dwellers

Environment

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