Waste Disposal: Oceanic Oil Spills and its Effects on the Environment Service-Based Learning...

Waste Disposal: Oceanic Oil Spills and its Effects

on the Environment

Waste Disposal: Oceanic Oil Spills and its Effects

on the Environment

Service-Based Learning ActivitySalimah MuhammadWalden University

PUBH 8165-2Dr. Howard Rubin

July 24, 2011

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Waste Disposal: Oceanic Oil Spills and its Effects on the Waste Disposal: Oceanic Oil Spills and its Effects on the

EnvironmentEnvironment..

OVERVIEWOVERVIEWOVERVIEWOVERVIEW

STAKEHOLDERS STAKEHOLDERS

OCEAN POLLUTION: A Humanitarian Problem A Humanitarian Problem OCEAN POLLUTION: A Humanitarian Problem A Humanitarian Problem

THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILLGULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILLGULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL

RESOLUTION AND PROGRESSRESOLUTION AND PROGRESSRESOLUTION AND PROGRESSRESOLUTION AND PROGRESS

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHWaste Disposal: Oceanic Oil Spills and its Effects on the Waste Disposal: Oceanic Oil Spills and its Effects on the


OVERVIEWOVERVIEWHow does ocean pollution effect our How does ocean pollution effect our environment?environment?

Ocean pollution puts people and marine life at Ocean pollution puts people and marine life at risk. Mercury and polychlorinated bipheryl (PCB) risk. Mercury and polychlorinated bipheryl (PCB) contamination are among the vices that plague contamination are among the vices that plague the ocean. The United States Environmental the ocean. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publishes various Protection Agency (EPA) publishes various warning against consuming aggregate amounts of warning against consuming aggregate amounts of fish, including shark, tile fish, king mackerel and fish, including shark, tile fish, king mackerel and swordfish. (Kowalski, 2010).swordfish. (Kowalski, 2010).

The vice we speak of here reflects the Gulf of The vice we speak of here reflects the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill occurring on April 20, 2010. Mexico Oil Spill occurring on April 20, 2010. Greatly affected were humans and marine life. Greatly affected were humans and marine life. Crude oil has devastating affects, crude oil Crude oil has devastating affects, crude oil evaporates into the air causing respiratory hazard evaporates into the air causing respiratory hazard in nearby locations, seafood is contaminated and in nearby locations, seafood is contaminated and in many cases wildlife (sea birds, turtles, fish and in many cases wildlife (sea birds, turtles, fish and other marine life) are destroyed. (Kowalski, 2010).other marine life) are destroyed. (Kowalski, 2010).

Kowalski, K. M. (2010). Ocean of Trouble. Current Health Teens: Oct2010. Vol. 37 Issue 2 p. 16-19 4p.. AN 54016524

http://www.gulfspilloil.com/the-sticky-details-bp-oil-spill-facts-that-you-should-not-forget photo one

http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2010/07/the_consequences_of_the_oil_sp.php photo two

http://www.gulfspilloil.com/the-sticky-details-bp-oil-spill-facts-that-you-should-not-forget

http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2010/07/the_consequences_of_the_oil_sp.php



OVERVIEWOVERVIEW (continued)(continued)

Ocean Dumping and Dredge Material Ocean Dumping and Dredge Material RegulationsRegulations

EPA and the United States Army Corps of Engineers share EPA and the United States Army Corps of Engineers share regulation responsibility for dredged material. (EPA 2011).regulation responsibility for dredged material. (EPA 2011).

The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) was passed in 1972. Also known as the Ocean (MPRSA) was passed in 1972. Also known as the Ocean Dumping Dumping Act, regulates transportation of disposal into ocean waters. Act, regulates transportation of disposal into ocean waters. (EPA(EPA 2011).2011).

