Wartime ConferencesHistory 12Ms Leslie

August 1, 1941 President Roosevelt met

Prime Minister Churchill on a battleship in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.

statement of war aims to work for a world in which democratic values prevail.

economic equality among nations ‘after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.’

Atlantic Charter

The Atlantic Charter outlined the grounds for the United Nations

Equivalent to WWI’s 14 points Beginning of the UK and USA Grand

Alliance

On Jan 1, 1942, 26 nations agreed not to sign a

separate peace treaty with any of the Axis Powers.

Specific post-war aims remained vague.

United Nations Declaration

Jan 26, 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill

meet. Stalin won’t leave Russia

decision to invade Europe through Italy was formalized.

An agreement to make landings in northern Europe in 1944 – though the Soviets wanted it in1943.

Casablanca Conference

Agree that Germany should surrender unconditionally

This would mean a prolonged war to put Germany in that position

August 11 and 24th, 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill met again and

came to an agreement on the logistics of a cross-channel invasion.

Secretly discussed plans for the A-Bomb

They also agree on the Morgenthau Plan

Quebec Conference

Morgenthau PlanGermany was to be partitioned into two

independent states. Germany's main centers of mining and

industry, including the Saar area, the Ruhr area and Upper Silesia were to be internationalized or annexed by neighboring nations.

All heavy industry was to be dismantled or otherwise destroyed.

Nov 22-26, 1943 Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai Shek

met. (Chiang = China’s military leader.) Little was agreed upon, though Roosevelt

promised an operation in the Indian Ocean to Chiang. (This idea was later dropped).

Churchill and Roosevelt moved on to meet with Stalin on December 1 at the Tehran Conference.

Cairo Conference

November 28 and December 1, 1943

the three countries to recognize Iran's independence.

the Soviet Union was required to pledge support to Turkey if that country entered the war

Britain wanted to hammer out a plan for a port-war world

American thought everything would work itself out after the defeat of Hitler

Tehran Conference

central aim of the conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany

1.USA and UK agreed to open up a second front with Operation Overlord (D-Day), the invasion of Northern France. the Americans ensured that commitment was made to Stalin on the timing of this event.

2. Poland’s borders were disscussed and agreed upong the Curzon Ling in the East and the Oder-Neisse Lingin the west› This gave the USSR more territory

3. USSR agreed to participate in the Pacific War

In private meetings, Stalin and Roosevelt agreed on the need to liquidate the British and French Empires after the war.

Roosevelt clearly did not trust either Churchill or DeGaulle.

What to do about Germany? Churchill opposed splitting it up Germany would be needed to keep

Communist influence out.

How to end the war? Soviet Union would enter the war

against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated

Axis powers should face unconditional terms of surrender

Stalin dominates the Tehran conference.

Roosevelt is very sick and does not stand up to him

Stalin is able to change Poland’s borders to how he wants them

Allow the USSR to sent up puppet governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic states and Romania.

February 4-11, 19451)European Decisions. 2) United nations. USA and UK

militarily weakened after the battle of the Bulge. Stalin has the upper hand.

Yalta Conference

Drop the Morgenthau plan and will just split Germany into zones, not countries

Stalin wants to set reparations at $20 billion, of which the Soviets get $12 billion

Churchill disagrees, but is vetoed

DeGaulle is recognized as the official French leader (he is not invited to Yalta)

Agree to a war crimes tribunal at Nuremberg after war

Stalin to enter war in pacific against Japan

Stalin Promises free elections in the territory he occupies after the war

Key issue Poland Stalin kept wanting to push borders

westward. Roosevelt too sick to confront Stalin Stalin wants to deport Germans from

Poland UK and USA want free elections in

Poland – Stalin agrees but there’s nothing put in place to ensure them

In return for getting what he wanted, Stalin co-operates with the creating of the United Nations.

They approve of the Durbarton-Oaks organization of the UN

Agree to meet in San Francisco to draft a UN charter

Regarding the Far East – Stalin says he will join the war with Japan 2-3 months after the fall of Germany.

Stalin allies with Chiang. – in return Stalin gets some Asian islands and Outer Mongolia

Russia to also get access to the Manchurian railroad – port access.

Yalta = last point of co-operation in the alliances

On April 12, 1945 Roosevelt died, and was replaced by his Vice-President, Harry Truman.

Roosevelt didn’t like him. As a result he had been kept in the dark on foreign policy.

Truman stands up to USSR’s demands. He insults Molotov and as a result alienated Russian-Americans but gains Polish-American support

July 17, 1945 - Germany

Churchill, Stalin and Truman

Soon Churchill too was gone – replaced by the new Labour Prime Minister, Clement Attlee.

Potsdam conference

Approved steps to disarm Germany1. Dismantle war industries2. Reparations3. Denazification4. War crimes tribunal

Agree on an Allied Control Council over Germany by 4 military Commanders.

Each occupier would take what they wanted from each zone

the Soviets would get a further 10% of German capital equipment from the Western zones and a further 15% in exchange for fool and coal.

Berlin would also be jointly occupied. German populations were pushed out

of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia –removing the nationalities issue from future political disputes.

Austria was separated from Germany.

Americans wanted to make sure Stalin would keep his promise about joining the war in the East – and the atomic bomb hadn’t been perfected.

Stalin was kept in the dark about the New weapon

Japanese started putting out peace feelers through Russia – America ignored them

At Potsdam the warning of ‘prompt and utter destruction’ of Japan was made, but there was no explicit threat or even an inquiry into Japanese surrender requirements.

The use of the bomb revolutionized diplomacy as well at warfare.

to what extent could the bomb be applied directly to diplomatic influence?

Would it give the Americans diplomatic leverage in Eastern Europe?

Should the US maintain sole control over this technology?

Should the UN control it?

The Bomb Makes Questions

foreign ministers met again in London in September, 1945

America demanded control in Eastern Europe

Soviets refused foreign observers Met again in Moscow – Stalin makes

concessions in Romania and Bulgaria In return America recognized satellite

governments

The Soviets agreed to the creation of the UN Atomic Energy Commission and a general Peace Conference was set for the summer of 1946.

The Conference would be held and peace treaties eventually signed in 1947, but all of this was over shadowed by the confrontation between East and West that was taking shape at the cold war

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