The Clear Water Act (CWA) Section 404 governs release of The Clear Water Act (CWA) Section 404 governs release of dredgeddredged or fill material in United States coastal and inland waters. or fill material in United States coastal and inland waters. (EPA(EPA 2011).2011).

http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/dumpdredged.cfm



STAKEHOLDERSSTAKEHOLDERS

Adult Community Watch GroupsAdult Community Watch GroupsCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Coastal Communities Gulf of MexicoCoastal Communities Gulf of MexicoEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Healthcare ProvidersHealthcare ProvidersOccupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA))United States Army Corps of EngineersUnited States Army Corps of EngineersNutritionistNutritionistRestaurant OwnersRestaurant OwnersSeafood ProvidersSeafood Providers



OCEAN POLLUTON: A Humanitarian OCEAN POLLUTON: A Humanitarian ProblemProblem

Poignantly, put by a youth named “Ian F, a member of the Poignantly, put by a youth named “Ian F, a member of the National Ocean Sciences Bowl Team at La Jolla High School in National Ocean Sciences Bowl Team at La Jolla High School in California, what goes on in the ocean affects all parts of the California, what goes on in the ocean affects all parts of the world.” (Kowalski 2010). Ocean pollution is the world’s world.” (Kowalski 2010). Ocean pollution is the world’s problem.problem.

Ocean pollution puts humans, marine life and the planet at Ocean pollution puts humans, marine life and the planet at risk. Mercury alone causes harm to the nervous system and risk. Mercury alone causes harm to the nervous system and the chemicals PCBs causes cancer, developmental problems, the chemicals PCBs causes cancer, developmental problems, hormone imbalances and skin problems. (Kowalski 2010).hormone imbalances and skin problems. (Kowalski 2010).

A recent study conducted by the National Oceanic and A recent study conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on the coast lines of Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on the coast lines of Georgia reported large amounts of PCBs were found in Georgia reported large amounts of PCBs were found in dolphins, in fact, the highest levels ever recorded in wildlife. dolphins, in fact, the highest levels ever recorded in wildlife. (Kowalski 2010).(Kowalski 2010).




THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILLTHE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL

In this segment we will:In this segment we will:

Describe The Gulf of Mexico Oil SpillDescribe The Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

The Oil Spill AftermathThe Oil Spill Aftermath

Ecological Consequences (The Cycle of Ecological Consequences (The Cycle of Environmental Impact)Environmental Impact)

The Spills Psychological and Health Affects.The Spills Psychological and Health Affects.


Klein. N.. (2011). After the Spill. Nations: Jan312011, Vol. 292 Issue 5, p11-19, 6p.2.Seattle Weekly Blogs (2010). The Ecological and Health Consequences of the Oil Spill.http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2010/07/the_consequences_of_the_oil_sp.php

Thomas, E., et al. (2010). Black Water Rising. Newsweek: Jun72010. Vol. 155 Issue 23, p.36-33, 8p.

Walsh, B. (2010). The Spill’s Psychic Toll. Time: Aug92010. Vol. 176 Issue 6, p32-34, 3p, 2



THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILLTHE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL (continued)(continued)

Describe The Gulf of Mexico Oil SpillDescribe The Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

An explosion occurred at the British Petroleum An explosion occurred at the British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon oil rig on April 20, 2010 (BP) Deepwater Horizon oil rig on April 20, 2010 killing 11 people and igniting the worst oil spill killing 11 people and igniting the worst oil spill the United States ever experienced. (Kowalski the United States ever experienced. (Kowalski 2010).2010).

Crude oil in the millions of gallons released into Crude oil in the millions of gallons released into the Gulf of Mexico’s beaches and marshes the Gulf of Mexico’s beaches and marshes affecting human and marine life. (Kowalski 2010).affecting human and marine life. (Kowalski 2010).




THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL (continued)(continued)


The financial cost for the BP cleanup amounted to a The financial cost for the BP cleanup amounted to a near near $75 million. And, the cost of life at 11 was $75 million. And, the cost of life at 11 was catastrophic.catastrophic.

BP was abnormally slow in responding to their oil BP was abnormally slow in responding to their oil spill disaster. In fact, it had taken several days for spill disaster. In fact, it had taken several days for proper acknowledgment and they were not proper acknowledgment and they were not forthright regarding the amount of oil leaking forthright regarding the amount of oil leaking (approximately 12, 000 - 19,000 barrels a day).(approximately 12, 000 - 19,000 barrels a day). (Thomas, et al. 2010).(Thomas, et al. 2010).

Thomas, E., et al. (2010). Black Water Rising. Newsweek: Jun72010. Vol. 155 Issue 23, p.36-33, 8p.



THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILLTHE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL (continued)(continued)


Prior to the oil leak capping the well-head on July 15, 2010 Prior to the oil leak capping the well-head on July 15, 2010 oil sludge had began entering the coast lines of Florida, oil sludge had began entering the coast lines of Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi. (Thomas et al. 2010). However, Louisiana and Mississippi. (Thomas et al. 2010). However, by this time approximately by this time approximately 7.9 million of crude oil had 7.9 million of crude oil had leaked. leaked.

The effects on human health was also monumental as gulf The effects on human health was also monumental as gulf residents and workers whom aided in the cleanup residents and workers whom aided in the cleanup consistently report major health problems that many consistently report major health problems that many scientist believe are associated to crude oil exposure. scientist believe are associated to crude oil exposure. (Klein 2011). The ecological damage was also monumental.(Klein 2011). The ecological damage was also monumental.

Klein. N.. (2011). After the Spill. Nations: Jan312011, Vol. 292 Issue 5, p11-19, 6p.2.

Thomas, E., et al. (2010). Black Water Rising. Newsweek: Jun72010. Vol. 155 Issue 23, p.36-33, 8p


EnvironmentEnvironment..Ecological Consequences (The Cycle of Environmental Ecological Consequences (The Cycle of Environmental

Impact)Impact)

1,400 Mollusks species 16.8 %

1,500 Crustaceans Species 18%

4,200 Other Species 48.4 %

200 Bird Species 2.4%

1,200 Fish species 14.4%

The Cycle of Environmental Impact

The Cycle of Environmental Impact

The oil spill impacted 8,332 species

Seattle Weekly Blogs (2010). The Ecological and Health Consequences of the Oil Spill.http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2010/07/the_consequences_of_the_oil_sp.php


EnvironmentEnvironment..Ecological Consequences (The Cycle of Environmental Ecological Consequences (The Cycle of Environmental

Impact) Impact) (continued)(continued)

Specie Mortality (July 5, 2010)

1,884 dead animals had been collected

444 were sea turtles

1,387 of them were birds

53 were dolphins and other animals

Seattle Weekly Blogs (2010). The Ecological and Health Consequences of the Oil Spill.http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2010/07/the_consequences_of_the_oil_sp.php



THE SPILLS PSYCHOLOGICAL AFFECTSTHE SPILLS PSYCHOLOGICAL AFFECTS

The mental health effects were widespread. The mental health effects were widespread.

During the early days after the oil spill at least 37 During the early days after the oil spill at least 37 percent (or 88,500 square miles) of federally percent (or 88,500 square miles) of federally controlled Gulf waters were closed to fishing, controlled Gulf waters were closed to fishing, according to theaccording to the National Oceanic And Atmospheric National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration's Fisheries Service.Administration's Fisheries Service. (Nola 2011). (Nola 2011).

The height of the gulf exemplified a tremendous The height of the gulf exemplified a tremendous

stress on parents and children alike.stress on parents and children alike. Nola. (2011). Gulf seafood industry sputters back to life, a year after oil spill. Retrieved on July 14, 2011 from http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2011/04/gulf_seafood_industry_sputters.html

Walsh, B. (2010). The Spill’s Psychic Toll. Time: Aug92010. Vol. 176 Issue 6, p32-34, 3p, 2 color photographs, 1 Map.



THE HUMAN HEALTH AFFECTSTHE HUMAN HEALTH AFFECTSNIOSH conducted various bulk samples of the NIOSH conducted various bulk samples of the contaminated oil surfaces. The samples collected contaminated oil surfaces. The samples collected revealed various hydrocarbons including polynuclear revealed various hydrocarbons including polynuclear aromatic, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and aromatic, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other compounds. (CDC 2010).other compounds. (CDC 2010).

Response workers in the total of 826 were surveyed Response workers in the total of 826 were surveyed regarding their symptoms as a result of exposure to regarding their symptoms as a result of exposure to the oil chemicals. (CDC 2010).the oil chemicals. (CDC 2010).

Symptoms in all groups were similar, heat stress, Symptoms in all groups were similar, heat stress, headache, and upper respiratory symptoms. (CDC headache, and upper respiratory symptoms. (CDC 2010).2010).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Deepwater Horizon Response. NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation. Retrieved on August 3, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/oilspillresponse/gulfspillhhe.html



RESOLUTION AND PROGRESSRESOLUTION AND PROGRESS

The gulf has been deemed safe; however, many The gulf has been deemed safe; however, many scientist look further into the devastation. scientist look further into the devastation.

April 2011 marked The end of sensory testing of April 2011 marked The end of sensory testing of seafood for coastal areas like the Louisiana some seafood for coastal areas like the Louisiana some standard of normalcy has returned. (Nola 2011). I standard of normalcy has returned. (Nola 2011). I would say normalcy is some what premature. Here would say normalcy is some what premature. Here is how Louisiana shrimp supply was directly effected. is how Louisiana shrimp supply was directly effected. As a result of the oil spill shrimp was down “37 As a result of the oil spill shrimp was down “37 percent last year and crab down 39 percent percent last year and crab down 39 percent compared to the average of the past four years, compared to the average of the past four years, according to state Wildlife and Fisheries landing according to state Wildlife and Fisheries landing numbers. numbers.

Klein, N. (2011). After the Spill. Nations: Jan312011, Vol 292 Issue 5, p11-19, 6p.2. AN 57290425.

Nola. (2011). Gulf seafood industry sputters back to life, a year after oil spill. Retrieved on July 14, 2011 from http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2011/04/gulf_seafood_industry_sputters.html



RESOLUTION AND PROGRESS RESOLUTION AND PROGRESS (continued)(continued)

Government monitoring organizations are branches of the NOAA:Government monitoring organizations are branches of the NOAA:

NRDA in NOAA is conducted by the Damage Assessment, Remediation and Restoration Program (DARRP): (NOAA 2011).

• Create and restore wetlands

• Create oyster reefs and other shellfish habitat

• Restore coral and seagrass beds

• Acquire, restore, and protect waterfowl habitat

• Conduct species recovery and monitoring programs

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2011) Retrieved on July 21, 2011 from http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/book_shelf/1959_deepwater-Horizon-NRDA-ORR-web-5-7-10.pdf



CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The human disaster due to the British Petroleum (BP) The human disaster due to the British Petroleum (BP) oil spill on April 20, 2010 killed 11 people. The loss of oil spill on April 20, 2010 killed 11 people. The loss of life and wildlife were detrimental. Some scientists life and wildlife were detrimental. Some scientists believe that the Gulf is safe; however, the latent believe that the Gulf is safe; however, the latent effects of VOCs and other compounds are real and effects of VOCs and other compounds are real and ongoing. The overall environmental affects may never ongoing. The overall environmental affects may never experience resolution as result of this oil spill. For experience resolution as result of this oil spill. For these reasons it is imperative to be educated as to how these reasons it is imperative to be educated as to how the damage is assessed from a food chain, human life the damage is assessed from a food chain, human life and health hazards standpoint. Continued and health hazards standpoint. Continued Epidemiological studies are needed for latent affects of Epidemiological studies are needed for latent affects of dispersants collected from various sites and surfaces. dispersants collected from various sites and surfaces. Communities and respective government and Communities and respective government and independent agencies must continue to work independent agencies must continue to work collectively toward continual remediation and collectively toward continual remediation and resolution.resolution.



ReferencesReferences

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Deepwater Horizon Response. NIOSH Health Hazard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Deepwater Horizon Response. NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation. Retrieved on August 3, 2011 from Evaluation. Retrieved on August 3, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/oilspillresponse/gulfspillhhe.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/oilspillresponse/gulfspillhhe.html

Gulf Oil Spill (2011). BP Oil Spill Facts. http://www.gulfspilloil.com/the-sticky-details-bp-oil-spill-facts-that-you-Gulf Oil Spill (2011). BP Oil Spill Facts. http://www.gulfspilloil.com/the-sticky-details-bp-oil-spill-facts-that-you-should-not-forget photo one should-not-forget photo one

Klein, N. (2011). After the Spill. Nations: Jan312011, Vol 292 Issue 5, p11-19, 6p.2. AN 57290425.Klein, N. (2011). After the Spill. Nations: Jan312011, Vol 292 Issue 5, p11-19, 6p.2. AN 57290425.

Kowalski, K. M. (2010). Ocean of Trouble. Current Health Teens: Oct2010. Vol. 37 Issue 2 p. 16-19 4p. AN Kowalski, K. M. (2010). Ocean of Trouble. Current Health Teens: Oct2010. Vol. 37 Issue 2 p. 16-19 4p. AN 5401652454016524

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2011) Retrieved on July 21, 2011 from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2011) Retrieved on July 21, 2011 from http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/book_shelf/1959_deepwater-Horizon-NRDA-ORR-web-5-7-10.pdfhttp://response.restoration.noaa.gov/book_shelf/1959_deepwater-Horizon-NRDA-ORR-web-5-7-10.pdf

Nola. (2011). Gulf seafood industry sputters back to life, a year after oil spill. Retrieved on July 14, 2011 from Nola. (2011). Gulf seafood industry sputters back to life, a year after oil spill. Retrieved on July 14, 2011 from http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2011/04/gulf_seafood_industry_sputters.htmlhttp://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2011/04/gulf_seafood_industry_sputters.html

Microsoft Presentation Templates. (2003). Globe on Water Design. Retrieved on July 10, 2011 from Microsoft Presentation Templates. (2003). Globe on Water Design. Retrieved on July 10, 2011 from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/sample-presentation-slides-globe-on-water-design-http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/sample-presentation-slides-globe-on-water-design-TC001136801.aspx.TC001136801.aspx.

Seattle Weekly Blogs (2010). The Ecological and Health Consequences of the Oil Spill.Seattle Weekly Blogs (2010). The Ecological and Health Consequences of the Oil Spill.http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2010/07/the_consequences_of_the_oil_sp.php photo twohttp://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2010/07/the_consequences_of_the_oil_sp.php photo two

Thomas, E., Stone, D., Hosenball, M., Isikoff, M., Conant., E., Clift, E., Hirsh, M., Campo-Flores, A., Y, I. (2010). Thomas, E., Stone, D., Hosenball, M., Isikoff, M., Conant., E., Clift, E., Hirsh, M., Campo-Flores, A., Y, I. (2010). Black Water Rising. Newsweek: Jun72010. Vol. 155 Issue 23, p.36-33, 8p.Black Water Rising. Newsweek: Jun72010. Vol. 155 Issue 23, p.36-33, 8p.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). Waste: Dredged Material Management. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). Waste: Dredged Material Management. Ocean Ocean Dumping and Dredged Material Management.Dumping and Dredged Material Management. Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from Retrieved on July 16, 2011 from http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/dumpdredged.cfm.http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/dumpdredged.cfm.

Walsh, B. (2010). The Spill’s Psychic Toll. Time: Aug92010. Vol. 176 Issue 6, p32-34, 3p, 2 color photographs, 1 Map.Walsh, B. (2010). The Spill’s Psychic Toll. Time: Aug92010. Vol. 176 Issue 6, p32-34, 3p, 2 color photographs, 1 Map.



Sources for Additional ReadingSources for Additional Reading

Campagna, C., Short, F., Polidoro, B., McManus, R., Coletta, Campagna, C., Short, F., Polidoro, B., McManus, R., Coletta, B., Pilcher, N. J., De Mitcheson, Sadovy Y., Stuart, Simon., B., Pilcher, N. J., De Mitcheson, Sadovy Y., Stuart, Simon., Carpenter, K. E., (2011). Gulf of Mexico Oil Blowout Increases Carpenter, K. E., (2011). Gulf of Mexico Oil Blowout Increases Risks to Globally Threatened Species. BioScience: May 2011, Risks to Globally Threatened Species. BioScience: May 2011, Vol. 61 Issue 5 p393-397, 5p 1 Chart.Vol. 61 Issue 5 p393-397, 5p 1 Chart.

Tangley, L. (2011). Gulf Coast Revival (Cover Story). Tangley, L. (2011). Gulf Coast Revival (Cover Story). National Wildlife: Apr/May 2011. Vol. 49 Issue 3, 22-29, 8p.National Wildlife: Apr/May 2011. Vol. 49 Issue 3, 22-29, 8p.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). Dredged Material Management. Action Agenda for the Next Decade. Dredged Material Management. Action Agenda for the Next Decade. Retrieved on August 3, 2011 from Retrieved on August 3, 2011 from http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/uploahttp://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2009_02_27_oceans_ndt_publications_2003_action_agenda.pdfd/2009_02_27_oceans_ndt_publications_2003_action_agenda.pdf

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